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The role of the immune system in early-onset schizophrenia: identifying immune characteristic genes and cells from peripheral blood

Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) is a type of schizophrenia (SCZ) with an age of onset of < 18 years. An abnormal inflammatory immune system may be involved in the occurrence and development of SCZ. We aimed to...

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Atypical memory B cells increase in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer regardless of lymph node involvement

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females. The immune system has a crucial role in the fight against cancer. B and T cells, the two main components of the adaptive immunity, are critical players that ...

The influence of neonatal BCG vaccination on in vitro cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination has off-target protective effects against infections unrelated to tuberculosis. Among these, murine and human studies suggest that BCG vaccination may protect against...

Basophil activation in insect venom allergy: comparison of an established test using liquid reagents with a test using 5-color tubes with dried antibody reagents

Flow cytometry-based basophil activation tests (BAT) have been performed with various modifications, differing in the use of distinct identification and activation markers. Established tests use liquid reagent...

Advanced in immunological monitoring of HIV infection: profile of immune cells and cytokines in people living with HIV-1 in Benin

Immune cells and cytokines have been linked to viremia dynamic and immune status during HIV infection. They may serve as useful biomarkers in the monitoring of people living with HIV-1 (PLHIV-1). The present w...

Helminth-derived proteins as immune system regulators: a systematic review of their promise in alleviating colitis

Helminth-derived proteins have immunomodulatory properties, influencing the host’s immune response as an adaptive strategy for helminth survival. Helminth-derived proteins modulate the immune response by induc...

Association of interleukin-17A and chemokine/vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in newly diagnosed patients with bladder cancer

The human interleukin-17 (IL-17) family comprises IL-17A to IL-17 F; their receptors are IL-17RA to IL-17RE. Evidence revealed that these cytokines can have a tumor-supportive or anti-tumor impact on human mal...

Causal relationship between immune cells and telomere length: mendelian randomization analysis

The causal relationship between immune cells and telomere length remains controversial.

Subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement therapy in patients with immunodeficiencies – impact of drug packaging and administration method on patient reported outcomes

Here, the perspective of patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency receiving subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIg) via introductory smaller size pre-filled syringes (PFS) or vials were compared.

Dendritic cells under allergic condition enhance the activation of pruritogen-responsive neurons via inducing itch receptors in a co-culture study

Itch sensitization has been reported in patients with chronic allergic skin diseases and observed in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). There is evidence suggesting that neuroimmune interactio...

Network pharmacology-based strategy to investigate the mechanisms of artemisinin in treating primary Sjögren’s syndrome

The study aimed to explore the mechanism of artemisinin in treating primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) based on network pharmacology and experimental validation.

Hyperactivation and enhanced cytotoxicity of reduced CD8 + gamma delta T cells in the intestine of patients with Crohn’s disease correlates with disease activity

We aimed to investigate the immune characteristics of intestinal CD8 + gamma delta T (CD8 + γδ T) cells in Crohn’s disease (CD) and their correlation with disease activity.

Immune responses to P falciparum antibodies in symptomatic malaria patients with variant hemoglobin genotypes in Ghana

Haemoglobin (Hb) variants such as sickle cell trait (SCT/HbAS) play a role in protecting against clinical malaria, but little is known about the development of immune responses against malaria parasite ( Plasmodiu...

Systematic evaluation of B-cell clonal family inference approaches

The reconstruction of clonal families (CFs) in B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire analysis is a crucial step to understand the adaptive immune system and how it responds to antigens. The BCR repertoire of an ind...

Expression of the immune checkpoint molecules CD226 and TIGIT in preeclampsia patients

Imbalanced immune responses are involved in developing preeclampsia (PE). We wish to explore the expression and potential changes of immune checkpoint molecules TIGIT, CD226 and CD155 in PE patients.

Oral administration of DNA alginate nanovaccine induced immune-protection against Helicobacter pylori in Balb/C mice

Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori), is an established causative factor for the development of gastric cancer and the induction of persistent stomach infections that may lead to peptic ulcers. In recent decades, s...

Profiling of T cell repertoire in peripheral blood of patients from type 2 diabetes with complication

More than 90% of patients with diabetes worldwide are type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is caused by insulin resistance or impaired producing insulin by pancreatic β cells. T2D and its complications, mainly large c...

Tumor microenvironment and immune system preservation in early-stage breast cancer: routes for early recurrence after mastectomy and treatment for lobular and ductal forms of disease

Intra-ductal cancer (IDC) is the most common type of breast cancer, with intra-lobular cancer (ILC) coming in second. Surgery is the primary treatment for early stage breast cancer. There are now irrefutable d...

Predictive biomarkers for immune-related adverse events in cancer patients treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors

The objective of this study was to identify potential predictors of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy among serum indexes, case data, and li...

Negative prognostic behaviour of PD-L1 expression in tongue and larynx squamous cell carcinoma and its significant predictive power in combination with PD-1 expression on TILs

Biomarkers that can predict outcome will improve the efficacy of treatment for HNSCC patients. In this regard, we retrospectively evaluated the prognostic effect of PD1, PD-L1, and CD45RO in tongue and larynx ...

Whole blood stimulation provides preliminary evidence of altered immune function following SRC

To implement an approach combining whole blood immune stimulation and causal modelling to estimate the impact of sport-related concussion (SRC) on immune function.

IgG antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its influencing factors in lymphoma patients

The ability of generating effective humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection has not been clarified in lymphoma patients. The study aimed to investigate the antibody (Ab) production after SARS-Cov-2 in...

Polarized Th2 cells attenuate high-fat-diet induced obesity through the suppression of lipogenesis

Immune cells, such as macrophages, B cells, neutrophils and T cell subsets, have been implicated in the context of obesity. However, the specific role of Th2 cells in adipose tissue function has remained elusi...

The predictive value of peripheral blood CD4 cells ATP concentration for immune-related adverse events in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients

Lung cancer with the highest incidence and mortality in the world. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), can bring long-term survival benefits to patients, but also can bring immune-related adverse events (irAE...

Evaluation of the TLR3 involvement during Schistosoma japonicum -induced pathology

Despite the functions of TLRs in the parasitic infections have been extensively reported, few studies have addressed the role of TLR3 in the immune response to Schistosoma japonicum infections. The aim of this st...

PRMT2 silencing regulates macrophage polarization through activation of STAT1 or inhibition of STAT6

Macrophages play significant roles in innate immune responses and are heterogeneous cells that can be polarized into M1 or M2 phenotypes. PRMT2 is one of the type I protein arginine methyltransferases involved...

TRPV1 + neurons alter Staphylococcus aureus skin infection outcomes by affecting macrophage polarization and neutrophil recruitment

The interaction between the nervous system and the immune system can affect the outcome of a bacterial infection. Staphylococcus aureus skin infection is a common infectious disease, and elucidating the relations...

Retraction Note: Oral supplementation of diabetic mice with propolis restores the proliferation capacity and chemotaxis of B and T lymphocytes towards CCL21 and CXCL12 by modulating the lipid profile, the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and oxidative stress

Cd39 identifies a specific cd8 + t cell population in lung adenocarcinoma-related metastatic pleural effusion.

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE), which is a complex microenvironment that contains numerous immune and tumour signals, is common in lung cancer. Gene alterations, such as driver gene mutations, are believed t...

Dissecting cellular states of infiltrating microenvironment cells in melanoma by integrating single-cell and bulk transcriptome analysis

Cellular states of different immune cells can affect the activity of the whole immune microenvironment.

Sec1 regulates intestinal mucosal immunity in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common immune-mediated condition with its molecular pathogenesis remaining to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to deepen our understanding of the role of FUT2 in human I...

Screening of four lysosome-related genes in sepsis based on RNA sequencing technology

Screening of lysosome-related genes in sepsis patients to provide direction for lysosome-targeted therapy.

Dominant negative biologics normalise the tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) induced angiogenesis which exploits the Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to promote T cell migration and increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and chemokines. The administration of Xpro-1595, a dominant-negative TN...

Activation dynamics of antigen presenting cells in vivo against Mycobacterium bovis BCG in different immunized route

Control of Tuberculosis (TB) infection is mainly the result of productive teamwork between T-cell populations and antigen presenting cells (APCs). However, APCs activation at the site of initiating cellular im...

Characteristics of circulating immune cells in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure following artificial liver treatment

Liver failure, which is predominantly caused by hepatitis B (HBV) can be improved by an artificial liver support system (ALSS). This study investigated the phenotypic heterogeneity of immunocytes in patients w...

Putative novel outer membrane antigens multi-epitope DNA vaccine candidates identified by Immunoinformatic approaches to control Acinetobacter baumannii

Multi-epitope polypeptide vaccines, a fusion protein, often have a string-of-beads system composed of various specific peptide epitopes, potential adjuvants, and linkers. When choosing the sequence of various ...

Long-term humoral and cellular immunity after primary SARS-CoV-2 infection: a 20-month longitudinal study

SARS-CoV-2 remains a world-wide health issue. SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity is induced upon both infection and vaccination. However, defining the long-term immune trajectory, especially after infection, is limi...

Exploration of biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus by machine-learning analysis

In recent years, research on the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has made great progress. However, the prognosis of the disease remains poor, and high sensitivity and accurate biomarkers are...

Tacrolimus reverses pemphigus vulgaris serum-induced depletion of desmoglein in HaCaT cells via inhibition of heat shock protein 27 phosphorylation

Glucocorticoids are the first-line treatment for Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), but its serious side effects can be life-threatening for PV patients. Tacrolimus (FK506) has been reported to have an adjuvant treatmen...

Increased infiltration of CD4 + T cell in the complement deficient lymphedema model

Lymphedema is an intractable disease that can be caused by injury to lymphatic vessels, such as by surgical treatments for cancer. It can lead to impaired joint mobility in the extremities and reduced quality ...

Vitamin D and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among pregnant women: a systematic review of observational studies

This systematic review aimed to map the evidence evaluated the relationship between vitamin D and redox and inflammatory status during gestation.

The upregulation of peripheral CD3 - CD56 + CD16 + natural killer cells correlates with Th1/Th2 imbalance in asthma patients during acute upper respiratory viral infections

The aim of this study is to clarify the changes of peripheral CD3 − CD56 + CD16 + NK cells and their correlation with Th1/Th2 immunity profiles in asthma during the phase of acute upper respiratory viral infections (A...

Humoral immune response and changes in peritoneal cell populations in rats immunized against two Leptospira serovars; serovar patoc and serovar pyrogenes

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira species. Variations in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure in Leptospira are known to be associated with the serovar diversity and antigenicity. Development...

Methionine enkephalin(MENK) upregulated memory T cells in anti-influenza response

Novel prophylactic drugs and vaccination strategies for protection against influenza virus should induce specific effector T-cell immune responses in pulmonary airways and peripheral lymphoid organs. Designing...

Transcriptomic analysis identifies CYP27A1 as a diagnostic marker for the prognosis and immunity in lung adenocarcinoma

The association between lipid metabolism disorder and carcinogenesis is well-established, but there is limited research on the connection between lipid metabolism-related genes (LRGs) and lung adenocarcinoma (...

The digestive system and autoimmunity

Digestive autoimmune conditions are a growing challenge to global health. Risk factors associated with autoimmune digestive diseases are complex, including genetic variation, immunological dysfunction, and var...

Bcl-3 regulates T cell function through energy metabolism

Bcl-3 is a member of the IκB protein family and an essential modulator of NF-κB activity. It is well established that Bcl-3 is critical for the normal development, survival and differentiation of adaptive immu...

Immune cell profiles of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients expressed anti-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase or anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 autoantibodies

Patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) often express a different type of myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs), each associated with different clinical symptoms. Understanding the immunopathoge...

Development and validation of a machine learning-based nomogram for predicting HLA-B27 expression

HLA-B27 positivity is normal in patients undergoing rheumatic diseases. The diagnosis of many diseases requires an HLA-B27 examination.

Function and autophagy of monocyte-derived dendritic cells is affected by hepatitis B virus infection

The role of dendritic cells and the autophagy state of dendritic cells in the immune response of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was still controversial. In this study, we carefully examined the phenotype, f...

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DAP1-2: a synthetic peptide targeting IL-1R1 receptor effectively suppresses IL-1β in vitro

• Ellen De-Pieri
• Rubya Pereira Zaccaron
• Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila

SIT1 identifies circulating hypoactive T cells with elevated cytotoxic molecule secretion in systemic lupus erythematosus patients

• Ainizati Hasimu
• Ayibaota Bahabayi

The immunosuppressive landscape in tumor microenvironment

FOXP4-AS1 promotes CD8 + T cell exhaustion and esophageal cancer immune escape through USP10-stabilized PD-L1

• Guo-yi Shen
• Shao-bin Yang

Desflurane alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by modulating let-7b-5p/HOXA9 axis

• Xiaoyun Shi
• Xiuhong Wang

Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRD): expanding the mutation spectrum in Turkey and identification of sixteen novel variants

• Asude Durmaz
• Necil Kutukculer

β-Indole-3-acetic acid attenuated collagen-induced arthritis through reducing the ubiquitination of Foxp3 via the AhR-TAZ-Tip60 pathway

• Xinliu Wang

Cluster analysis of long COVID symptoms for deciphering a syndrome and its long-term consequence

• J. Niewolik
• M. Mikuteit
• S. Steffens

Low C4A copy numbers and higher HERV gene insertion contributes to increased risk of SLE, with absence of association with disease phenotype and disease activity

• Christina Mary Mariaselvam
• Gaurav Seth
• Ryad Tamouza

Hormone and reproductive factors and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a Mendelian randomized study

• Runyu Chang
• Shate Xiang
• Xinghong Ding

Exploring the causal relationship between Takayasu arteritis and inflammatory bowel disease using Mendelian randomization

• Xiaoli Pang
• Huizhong Yang

Polyethylene glycol and immunology: aspects of allergic reactions and their mechanisms, as well as ways to prevent them in clinical practice

• Maria Zofia Lisiecka

mTOR-mediated differentiation and maintenance of suppressive T cells at the center stage of IPEX treatment

• Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva

Assessing the steroid-sparing effect of biological agents in randomized controlled trials for lupus: a scoping review

• Savino Sciascia
• Silvia Grazietta Foddai
• Dario Roccatello

Involvement of gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis—review of a new pathophysiological hypothesis and potential treatment target

• Piotr Olejnik
• Kasper Buczma
• Kaja Kasarełło

Correction to: Characteristics of splenic PD-1 +  γδT cells in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection

• Dianhui Chen
• Xingfei Pan

Correction to: The immune regulatory function of B7-H3 in malignancy: spotlight on the IFN-STAT1 axis and regulation of tumor-associated macrophages

• Jong Dae Ji

Monophosphoryl lipid A as a co-adjuvant in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus vaccine development: improvement of immune responses in a mouse model of infection

• Mehdi Mirshekar
• Setareh Haghighat
• Mohammad Hossein Yazdi

Mass cytometry revealed the circulating immune cell landscape across different Suzuki stages of Moyamoya disease

• Chenglong Liu
• Jizong Zhao

Acute stress transiently activates macrophages and chemokines in cervical lymph nodes

• Akihiro Dohi
• Tadahide Noguchi
• Yoshiyuki Mori

Chronic hyperglycemia impairs anti-microbial function of macrophages in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

• Gaurav Kumar Chaubey
• Radheshyam Modanwal

Rapid generation of an RBL cellular model to study proteins that cause allergenic reactions in vitro

• Israel Hernández-Aguilar
• Juan Carlos Vizuet-de-Rueda
• Luis M. Teran

Study of pathogenic T-helper cell subsets in Asian Indian patients with Takayasu arteritis

• P. M. Punithavathy
• Ramesh Babu Telugu
• Ruchika Goel

Blood and CSF anti-neuronal antibodies testing in psychotic syndromes: a retrospective analysis from a tertiary psychiatric hospital

• Joana Lopes
• Maria João Malaquias
• Ana Paula Correia

Rituximab alleviates pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus associated refractory immune thrombocytopenia: a case-based review

• Qiaoyan Guo

Evidence of concerning decline of COVID-19 vaccination in older persons

• Camilla Mattiuzzi
• Giuseppe Lippi

The immune regulatory function of B7-H3 in malignancy: spotlight on the IFN-STAT1 axis and regulation of tumor-associated macrophages

Characteristics of splenic PD-1 + γδT cells in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection

APLAID complicated with arrhythmogenic dilated cardiomyopathy caused by a novel PLCG2 variant

• Tianjiao Wang
• Xiaolin Liu

Evolutionary preservation of CpG dinucleotides in RAG1 may elucidate the relatively high rate of methylation-mediated mutagenesis of RAG1 transposase

• Mariam M. Fawzy
• Maiiada H. Nazmy
• Moustafa Fathy

DNA methylation profiling of labial salivary gland tissues revealed hypomethylation of B-cell-related genes in primary Sjögren’s syndrome

• Jayakanthan Kabeerdoss
• Prabavathi Devarajalu
• Pulukool Sandhya

Response to: regarding the significance of anti-COVID-IgA antibody response in COVID-19 breakthrough infection

• Sabiha Anis
• Mariam Ashfaq Khan
• Samreen Sarfaraz

The combination of IDO and AHR blockers reduces the migration and clonogenicity of breast cancer cells

• Maryam Soltani-asl
• Parviz Azimnasab-sorkhabi
• Jose Roberto Kfoury Jr.

Conventional Tregs in treatment-naïve rheumatoid arthritis are deficient in suppressive function with an increase in percentage of CXCR3 and CCR6 expressing Tregs

• Vallayyachari Kommoju
• Vir Singh Negi

Serum soluble LYVE1 is a promising non-invasive biomarker of renal fibrosis: a population-based retrospective cross-sectional study

COVID-19 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients treated with belimumab: a retrospective clinical study

• Martin Herrmann

Regarding the significance of anti-COVID-IgA antibody response in COVID-19 breakthrough infection

An epicutaneous therapeutic pollen-allergen extract delivery system in an allergic rhinitis mouse model: based on allergen loading on dc-specific aptamers conjugated nanogolds.

• Safoora Pordel
• Navideh Haghnavaz
• Mojtaba Sankian

Discouraging Non-ELISA antiphospholipid antibody assays in antiphospholipid syndrome classification may hinder clinical research

• Xiaochun Susan Zhang
• Nicola Bizzaro
• Jan Damoiseaux

Quantitative evaluation of citrullinated fibrinogen for detection of neutrophil extracellular traps

• Tsubasa Sue
• Tomoki Ichikawa
• Yumiko Higuchi

Long non-coding RNA ENSMUST00000197208 promotes a shift in the Th17/Treg ratio via the P2X7R-NLRP3 inflammasome axis in collagen-induced arthritis

Correction: Major histocompatibility complex class I molecule expression by pancreatic cancer cells is regulated by activation and inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor

• Shelby M. Knoche
• Alaina C. Larson
• Joyce C. Solheim

Immune cells and hypertension

A ubiquitin–proteasome system-related signature to predict prognosis, immune infiltration, and therapy efficacy for breast cancer

• Meihuan Wang
• Huawei Zhang

Fructus lycii oligosaccharide alleviates acute liver injury via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

• Xingxing Zhang
• Qingtong Yu

Impact of microparticles released during murine systemic inflammation on macrophage activity and reactive nitrogen species regulation

• Weronika Ortmann
• Elzbieta Kolaczkowska

Comparative analyses of various IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated inducers of mast cell degranulation for in vitro study

• Sunisa Yoodee
• Chuda Rujitharanawong
• Visith Thongboonkerd

Semaphorin 3 a restores the ability of type 1 regulatory T cells to suppress food allergy

• Pengyuan Zheng

Insights into the immunological description of cryoglobulins with regard to detection and characterization in Slovenian rheumatological patients

• Manca Ogrič
• Saša Čučnik

Increased synthesis and intestinal expression of IL-39 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

• Gabriela Fonseca-Camarillo
• Janette Furuzawa-Carballeda
• Jesús K. Yamamoto-Furusho

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A Study of the Recent Trends of Immunology: Key Challenges, Domains, Applications, Datasets, and Future Directions

Affiliations.

• 1 Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Pune 412115, India.
• 2 Computer Science & Engineering, Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research, Changa 388421, India.
• 3 Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar 384315, India.
• 4 Information Technology Department, Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad 382010, India.
• PMID: 34883787
• PMCID: PMC8659723
• DOI: 10.3390/s21237786

The human immune system is very complex. Understanding it traditionally required specialized knowledge and expertise along with years of study. However, in recent times, the introduction of technologies such as AIoMT (Artificial Intelligence of Medical Things), genetic intelligence algorithms, smart immunological methodologies, etc., has made this process easier. These technologies can observe relations and patterns that humans do and recognize patterns that are unobservable by humans. Furthermore, these technologies have also enabled us to understand better the different types of cells in the immune system, their structures, their importance, and their impact on our immunity, particularly in the case of debilitating diseases such as cancer. The undertaken study explores the AI methodologies currently in the field of immunology. The initial part of this study explains the integration of AI in healthcare and how it has changed the face of the medical industry. It also details the current applications of AI in the different healthcare domains and the key challenges faced when trying to integrate AI with healthcare, along with the recent developments and contributions in this field by other researchers. The core part of this study is focused on exploring the most common classifications of health diseases, immunology, and its key subdomains. The later part of the study presents a statistical analysis of the contributions in AI in the different domains of immunology and an in-depth review of the machine learning and deep learning methodologies and algorithms that can and have been applied in the field of immunology. We have also analyzed a list of machine learning and deep learning datasets about the different subdomains of immunology. Finally, in the end, the presented study discusses the future research directions in the field of AI in immunology and provides some possible solutions for the same.

Keywords: AI in healthcare; deep learning; diagnosis; immunology; machine learning.

Publication types

• Artificial Intelligence*
• Forecasting
• Machine Learning*

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Immune system articles from across Nature Portfolio

The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful substances and organisms and defend against disease. The immune system can be classified into distinct responses, such as innate immunity and adaptive immunity, or humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

Related Subjects

• Dendritic cells
• Monocytes and macrophages

Latest Research and Reviews

Inhaled particulate accumulation with age impairs immune function and architecture in human lung lymph nodes

Carbon-containing particulates accumulate with age in a subset of macrophages in human lung-associated lymph nodes, decrease macrophage phagocytic capacity and turnover and disrupt lymphoid tissue structure, potentially compromising adaptive immune responses.

• Basak B. Ural
• Daniel P. Caron
• Donna L. Farber

Asplenia and spleen hypofunction

Asplenia and hyposplenism can have multiple and complex causes and lead to morbidity and mortality, especially owing to overwhelming post-splenectomy infections. In this Primer, Lenti and colleagues review epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of these conditions, and discuss patient quality of life and future strategies.

• Marco Vincenzo Lenti
• Antonio Di Sabatino

The human splenic microcirculation is entirely open as shown by 3D models in virtual reality

• Birte S. Steiniger
• Henriette Pfeffer
• Oleg Lobachev

Ascorbate maintains a low plasma oxygen level

• Louise Injarabian
• Marc Scherlinger
• Benoit S. Marteyn

T cell subsets and functions in atherosclerosis

Accumulating evidence supports the critical role of T cells as drivers and modifiers of atherosclerosis. In this Review, Ley and colleagues describe the latest advances in our understanding of the role of T cell subsets in atherosclerosis, discuss the process of T cell homing to atherosclerotic plaques and highlight potential T cell-related therapies for atherosclerosis.

• Ryosuke Saigusa
• Holger Winkels

Antimicrobial host defence peptides: functions and clinical potential

Naturally occurring cationic host defence peptides, also known as antimicrobial peptides, can control infections by their direct microbicidal properties and by modulating the host’s immune responses. In addition, certain cationic host defence peptides can resolve harmful inflammation. Here, Mookherjee et al. assess the emerging potential to therapeutically harness these peptides to treat infectious diseases, chronic inflammatory disorders and wound healing, highlighting current preclinical studies and clinical trials.

• Neeloffer Mookherjee
• Marilyn A. Anderson
• Donald J. Davidson

News and Comment

A t reg cell duo for vat control.

• Maria Papatriantafyllou

Eosinophils regulate bone remodelling

Results of a new study indicate that eosinophils have a role in maintaining bone homeostasis through their inhibitory effects on bone-resorbing osteoclasts.

• Sarah Onuora

Remembering T reg cells

• Stephanie Houston

Disrupting a cell-specific miRNA– CXCR4 interaction is atheroprotective in mice

An approach that increases the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in vascular cells by targeting a microRNA-based repressive pathway attenuates atherosclerosis in mice and promotes atheroprotective functions in human and mouse vascular cells in vitro.

• Irene Fernández-Ruiz

lnc(RNA)-ing myeloid metabolism

Heart disease causes sleep disturbances via neuroimmune mechanisms

A new study reveals that the disrupted sleep patterns that are frequently observed in patients with cardiac disease are driven by immune-mediated sympathetic denervation and dysfunction of the pineal gland, which leads to a decrease in the circulating levels of melatonin and subsequent sleep disruption.

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Camera-ready, poster, and video submission: Oct 30, 2024 AOE

Submit at: https://openreview.net/group?id=NeurIPS.cc/2024/Conference  

The site will start accepting submissions on Apr 22, 2024 

Subscribe to these and other dates on the 2024 dates page .

The Thirty-Eighth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2024) is an interdisciplinary conference that brings together researchers in machine learning, neuroscience, statistics, optimization, computer vision, natural language processing, life sciences, natural sciences, social sciences, and other adjacent fields. We invite submissions presenting new and original research on topics including but not limited to the following:

• Applications (e.g., vision, language, speech and audio, Creative AI)
• Deep learning (e.g., architectures, generative models, optimization for deep networks, foundation models, LLMs)
• Evaluation (e.g., methodology, meta studies, replicability and validity, human-in-the-loop)
• General machine learning (supervised, unsupervised, online, active, etc.)
• Infrastructure (e.g., libraries, improved implementation and scalability, distributed solutions)
• Machine learning for sciences (e.g. climate, health, life sciences, physics, social sciences)
• Neuroscience and cognitive science (e.g., neural coding, brain-computer interfaces)
• Optimization (e.g., convex and non-convex, stochastic, robust)
• Probabilistic methods (e.g., variational inference, causal inference, Gaussian processes)
• Reinforcement learning (e.g., decision and control, planning, hierarchical RL, robotics)
• Social and economic aspects of machine learning (e.g., fairness, interpretability, human-AI interaction, privacy, safety, strategic behavior)
• Theory (e.g., control theory, learning theory, algorithmic game theory)

Machine learning is a rapidly evolving field, and so we welcome interdisciplinary submissions that do not fit neatly into existing categories.

Authors are asked to confirm that their submissions accord with the NeurIPS code of conduct .

Formatting instructions:   All submissions must be in PDF format, and in a single PDF file include, in this order:

• The submitted paper
• Technical appendices that support the paper with additional proofs, derivations, or results 
• The NeurIPS paper checklist  

Other supplementary materials such as data and code can be uploaded as a ZIP file

The main text of a submitted paper is limited to nine content pages , including all figures and tables. Additional pages containing references don’t count as content pages. If your submission is accepted, you will be allowed an additional content page for the camera-ready version.

The main text and references may be followed by technical appendices, for which there is no page limit.

The maximum file size for a full submission, which includes technical appendices, is 50MB.

Authors are encouraged to submit a separate ZIP file that contains further supplementary material like data or source code, when applicable.

You must format your submission using the NeurIPS 2024 LaTeX style file which includes a “preprint” option for non-anonymous preprints posted online. Submissions that violate the NeurIPS style (e.g., by decreasing margins or font sizes) or page limits may be rejected without further review. Papers may be rejected without consideration of their merits if they fail to meet the submission requirements, as described in this document. 

Paper checklist: In order to improve the rigor and transparency of research submitted to and published at NeurIPS, authors are required to complete a paper checklist . The paper checklist is intended to help authors reflect on a wide variety of issues relating to responsible machine learning research, including reproducibility, transparency, research ethics, and societal impact. The checklist forms part of the paper submission, but does not count towards the page limit.

Supplementary material: While all technical appendices should be included as part of the main paper submission PDF, authors may submit up to 100MB of supplementary material, such as data, or source code in a ZIP format. Supplementary material should be material created by the authors that directly supports the submission content. Like submissions, supplementary material must be anonymized. Looking at supplementary material is at the discretion of the reviewers.

We encourage authors to upload their code and data as part of their supplementary material in order to help reviewers assess the quality of the work. Check the policy as well as code submission guidelines and templates for further details.

Use of Large Language Models (LLMs): We welcome authors to use any tool that is suitable for preparing high-quality papers and research. However, we ask authors to keep in mind two important criteria. First, we expect papers to fully describe their methodology, and any tool that is important to that methodology, including the use of LLMs, should be described also. For example, authors should mention tools (including LLMs) that were used for data processing or filtering, visualization, facilitating or running experiments, and proving theorems. It may also be advisable to describe the use of LLMs in implementing the method (if this corresponds to an important, original, or non-standard component of the approach). Second, authors are responsible for the entire content of the paper, including all text and figures, so while authors are welcome to use any tool they wish for writing the paper, they must ensure that all text is correct and original.

Double-blind reviewing:   All submissions must be anonymized and may not contain any identifying information that may violate the double-blind reviewing policy.  This policy applies to any supplementary or linked material as well, including code.  If you are including links to any external material, it is your responsibility to guarantee anonymous browsing.  Please do not include acknowledgements at submission time. If you need to cite one of your own papers, you should do so with adequate anonymization to preserve double-blind reviewing.  For instance, write “In the previous work of Smith et al. [1]…” rather than “In our previous work [1]...”). If you need to cite one of your own papers that is in submission to NeurIPS and not available as a non-anonymous preprint, then include a copy of the cited anonymized submission in the supplementary material and write “Anonymous et al. [1] concurrently show...”). Any papers found to be violating this policy will be rejected.

OpenReview: We are using OpenReview to manage submissions. The reviews and author responses will not be public initially (but may be made public later, see below). As in previous years, submissions under review will be visible only to their assigned program committee. We will not be soliciting comments from the general public during the reviewing process. Anyone who plans to submit a paper as an author or a co-author will need to create (or update) their OpenReview profile by the full paper submission deadline. Your OpenReview profile can be edited by logging in and clicking on your name in https://openreview.net/ . This takes you to a URL "https://openreview.net/profile?id=~[Firstname]_[Lastname][n]" where the last part is your profile name, e.g., ~Wei_Zhang1. The OpenReview profiles must be up to date, with all publications by the authors, and their current affiliations. The easiest way to import publications is through DBLP but it is not required, see FAQ . Submissions without updated OpenReview profiles will be desk rejected. The information entered in the profile is critical for ensuring that conflicts of interest and reviewer matching are handled properly. Because of the rapid growth of NeurIPS, we request that all authors help with reviewing papers, if asked to do so. We need everyone’s help in maintaining the high scientific quality of NeurIPS.  

Please be aware that OpenReview has a moderation policy for newly created profiles: New profiles created without an institutional email will go through a moderation process that can take up to two weeks. New profiles created with an institutional email will be activated automatically.

Venue home page: https://openreview.net/group?id=NeurIPS.cc/2024/Conference

If you have any questions, please refer to the FAQ: https://openreview.net/faq

Ethics review: Reviewers and ACs may flag submissions for ethics review . Flagged submissions will be sent to an ethics review committee for comments. Comments from ethics reviewers will be considered by the primary reviewers and AC as part of their deliberation. They will also be visible to authors, who will have an opportunity to respond.  Ethics reviewers do not have the authority to reject papers, but in extreme cases papers may be rejected by the program chairs on ethical grounds, regardless of scientific quality or contribution.  

Preprints: The existence of non-anonymous preprints (on arXiv or other online repositories, personal websites, social media) will not result in rejection. If you choose to use the NeurIPS style for the preprint version, you must use the “preprint” option rather than the “final” option. Reviewers will be instructed not to actively look for such preprints, but encountering them will not constitute a conflict of interest. Authors may submit anonymized work to NeurIPS that is already available as a preprint (e.g., on arXiv) without citing it. Note that public versions of the submission should not say "Under review at NeurIPS" or similar.

Dual submissions: Submissions that are substantially similar to papers that the authors have previously published or submitted in parallel to other peer-reviewed venues with proceedings or journals may not be submitted to NeurIPS. Papers previously presented at workshops are permitted, so long as they did not appear in a conference proceedings (e.g., CVPRW proceedings), a journal or a book.  NeurIPS coordinates with other conferences to identify dual submissions.  The NeurIPS policy on dual submissions applies for the entire duration of the reviewing process.  Slicing contributions too thinly is discouraged.  The reviewing process will treat any other submission by an overlapping set of authors as prior work. If publishing one would render the other too incremental, both may be rejected.

Anti-collusion: NeurIPS does not tolerate any collusion whereby authors secretly cooperate with reviewers, ACs or SACs to obtain favorable reviews. 

Author responses:   Authors will have one week to view and respond to initial reviews. Author responses may not contain any identifying information that may violate the double-blind reviewing policy. Authors may not submit revisions of their paper or supplemental material, but may post their responses as a discussion in OpenReview. This is to reduce the burden on authors to have to revise their paper in a rush during the short rebuttal period.

After the initial response period, authors will be able to respond to any further reviewer/AC questions and comments by posting on the submission’s forum page. The program chairs reserve the right to solicit additional reviews after the initial author response period.  These reviews will become visible to the authors as they are added to OpenReview, and authors will have a chance to respond to them.

After the notification deadline, accepted and opted-in rejected papers will be made public and open for non-anonymous public commenting. Their anonymous reviews, meta-reviews, author responses and reviewer responses will also be made public. Authors of rejected papers will have two weeks after the notification deadline to opt in to make their deanonymized rejected papers public in OpenReview.  These papers are not counted as NeurIPS publications and will be shown as rejected in OpenReview.

Publication of accepted submissions:   Reviews, meta-reviews, and any discussion with the authors will be made public for accepted papers (but reviewer, area chair, and senior area chair identities will remain anonymous). Camera-ready papers will be due in advance of the conference. All camera-ready papers must include a funding disclosure . We strongly encourage accompanying code and data to be submitted with accepted papers when appropriate, as per the code submission policy . Authors will be allowed to make minor changes for a short period of time after the conference.

Contemporaneous Work: For the purpose of the reviewing process, papers that appeared online within two months of a submission will generally be considered "contemporaneous" in the sense that the submission will not be rejected on the basis of the comparison to contemporaneous work. Authors are still expected to cite and discuss contemporaneous work and perform empirical comparisons to the degree feasible. Any paper that influenced the submission is considered prior work and must be cited and discussed as such. Submissions that are very similar to contemporaneous work will undergo additional scrutiny to prevent cases of plagiarism and missing credit to prior work.

Plagiarism is prohibited by the NeurIPS Code of Conduct .

Other Tracks: Similarly to earlier years, we will host multiple tracks, such as datasets, competitions, tutorials as well as workshops, in addition to the main track for which this call for papers is intended. See the conference homepage for updates and calls for participation in these tracks. 

Experiments: As in past years, the program chairs will be measuring the quality and effectiveness of the review process via randomized controlled experiments. All experiments are independently reviewed and approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB).

Financial Aid: Each paper may designate up to one (1) NeurIPS.cc account email address of a corresponding student author who confirms that they would need the support to attend the conference, and agrees to volunteer if they get selected. To be considered for Financial the student will also need to fill out the Financial Aid application when it becomes available.