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The Affordable Housing Crisis in 2023: Where Do We Stand, and What are the Solutions?

• &title=The Affordable Housing Crisis in 2023: Where Do We Stand, and What are the Solutions?&source=https%3A%2F%2Fkenaninstitute.unc.edu%2Fcommentary%2Fthe-affordable-housing-crisis-in-2023-where-do-we-stand-and-what-are-the-solutions%2F">

The affordable housing crisis in the United States has plagued Americans across the country since the Great Recession—and is only getting worse. 2022 estimates indicate that the U.S. needs some four to five million more homes on the market than it has right now . Housing costs have become increasingly untenable for renters and buyers alike; over 40% of renters are cost-burdened (meaning they spend more than 30% of their income on housing costs), and housing prices are rising faster than wage growth in 80% of U.S. markets . Moreover, the situation has been exacerbated by the work-from-home boom and supply chain shortages that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic. Demand increased as Americans moved to the suburbs; at the same time, supply decreased due to shortages of labor and building materials.

We talk to Andra Ghent, Professor of Finance at the University of Utah’s David Eccles School of Business , to discuss the problem of housing affordability, as well as what solutions might be possible for the public and private sectors.

How has the work-from-home boom changed housing affordability and migration patterns since the pandemic?

People need more space to be able to work remotely. We know this from pre-pandemic data showing that people that worked remotely spent a larger fraction of their income on housing and had more rooms in their home (see graph below from Stanton and Tiwari, 2021). Importantly, it’s not just dedicated home office space that people want more of when they work remotely. They also use the other parts of their home more intensively (bathrooms, kitchens, basement gyms) since they’re more likely to do all the ancillary activities they did at the office at home now. The increase in work-from-home thus lead to a big increase in housing demand that increased housing prices.

Working from home makes living in the suburbs less costly, since people only need to commute 2-3 days per week instead of 4-5. Subsequently, it shifted housing demand towards the suburbs, particularly in cities where people face long commutes, where suburban space is relatively cheap, and with high shares of white-collar workers.

In the long run, the increase in house prices will moderate a bit as home builders are able to add more space where people want to live. That said, municipalities have enacted increasingly onerous land use regulations that are making it harder for home builders to add supply—even in the long run—so some of the increase in home prices is permanent.

How are higher interest rates affecting renters as opposed to homeowners?

Unfortunately, any fall in home prices from the increase in interest rates is not due to either a short-run or long-run improvement in affordability for either renters or buyers. Home prices are just the capitalized value of the future expected stream of rents, and the rate at which they are being capitalized has risen. This is part of why you are seeing some moderation in home prices or even outright declines in some places. Mostly, the rise in rates means that some people who previously could have qualified for a mortgage can’t right now. As a result, there are fewer buyers bidding on any homes on the market.

The rise in interest rates also means that many would-be home sellers are effectively locked into their current home, since they can’t take their current mortgage rate with them if they buy a new house. This means the market for existing homes is especially thin.

Rents are not falling significantly, so it would be a mistake to think that affordability has improved because of the increase in interest rates. Nothing has improved for renters; in fact, new construction of housing is declining because homebuilders are having a harder time getting deals to pencil with the increase in interest rates. That means that the rise in rates will decrease affordability in the medium-term.

What solutions are most viable from the public and private sectors? Are there examples of successful policies that have increased the supply of affordable housing?

We need states to step in and preempt municipalities from enacting and enforcing land use restrictions that raise housing costs. Land use control is a police power that is constitutionally guaranteed to states, not cities. While states often delegate the power to municipalities, they can take it back when cities don’t use it for the public benefit. Because housing markets are regional, any individual city does not bear the full cost of making it hard to build.

The best chance we have to improve housing affordability in the long term is to reduce construction costs through automation of construction processes. There is a lot of innovation going on in housing construction – “modular” housing, 3D printing, and so forth – but right now there are problems getting these processes to scale and become affordable. We’ve seen little to no productivity growth in housing construction in 50 years, unlike what we’ve seen in the rest of the manufacturing sector, because we haven’t seen scale in manufactured housing.

So, we need manufactured housing built at scale. To make this possible, we need harmonization of land use law to make it possible to build the same type of housing in many cities and know it adheres to code. HUD can change its manufactured housing definition to allow home builders to remove the chassis and still have it count as manufactured housing. This needs to be accompanied by laws at the state level mandating that manufactured housing is a permitted housing type in any zoning code that allows single-family housing. Otherwise, manufactured housing will get relegated to parks.

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Andra Ghent

Professor of Finance , University of Utah

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A growing share of Americans say affordable housing is a major problem where they live

Prospective homebuyers and renters across the United States have seen prices surge and supply plummet during the coronavirus pandemic . Amid these circumstances, about half of Americans (49%) say the availability of affordable housing in their local community is a major problem, up 10 percentage points from early 2018, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in October 2021.

This Pew Research Center analysis about the levels of concern among Americans about the affordability of housing draws from a Center survey designed to understand Americans’ views and preferences for where they live.

The survey of 9,676 U.S. adults was conducted from Oct. 18 to 24, 2021. Everyone who took part is a member of Pew Research Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the  ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for this report, along with responses, and its methodology .

References to White, Black and Asian adults include only those who are not Hispanic and identify as only one race. Hispanics are of any race.

“Middle income” is defined here as two-thirds to double the median annual family income for panelists on the American Trends Panel. “Lower income” falls below that range; “upper income” falls above it. Read the  methodology  for more details.

References to respondents who live in urban, suburban or rural communities are based on respondents’ answer to the following question: “How would you describe the community where you currently live? (1) urban, (2) suburban, (3) rural.”

Another 36% of U.S. adults said in the fall that affordable housing availability is a minor problem in their community, while just 14% said it is not a problem.

Americans’ concerns about the availability of affordable housing have outpaced worries about other local issues. The percentage of adults who say this is a major problem where they live is larger than the shares who say the same about drug addiction (35%), the economic and health impacts of COVID-19 (34% and 26%, respectively) and crime (22%).

Opinions on the question of housing affordability differ by a variety of demographic factors, including income, race and ethnicity, and age. A majority of adults living in lower-income households (57%) say availability of affordable housing is a major issue in their community, larger than the shares of those in middle- (47%) or upper-income households (42%) who say it is a major problem.

Fewer than half of White adults (44%) say that availability of affordable housing is a major problem where they live – lower than the shares of Black (57%), Hispanic and Asian American adults (both 55%) who say the same.

Adults under 50 are more likely than their older counterparts to say affordable housing availability is a major problem locally. More than half of adults ages 18 to 29 and 30 to 49 say this (55% in both age groups), compared with smaller shares of those 50 to 64 and those 65 and older (44% and 39%, respectively).

Americans’ perceptions of this issue also vary based on where they live. About six-in-ten U.S. adults living in urban areas (63%) say that the availability of affordable housing in their community is a major problem, compared with 46% of suburban residents and 40% of those living in rural areas.

Regardless of income level, city dwellers generally tend to view affordable housing availability as a bigger issue than those living in the suburbs or rural areas. Two-thirds of urban adults with lower household incomes (66%) say affordable housing in their area is a major problem, compared with 56% of suburban dwellers with lower incomes and 52% of those with lower incomes living in rural areas. Among upper-income adults, 58% of those living in urban areas say housing affordability is a major problem, compared with 43% of upper-income Americans living in suburban places and 25% of upper-income rural residents.

There are also regional differences. Around seven-in-ten Americans living in the West (69%) say affordable housing availability is a major problem locally. This compares with 49% of Northeasterners, 44% of Americans in the South and 33% of those living in the Midwest.

Since 2018, there have been increases across demographic groups in the shares who say that the availability of affordable housing in their community is a major problem. For example, 55% of adults under 30 now say this is a major problem – a 16 percentage point rise from the 39% who said so in 2018. The share of adults ages 30 to 49 who hold this view has also risen from 42% in 2018 to 55% last year.

About six-in-ten Democrats and independents who lean to the Democratic Party (59%) said in 2021 that affordable housing availability is a major problem in their community, compared with 36% of Republicans and GOP-leaning independents.

These partisan differences remain when looking separately at those who live in urban, suburban and rural communities. Among urban residents, two-thirds of Democrats (67%) see the availability of affordable housing locally as a major problem, compared with 54% of Republicans in urban areas. In suburban or rural communities, smaller majorities of Democrats hold this view (56% in the suburbs and 54% in rural places), compared with around a third of Republicans in those areas (35% and 31%, respectively).

Note: Here are the questions used for this report, along with responses, and its methodology .

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Home > Colleges, Schools, and Departments > School of Architecture > School of Architecture Dissertations and Theses > Senior Theses > 341

Architecture Senior Theses

A Shifted Perspective on Affordable Micro Housing

Author(s)/Creator(s)

Jonathan Reisman

Document Type

Spring 5-2016

architecture, micro housing, affordable, new typology, sociopolitical, economic

• Disciplines

Architectural History and Criticism | Architectural Technology | Cultural Resource Management and Policy Analysis | Urban, Community and Regional Planning

Description/Abstract

This thesis contends that growing cities around the world are out-pricing the younger demographic from the urban fabric. It recognizes that constantly rising real estate markets are forcing millennials outside of city centers. It understands that socially, the younger demographic provide the energy and atmosphere required to keep the city alive, and ultimately believes that in order fro young professionals to reclaim their position int he hosing market, a new typology of hosing need to be established.

Such housing takes increasing urban density into consideration, and provides an appropriate dwelling supply for expensive cities moving forward. It is a typology that builds upon, the ADAPT NYC initiative started by Mayor Bloomberg and promotes micro unit housing as the progressive solution to expensive rental rates around the world.

However, this thesis also acknowledges the existing sociopolitical and economic issues surrounding micro unit housing today. Current zoning ordinances do no permit this typology and developers need to be grated government-owned land in order to both construct and find profit in each venture.

As a solution, this thesis contends that micro unit housing should become a subdivision within a larger mixed-use development. It argues that through a series of financial models, a flexible combination of commercial, retail, and high-end residential spaces will establish the economic feasibility for developers to provide micro unit hosing at an affordable rate.

Additionally, this proposal addresses the zoning allowances architecturally through the invention of a new apartment archetype: a residential typology that provide a series of shared communal spaces, which provide programs to the inhabitants of an otherwise 350 square foot apartment unit.

Communal spaces, which are comprised of bars, cafes, lounges, offices, and so on, will begin to connect all of the building's occupants, while bridging the political gap existing within a mixed-use development, and merging the building into one holistic community.

Recommended Citation

Reisman, Jonathan, "A Shifted Perspective on Affordable Micro Housing" (2016). Architecture Senior Theses . 341. https://surface.syr.edu/architecture_theses/341

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Affordable Housing in Sanaa’s Rural Environment | Architecture Thesis

Information

• Project Name: Affordable Housing in Sanaa's Rural Environment
• Student Name: Ghassan Alhammadi
• Softwares/Plugins: Rhinoceros 3d , Grasshopper , SketchUp , Lumion , Autodesk Revit , Adobe Illustrator , Adobe Indesign , Adobe Photoshop , Ladybug
• Discipline: Architecture
• Level: Bachelors Design Thesis
• Institute: Faculty of Engineering - Architecture Department - Sana’a University
• University: Sana’a University
• Location: Sanaa
• Country: Yemen

Excerpt: ‘ Affordable Housing in Sanaa’s Rural Environment ’ is an architecture thesis by Ghassan Alhammadi from the Faculty of Engineering – Architecture Department – Sana’a University , that seeks to provide solutions for the housing crisis and displacement in Yemen and design an affordable housing model for the rural environment. The proposal aims to create a sustainable and self-sufficient village on a hillside and protect the agricultural land from concrete urban sprawl. Additionally, the project addresses Yemen’s present issues like food insecurity, poverty, a weak economy, and environmental degradation.

Introduction: Ancient Yemenis used to construct their homes on mountaintops and in valleys to preserve their agricultural lands. These agricultural lands now feature sprawling grey concrete slums due to population growth and the housing crisis. Sadly, the average yearly rate of urban sprawl is 3.7%, which implies that all of Yemen’s agricultural land will vanish over the course of the next thirty years. Yemen today deals with issues like food insecurity, poverty, a weak economy, and environmental degradation as a result.

The proposal aims to offer an architectural solution to the housing crisis and displacement in Yemen that are causing urban development on agricultural land. Providing the advantages of both rural and urban life in one location, a sustainable and self-sufficient village similar to the older times is proposed to be built on a hillside instead of a farmland. Reducing poverty, preventing desertification, and providing affordable housing in the rural environment are the three main objectives of this thesis.

Site Context

The site chosen for the intervention is a hillside rural area located in Sana’a, the capital and largest city in Yemen. The village is situated between agricultural valleys and mountain peaks. Based on agricultural production and knowledge, the site combines the benefits of rural and urban environments in one location with self-sufficiency. 

Due to the housing crisis of the past few decades, slums with concrete houses that are one to two stories tall have been built on these farming lands. The majority of the farmlands have been occupied by urban sprawl, which has been expanding daily as a result of population growth. Yemen currently features life-saving settlements in emergency situations because of the country’s poor economic condition, ongoing urbanisation of agricultural land, displacement, and housing constraints.

Design Process

Three key phases comprised the design process: (i) Form Derivation, (ii) Topographic Strategies, and (iii) Area Programming.

Form Derivation: In order to adapt to the mountainous terrain and align with the contour lines, a zig-zag form that resembled climbing steps was chosen. In response to population growth, different modules were created by dividing the form into separate units. These modules were oriented flexibly, ensuring daylighting in every unit while creating open spaces.

Topographic Strategies: In order to ensure a safe and viable environment, the site’s topography was studied and divided into three distinct zones. Agricultural land that needed to be preserved was located in Zone A; buildable land was identified in Zone B; and traditional villages on hillsides constituted Zone C. To adapt to the zigzag form, a pedestrian road was added, and hydraulic buffers were installed to encourage rainwater harvesting. In order to encourage a healthy lifestyle, additional zones were added for food production.

Area Programming: To fulfil the vision of developing a self-sufficient village, a variety of sustainable features, such as terrace farming, rainwater collection, and waste segregation, were incorporated together with dwellings that varied in size, community centres, a prayer hall, and marketplaces. In order to ensure seamless circulation, distinct pathways that serve different functions, such as vehicular and pedestrian activity, visitor traffic, and rainwater collection, were defined.

Final Outcome

The final outcome is a village that combines the benefits of both an urban and rural lifestyle. The rural aspect of the project is driven by factors like fresh food, healthy living, and self-sufficiency, whereas the urban part is guided by factors like services, education, and accessibility. In response to the site’s topography and climate, the masterplan features a staggered cluster layout. The intervention fosters a sustainable living environment by preserving the farmlands’ natural characteristics without altering the site’s terrain.

The project offers a range of dwelling units with varying sizes and layouts to meet the needs of different family typologies. Every unit is ensured to have open spaces with adequate daylighting thanks to the massing of the clusters. Apart from the housing units, the project includes areas such as a community centre, hammam, marketplaces, and prayer hall to promote interaction at the community level. By limiting vehicle access and adding unique, friendly passenger pathways that offer stunning views of the surroundings, the layout promotes pedestrian movement.

Yemeni vernacular architecture served as an inspiration for the building’s architectural language. For the fenestrations, a consistent arch profile has been adopted, and spaces with cultural significance feature domed roof structures. The majority of the structure has been constructed using stone, a locally available material.

Sustainable practices have been prioritised in order to address the issues of poverty, a weak economy, food insecurity, and environmental damage in addition to achieving the objective of self-sufficiency. The agricultural land is utilised for producing food and is preserved in good condition. Using green roofs connecting to naturally created swale areas all over the site, a rainwater harvesting system has been implemented.

The layout features multiple rainwater tanks that supply water to the farmlands. A method for segregating waste enables the gasification of biomass and power generation, supplying fuel and gas to the buildings. In this way, the initiative utilises recycling methods to provide sustainable energy sources.

Conclusion: The project provides essential sustainable solutions to Yemen’s housing crisis and displacement while addressing the country’s poverty, weak economy, and desertification. This thesis succeeds in creating an affordable, self-sufficient housing model for the rural environment while protecting agricultural lands and offering better alternatives that could replace concrete urban sprawl.

[This Academic Project has been published with text submitted by the student]

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Thesis - Affordable Housing and Social Media.pdf

The research topic for the intended Thesis revolves around the study of social media, and how social media crowdsourcing can be used as an alternate method of procuring appropriate and sufficient funding for middle income affordable housing units/complexes. The study will strive for a more efficient and user appropriate design for affordable housing models within Melbourne; highlighting and exposing the current links being missed or overlooked by architects, where social media may act as a direct link between architect and intended users.

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The collection, digitisation and use of housing information in Australia has increased exponentially in the past decade. This brings significant implications for land and housing law and governance. The move from ‘analogue’ to digital, then to big data and Artificial Intelligence (Ai) not only speeds up existing social, economic and political relations, but fuels new and different dynamics (Kitchin 2014, pp. 19–20) just as innovations such as the printing press or telephone did in the past. As such, emerging digital and informational geographies and politics demand renewed critical attention (Dalton, Taylor, & Thatcher, 2016). As in many other cities, the proliferation of these technologies is occurring in a context of housing crisis where land prices are escalating and producing significant housing unaffordability. The confluence of these factors highlights the importance of examining the urban governance implications of the emergence of what is often termed ‘Prop-Tech’ (Shaw 2018) – new technological applications in real estate. Greater understanding of PropTech is vital to sharpen the legal and policy response to the emergent urban governance aspects of digitisation. In this essay, we present results from an initial scoping study into the proliferation of these technologies in Melbourne, Australia.

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