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353 Cancer Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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• Different Applications of Calculus in Cancer Treatment and Monitoring The type of treatments applied is pre-determined by the location, the type, and the severity of the tumors. The mathematical concept of calculus is applied when doctors consider the diffusion of different drugs into the […]
• Breast Cancer: Concept Map and Case Study Each member of the interdisciplinary team involved in treating patients with cancer and heart disease should focus on educational priorities such as: We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
• Esophageal Cancer Overview and Analysis Esophageal Cancer mainly refers to the growths that forms within the tissues that line the walls of the esophagus; the tube composed of muscles that aid the passage of the food from the exterior opening […]
• American Cancer Society History Its main duty is to ensure there is a reduction of the number of patients suffering from cancer and eradication of the disease as one of the major health problem faced by many Americans today.
• Health Psychology: Going Through a Breast Cancer Diagnosis He is unaware that she has been diagnosed with depression and that she is going for breast screening Stress from work is also a contributing factor to her condition.
• Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Plan Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the lower part of the uterus known as the cervix. The presence of these cells in the cervix is an indication that a woman may be […]
• Viruses as a Cause of Cancer This is done by switching on a dormant cancer gene when it enters the cell’s DNA of the host. Some practices like smoking and drinking increase the risk of developing cancer as they work together […]
• Children With Cancer and Schooling Challenges The rationale for the study was to identify what society has done to meet the social needs of children with cancer.
• Cervical Cancer: Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Understanding the role of imaging and radiation therapy in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer is important, especially for effective prevention and management.
• Enhancing Cancer Screening Access and Treatment Equity Increasing the accessibility and equity in cancer screening solutions is extremely important. The existing screening criteria should be expanded through changes in guidelines, and increased funding.
• Progress in Cancer Control: Rhetorical Analysis According to their study, these behaviors are more likely to lead to cancer, and the authors’ goal is to convince the audience that they should take responsibility for their health and strive to minimize the […]
• Breast Cancer and Its Population Burden The other objectives that are central to this paper are highlighted below: To determine which group is at a high risk of breast cancer To elucidate the impact of breast cancer on elderly women and […]
• Pap Smear and Cervical Cancer: Oncology Nursing The piece of legislation I believe has most significantly affected women’s healthcare in the past century is the regulation for women to take Pap smear regularly to prevent cervical cancer development.
• Colorectal Cancer Screening Methodology CRC affects the colon, the large intestine, and the rectum a passageway between the colon and the anus. In 2019, the average incidence rate for CRC in the United States was 41.
• Screening Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Prevention Colonoscopy allows visualization of the entire mucosa of the distal terminal ileum and the large intestine. Before the screening, the natural history of the disease is essential for the practitioner to identify the prevention levels.
• Prostate Cancer: Urinary Frequency and Incontinence In terms of the back and spine pain that the patient reported, it is notable that the x-ray revealed some mild degenerative changes in the form of a cystic mass near the spine.
• Discussion: Understanding of Cancer Annually, the IARC estimates the number of new cancer cases and fatalities worldwide and in the United States and gathers the most up-to-date data on the prevalence of cancer in populations.
• Ovarian Cancer: Risk Factors, Health Disparities, and Preventive Measures The most common signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer include weight loss, pain in the pelvic region, swelling and bloating in the abdomen, low appetite, and increased urination.
• Mindfulness Practice During Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer She discusses the significance of the study to the nursing field and how nurses can use the findings to help their patients cope with stress.
• The Role of hnRNPs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Blood and lymph are tissues of mesenchymal origin, which consist of plasma and corpuscles suspended in it and form the internal environment of the body.
• Benefits of Good Nutrition During Cancer Treatment Eating various foods is an important part of a healthy diet to get the nutrients the patient needs to fight cancer.
• Community-Based Health Education on Cervical Cancer Through awareness, women will be able to understand the life of the diseases and the control measures that should be put in place to eradicate the infection.
• Antioxidants: The Role in Preventing Cancer and Heart Disease Some of antioxidants are more widely known as vitamins E, C, and carotenoids, and have a reputation of preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
• The Lung Cancer Incidence Research The attributed risk is calculated by dividing the newly diagnosed incidence of cancer attributed to smoking by the total number of newly diagnosed cases of lung cancer.
• Breast Cancer: The Effective Care Domain Information about how the patient is seen, how often the patient is seen, and whether she will return for mammograms can be collected and analyzed to verify the successful intervention to extend consistency with mammograms.
• Colorectal Cancer Screening and Its Effect on Disease Incidence The purpose of this quantitative quasi-experimental quality improvement project was to determine if or to what degree the implementation of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s System Approach to Tracking and Increasing Screening for […]
• The Burden of Cancer in the United States Both Hispanic men and women are the least affected by lung cancer in terms of incidence and mortality. Therefore, considering the DALYs measure and smoking rates in the Hispanic group, it can be concluded that […]
• Statistical Analysis of Lung and Bronchus Cancer Data Using the mean obtained, the Black community has recorded the highest cases of lung and bronchus cancer, with the lowest ethnic group recording, such being the Hispanic race.
• Garden Pesticide and Breast Cancer Therefore, taking into account the basic formula, the 1000 person-years case, the number of culture-positive cases of 500, and culture-negative of 10000, the incidence rate will be 20 new cases.
• Breast Cancer as a Genetic Red Flag It is important to note that the genetic red flags in Figure 1 depicted above include heart disease, hypertension, and breast cancer.
• Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium Analysis Simultaneously, the resource is beneficial because it aims to “improve the delivery and quality of breast cancer screening and related outcomes in the United States”.
• Drinking Green Tea: Breast Cancer Patients Therefore, drinking green tea regularly is just a necessity- it will contribute to good health and physical vigor throughout the day and prevent severe diseases.
• Pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer It is also evident that the illness acts fast due to the continuous multiplication of the cancer cells leading to breathing disruptions and eventual death. This sustained weight loss is primarily essential to the advancement […]
• Breast Cancer Prevention: Ethical and Scientific Issues Such information can potentially impact the patient and decide in favor of sharing the information about the current condition and risks correlating with the family history.
• Prostate Cancer Statistics for a Term Paper Prostate cancer is also known as ‘Carcinoma of the Prostate’ and it starts when cells in the prostate glands develop an abnormality that allows them to grow out of control.
• Colorectal Cancer: Promoting a Healthy Diet The aims and goals were to analyze the goals, techniques of solution, and outcomes of particular research and enhance knowledge about the topic area based on a review of freshly released data. I would also […]
• Colorectal Cancer Development Due to Dietary Habits A fundamental research interest of the present dissertation was to run a pilot test on a small sample to assess the possibility of using questionnaires as a tool to assess Saudis’ perception of dietary habits […]
• Cancer Patients’ Late Admission to a Hospice Mulville et al.set out to evaluate and identify the reasons that prevent timely admission to the hospice of cancer patients at the end of life.
• Breast Cancer: Epidemiology, Risks, and Prevention In that way, the authors discuss the topics of breast cancer and obesity and the existing methods of prevention while addressing the ethnic disparities persistent in the issue.
• Breast Cancer Development in Black Women With consideration of the mentioned variables and target population, the research question can be formulated: what is the effect of nutrition and lifestyle maintained on breast cancer development in black women?
• Dietary Habits as a Risk Factor of Colorectal Cancer The risks, however, reduce with the adoption of healthy dietary habits, such as the intake of fresh fruits and vegetables. The author advised conducting more qualitative studies on factors affecting the Saudis population to adhere […]
• Traditional and Complementary Medicine Among Indigenous Cancer Patients Therefore, it is necessary to increase the overall understanding of the role of CAM among breast cancer patients alongside identifying the key motivating factors, where the prime manifestations of the phenomenon are faith and prayer.
• Mechanisms Behind Cancer Development This shows that epigenetics can be employed to determine the type of cancer an individual is expected to develop and make it easier to detect the disease at its early stages. Thus, the combination of […]
• Education for Parents of Children With Cancer The hospital was selected because I am have been working there for a long time, and the personnel is willing to help me with the implementation of the process.
• Health Inequities in Cancer Patients Despite a recent slowdown in overall spending, the United States spends more on health care than other high-income nations and still has some of the worst health results.
• 177Lu-PSMA Radioligand Therapy for Prostate Cancer The therapy is proved to be safer and more effective than its alternatives, with a great deal of success in reducing PSMA.
• Lung Cancer: Diagnostics and Treatment Thus, it is essential to invest in research about lung cancer and be aware of the factors that contribute to its emergence to protect themselves.
• Khalaf’s Burden of Pancreatic Cancer Study Analysis The outcome factors in this study are that regular-dose and low-dose Aspirin were observed to decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer.
• Cancer Blood Tests Saving Lives It is important to note that the article explores novel ways of cancer diagnostics and screening methods using blood tests for various signs of the condition.
• Breast Cancer in Miami Florida The situation with the diagnosis of breast cancer is directly related to the availability of medicine in the state and the general awareness of the non-population.
• 177LU-PSMA Radiological Therapy of Prostate Cancer More clinical trials are necessary to define the efficacy of PSMA treatment and develop more concomitant medication. Also, Gafia et al.found that PSMA is a long-term clinical condition whose changes in management are observed after […]
• Cancer Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People When compared to non-Indigenous Australians, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, also known as Indigenous Australians, are disadvantaged across a number of health and socioeconomic indices.
• The Ethical Problem in the Case of the Cancer Patient On the other hand, urgently inducing the patient’s death may have been an administrative problem for the patient, and it is not sure that it was caused by the wife’s deliberate decision.
• Cancer Treatment Strategies and Challenges Inspired by the merits of the natural nanovesicles and the state of the art of the advanced engineering versatility of synthetic nanomaterials, we previously presented the synthetic and biological hybrid exosomes for targeted synergistic chemo […]
• Urinary Tract Infections and Pancreatic Cancer The laboratory technician is supposed to culture the urine and use Gram’s staining method to detect the microbes in the sample. The practitioners used a combination of mecillinam and cefotaxime to manage the condition.
• Patient HealthCare: Early Diagnosis of Cancer The NCQA describes the three patients’ interventions and explains how the Nurse Practitioner explicitly measures the listed interventions’ effects. While the patient is in the clinic for routine care, problems with preventive tests and their […]
• Machine Learning Algorithms in Cancer Detection One of the most fundamental tools for machine learning in cancer detection is the use of imaging, with the premise that prognostic data is embedded in pathology images and digital pathology can provide big data […]
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Nutritional Influences A complete blood count is used to determine the precise number of each blood cell type in an individual, whereas a peripheral blood smear is used to determine alteration in the appearance and mobility of […]
• Breast Cancer: Genetics and Malignancy In the presence of such conditions, the formation of atypical cells is possible in the mammary gland. In the described case, this aspect is the most significant since it includes various details of the patient’s […]
• Video Consultations Between Patients and Clinicians in Diabetes, Cancer, and Heart Failure Services For example, during one of my interactions with the patient, I was asked whether the hospital had the policy to avoid face-to-face interaction during the pandemic with the help of video examinations.
• Diets to Prevent Heart Disease, Cancer, and Diabetes In order to prevent heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, people are required to adhere to strict routines, including in terms of diet. Additionally, people wanting to prevent heart disease, cancer, and diabetes also need to […]
• Smoking as a Risk Factor for Lung Cancer Lung cancer is one of the most frequent types of the condition, and with the low recovery rates. If the problem is detected early and the malignant cells are contained to a small region, surgery […]
• Skin Cancer: Description, Causes, and Treatment Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer; the three most common types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Its Prevalence and Incidence The purpose of this paper is to present the first part of the case study by describing the disease’s pathophysiology, treatment options, prevalence, and incidence.
• Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Genes, and Immunosuppression Colon cancer is the type of cancer that starts in the large intestine, which is the last section of the digestive tract.
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Causes, Origin, and Gene Mutation Apart from analyzing chromosome abnormalities present in patients with ALL, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the disorder’s origin, including primary causes and the process of gene mutations.
• Researching the Colon Cancer and Nursing It is critical for the nurse to have trusted information about cancer tumors because many studies have indicated that patients appreciate and rely on the competence of nurses.
• Nebraska State Department of Health Registries for Cancer and Immunization There is a need to report the progress of breast cancer in Nebraska to help do more research on preventing and introducing improved chemotherapy plans. Nebraska state has immunization and cancer registries which are helpful […]
• Cancer Terminology and Characteristics Carcinomas arise from epithelial tissue, lymphomas are cancers of lymphatic tissue, leukemias are cancers of blood-forming cells, and sarcomas come from connective tissue.
• The Cancer Cell Development: Causes and Sources Loss of function of suppressor genes resulting from mutations becomes the cause of cancer development: the cell divides abnormally, increasing the cell mass of the tissue.
• Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia and Granulocytosis: Causes and Treatment The accumulation of the underdeveloped stem cells impairs the functioning of the blood cells resulting in such diseases as cancer. This is because white blood cells are part of the immune system and help fight […]
• Epidemiology: Lung Cancer Risk The continued exploration of the factors, as well as agents, leading to the spread of pandemics led to a quantitative and qualitative examination and the development of immunization to reduce infections.
• Case Study for a Patient With Cancer Because Julia refused to continue chemotherapy and radiation treatment, her adenocarcinoma should be expected to get worse, which means she may need further services of a nurse, who would create plans for supportive care; as […]
• Financing of Public Health Initiative on Prostate Cancer Additionally, they need to demonstrate to the public that the resources bestowed on them are adding value to the facilities they are in charge of.
• Genetic Testing: Screening for Colon Cancer This disorder is characterized by the development of hundreds of thousands of adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum early in life.
• Cancer: Causes, Diagnostic and Treatment This article recommends that the new dietary patterns can be used to reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases. Vegetables can be used to reduce the occurrence of stomach cancer and colorectal cancer.
• Prostate Cancer Among Blacks in Maryland: Public Health Initiative This paper evaluates the economic principles underlying community health needs assessment of the initiative and the health economics relevant to the utilization of the service.
• New Gene Discovered That Stops Spread of Cancer At this point, it is crucial to mention that the discovery by the Salk institute is just a beginning of a long scientific journey that is anticipated to culminate in a comprehensive and conclusive study […]
• Genes Cause Breast Cancer Evidence suggests the role of BRCA1 in DNA repair is more expansive than that of BRCA2 and involves many pathways. Therefore, it is suggested that BRCT ambit containing proteins are involved in DNA repair and […]
• Do Cellphones Cause Brain Cancer? The reason for the worries is that cellphones emit RF energy that contains both electric and magnetic energy, and exposure to it may be unhealthy for a human being.
• Cancer Survivorship and Reproductive Health Outcomes This life includes the social, emotional, psychological, and financial effects that start at the beginning of diagnosis and commences up to the final stage of the disease.
• Patients With Cancer: The Importance of Early Referrals to Hospitals The purpose of this study was to prove the connection between early referrals to hospitals for patients with cancer and the possibility of a positive outcome of treatment for them.
• Aspects of Testicular Cancer The cancer is narrowed to the testicles and the epididymis as the tumor markers level reads normal at the first stage and has not grown into the blood.
• New Venture: Cancer Risks of Firefighters In my opinion, being a firefighter is not just a profession, it is the ability to come to the rescue, to have compassion, to feel pain, and to empathize with people who are in a […]
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Genetic Features of Black Patients According to the researcher, the differences in the biological impact of disease and the socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in the disparity between the Blacks and the Whites in the recovery process.
• Cancer Alley and Environmental Racism One of the sources under study is valuable, as it examines the current situation of the coronavirus and the impact of pollution on human health.
• Descriptive Data Statistics: National Cancer Institute The definitions for the measures presented are as follows: Mean = sum of all data points / number of data points; Median = the value that’s exactly in the middle when it is ordered from […]
• Cancer: Risk, Treatment and Prevention Cancer is a condition characterized by abnormal cells that do not function usefully in the body, thereby destroying normal body tissues.
• Colon Cancer: Treatment Options, Medication Research Colon cancer typically begins in the large intestine, which is at the end of the digestive tract and is called a colon.
• Managing Patient With Pancreatic Cancer Overall, pancreatic cancer affects the cellular functioning of the pancreas and disrupts the operation of the digestive system. PanIN is the most common antecedent of pancreatic cancer and occurs in the small pancreatic ducts.
• Cancer Medication and Treatment Alternatives: Project Proposal Indeed, despite the advances made in the management of cancer, particularly, the surgical removal of the tumor and the following therapy allowing to reduce health risks, cancer remains one of the major causes of death […]
• Dr. Paul Demers Presentations: Asbestos and Occupational Cancers and Carcinogens With the cases of asbestos-related cancer rising and the vast amounts of asbestos existing in buildings, water pipes, and workplaces, there is a dire need for stringent policies to remove all asbestos from the environment.Dr.
• Does the Sun Radiation Cause Skin Cancer? Moreover, from the article written by American Cancer Society, it is evident that Ultraviolet A and Ultraviolet B from the sun lead to skin cancer.
• Light Use in Cancer Treatment The notable strength of this article is that it goes further to identify ZnPc-Q1 as a possible candidate for using light therapy in the treatment of cancer. In this work, the authors examine and describe […]
• The Virus That Causes Throat Cancers The research article used after the insight of the summary in the New York Times was from the journal of American medical association.
• Esophageal Cancer: Credible Internet Information Esophageal cancer has become one of the main forms of cancers which usually causes a lot of suffering to patients due to immense pain, difficulty in swallowing or dysphagia.
• Breast Cancer. Service Management The trial specifically looks at the effect on breast-cancer mortality of inviting women to screening from age 40 years compared with invitation from age 50 years as in the current NHS breast-screening programme.
• Fibrocystic Breast Condition or Breast Cancer? The presence of the fibrocystic breast condition means that the tissue of the breast is fibrous, and cysts are filled with the liquid or fluid. The main characteristic feature of this cancer is that it […]
• Cervical Cancer: Causes and Treatment Cervical cancer develops in the cervix – the lower part of the uterus. It starts in a particular part of the cervix, where its squamous and glandular cells connect.
• Analysis in Epidemiology: “Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and Oral Contraceptives” Therefore, in the current case, since the use of combination oral contraceptives reduces the occurrence of epithelial ovarian cancer, then the factors that affect the OCs MUST ALWAYS precede the factors affecting the occurrence of […]
• Coping With Stress in Breast Cancer Patients Therefore, it is important for research experts to ensure and guarantee adherence to methodologies and guidelines that define scientific inquiry. However, various discrepancies manifest with regard to the initiation and propagation of research studies.
• Breast Self-Examination and Breast Cancer Mortality Though it is harsh to dismiss self-exams entirely due to studies that indicate little in deaths of women who performed self-exams and those who did not, the self-exams should not be relied on exclusively as […]
• Breast Self-Exams Curbing Breast Cancer Mortality The results of the study were consistent with the findings of other studies of the same nature on the effectiveness of breast self-examination in detecting and curbing breast cancer.
• Prostate Cancer: Pathophysiology and Diagnostics The disease is normally multimodal in the prostate gland and just about 70% of the illness exists in the or the Peripheral zone.
• Cancer: Factors of Prevention and Treatment The paper focuses on studying polyploidy/multinucleated giant cancer cells, calcium, BXL Protein, Acetylsalicylic Acid, and their specific roles in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
• Herbal Therapy for Cancer Herbal therapy is a theoretical and practical medicine based on the scientific study and use of medicinal plants or drugs obtained from them for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes.
• An Approach to Care of Cancer Overview Suspecting the presence of ovarian cancer is primarily based on a number of symptoms, especially abnormal physical examination, CT and NRI scans of the abdomen as well as the pelvis region.
• Taxol Effectiveness in Inhibiting Breast Cancer Cells The following were the objectives of this experiment: To determine the effectiveness of Taxol in inhibiting breast cancer cells and ovarian cancer cells using culture method.
• Control Breast Cancer: Nursing Phenomenon, Ontology and Epistemology of Health Management Then, the evidence received is presented in an expert way leading to implementation of the decision on the management of the disease.
• Leukemia: Causes, Pathogenesis, Morphological Changes, Basic Management Studies are ongoing to establish the exact cause of the disease, which is still unknown according to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.
• MD Anderson Cancer Center: Community Health Assessment The focus of the assessment is the city of Houston, Texas, and the MD Anderson Cancer Center. Most health issues are related to income disparities, immigration status, and the insurance status of Houston residents.
• Researching the Ovarian Cancer In the European continent, for every 100,000 females, 12 to 17 will have ovarian cancer, depending on the nation of origin; this is the age-standardized rate. BRCA1 and BRCA2 profoundly account for the prevalence of […]
• Local Inflammation and Human Papillomavirus Status of Head and Neck Cancers The objective of the study was to assess whether periodontitis is related to the human papillomavirus status of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
• Throat Cancer With Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus The infection by the HPVs often appears in the epithelium, particularly in the areas with tissue lesions. In this respect, by means of the RNA scope, it is possible to transcribe the HPV genome and […]
• Breast Cancer: Effects of Breast Health Education The design of the research focused on research variables like skills, performance, self-efficacy, and knowledge as the researchers aimed at examining the effectiveness of these variables among young women who underwent training in breast cancer […]
• Community Nursing Role in Breast Cancer Prevention However, early detection still remains important in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. The community has thus undertaken activities aimed at funding the awareness, treatment and research in order to reduce the number of […]
• Radiotherapy: The Efficient Cancer Treatment Method The main purpose for the proposal of this policy is to increase the safety levels and promote efficiency in the delivery of radiotherapy services to patients.
• Measuring the Uncertainty in Children With Cancer The Limitations of using Mishel Uncertainty Illness Scale and Children Uncertainty Illness Scale led to the development of Uncertainty scale for kids.
• Self-Examination and Knowledge of Breast Cancer Among Female Students Shin, Park & Mijung found that a quarter of the participants practiced breast self-examination and a half had knowledge regarding breast cancer.
• Prognosis in Ulcerative Colitis for Risk of Cancer After that the attempt was to extract the information about incidence of colon cancer in populations previously diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, to check whether the cancer risk increased with the duration of disease and finally […]
• “Tracking Breast Cancer Cells on the Move” by Gomis The article serves the purpose of examining the role of NOG, a gene that is essential in bone development and its role in breast cancer.
• Nutritional Assessment for Cancer Patients The consumption of fatty fish and a reduction in the consumption of unhealthy fats can reduce the risk of colon cancer that is brought about by the consumption of animal fat.
• Cancer Treatment Measures in the Sydney Cancer Center Overall, the study enhanced the proper understanding of the effectiveness through the analysis of the number of health specialists working in the Sydney Cancer Centre and the number of cancer patients attended per day.
• Association Between Pre-Diagnostic Circulating 25-(OH) D and Cancer This was what made the authors to undertake an investigation on correlation between pre-diagnostic of circulating 25- D concentration in the body and dietary intakes of vitamin D and calcium with colon and rectum cancer […]
• Sonodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment Sonodynamic therapy also known as ultrasound therapy is a hopeful innovative cancer treatment method that focuses on synergistic effect on tumor cell killing of a photosensitizer and ultrasound. Cavitation refers to the growth, oscillation and […]
• The Relationship Between Cancer and Lifestyle In addition, other lifestyle aspects, such as cigarette smoking, sun exposure and stress need to be addressed to reduce the risks of cancer.
• Cancer: Angiogenesis, Recent Research, Ethical Concerns Zayed et al.’s research reveals that the CIB1 protein controlling the endothelial cell functions is the same as the one causing red blood cell formation in cancer tumors.
• Breast Cancer Survivorship: Are African American Women Considered? The finding of the analysis is that the issue of cancer survivorship is exclusive, developing, and at the same time it depends on what individuals perceive to be cancer diagnosis as well as personal experiences […]
• Gaining Ground on Breast Cancer: Advances in Treatment The article by Esteva and Hortobagyi discusses breast cancer from the aspect of increased survival rates, the novel treatments that have necessitated this and the promise in even more enhanced management of breast cancer.
• Pain Management in Hillman Cancer Center’s Patients Medical and surgical approaches are considered to be the main ways for pain treatment in cancer patients. Advanced stages of cancer result into a multidimensional pain and are where the clinical psychologists step in.
• Ovarian Cancer: Description and Treatment In applying various treatment options, it is important for doctors to ensure that they understand all options, means of navigating through the process, as well as the development stage of the cancer.
• Effects of Hypoxia, Surrounding Fibroblasts, and p16 Expression on Breast Cancer The study was conducted to determine whether migration and invasion of breast cancer cells were stimulated by hypoxia, as well as determining whether the expression of p16 ectopically had the potential to modulate the cell […]
• Breast Cancer: Preventing, Diagnosing, Addressing the Issue In contrast to the MRI, which presupposes that the image of the tissue should be retrieved with the help of magnetic fields, the mammography tool involves the use of x-rays.
• Smoking and Lung Cancer Among African Americans Primarily, the research paper provides insight on the significance of the issue to the African Americans and the community health nurses.
• Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in Adult Patients Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the cancer of the blood and the bone marrow. The final type of lymph cells is natural killer cells whose role in the body is to nullify the effect of cancerous […]
• Dietary Fat Intake and Development of Breast Cancer This study aimed to determine the relationship between dietary fat intake and the development of breast cancer in women. The outcome of the study strongly suggests that there is a close relationship between a high […]
• The Detection and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer The severity of cancer depends on the movement of the cancerous cells in the body and the division and growth or cancerous cells.
• Smoking and Cancer in the United States In this research study, data on tobacco smoking and cancer prevalence in the United States was used to determine whether cancer in the United States is related to tobacco smoking tobacco.
• Prostate Cancer: Preventive Approaches and Treatment However, the case of prostate cancer seems to oppose this ideology; hence, the purpose of this paper is to understand preventive approaches and therapies used to manage prostate cancer.
• Skin Cancer: Comparison of Samples The aim of this experiment is to examine and thereafter represent low and high power illustrations of a normal skin specimen and of skin specimens that have been affected by various forms types of skin […]
• The Female Reproductive System and Ovarian Cancer The ovary is the one of the central organs of the female reproductive system. The zona granulosa is the exterior layer of cells enclosing the follicles.
• Property Rights to the Cancer Genes The easiest way to understand the protection of patents and the rationale behind them is by appreciating the fact that patents are part of human rights.
• Dietary Approach to Colon Cancer Prevention These research findings appear to support the hypothesis that the presence of folate in the diet is linked to the risk factor for colon cancer.
• Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Factors that predispose women to ovarian cancer include infertility, use of certain medication, hormone replacement therapy, use of oral contraceptives, and party.
• The Pennsylvania Cancer Registry (PCR) This data is essential in that, doctors or clinical experts are able to identify the form of treatment to be provided to each cancer patient, to follow up on the patients’ progress, give any necessary […]
• Breast Cancer: WMI Research and the Current Approaches Although the conclusions provided by the WHI in the study conducted to research the effects of estrogen and progesterone cessation on the chance of developing a breast cancer do not comply with the results of […]
• Oesophageal Cancer as a Global Health Concern The incidence of oesophageal cancer is high in various parts of the world, but for the purposes of this paper, China will be the region of focus.
• Using Genetically-Modified Bacteria to Fight Cancer at Johns Hopkins To do so, a concise summary of the article will be provided, followed by a review of its relevance to the course.
• Skin Cancer and Sunlight: Case Control, Cohort, and Clinical Trial Design The main component in sunlight that is said to be responsible for the development of skin cancer is the Ultraviolet emission.
• Battle Against Cancer in New York State On the other hand, the cancer goals for New York target to reduce the new forms of the disease as well as the various disabilities and body deformations resulting from cancer.
• Various Proteins Targets for Lung, Breast and Colorectal Cancers This protein has been identified in recent research as the one playing the biggest role in causing the growth and the spread of cancer in the lungs.
• Global Health Organization – World-Cancer Campaign The organization can collaborate with other organizations such as the World Economic Forum and the International Council of Nurses to tackle the cancer crisis.
• Healthcare: Colon Cancer The colon refers to the longest section of the large gut and the most low-down section of the digestive arrangement in the human body.
• Dosage & Regimen for MEK Inhibitor: Cancer Clinical Trial The study is a treatment trial aimed at designing the correct dose of GSK1120212. The trial is aimed at determining the dosage and regimen for MEK inhibitor that should be mixed with everolimus in order […]
• Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene (BRCA2) The mechanisms underlying the genetic predisposition to a particular disease are manifold and this concept is the challenging one to the investigators since the advent of Molecular Biology and database resources.
• Prostate Cancer Pathophysiology and Management At the moment, the use of tumour markers such as kallikrein is the most widespread method of differentiating these two disorders.
• Terminal Cancer Patients: Community Nursing The sole purpose of any nursing activity during any given kind of illness and end-of-life stage is to maximize the quality of life and functioning for individuals, families, and the community at large.
• Ovarian Cancer Overview and Analysis However, several factors have been deemed to contribute to the risk of developing ovarian cancer, for instance, the lesser children a woman has and the later in life she bears children, the higher the chances […]
• Prediction of Breast Cancer Prognosis It has been proposed that the fundamental pathways are alike and that the expression of gene sets, instead of that of individual genes, may give more information in predicting and understanding the basic biological processes.
• The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer This is one of the most difficult in curing, as it may affect any part of the body, and seriously damage the body tissues.
• Breast Cancer Survivors: Effects of a Psychoeducational Intervention
• Cancer and Oxygenation: Oxygen as a Remedy for Cancer
• Cancer: Gene Mutation’s Influence, Treatments
• The Effective Pain Assessment in Patients With Lung Cancer
• Providers’ Role in Quality Assurance in Breast Cancer Screening
• Framing Qualitative Research on Lung Cancer
• Oncology: Colorectal Cancer
• Prostate Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment
• Clinical Laboratory Science of Breast Cancer
• Induced and Spontaneous Abortion and Breast Cancer Incidence Among Young Women
• Quality of Life in Chronic Leukemia Patients
• Dyspnea in Cancer Patients
• Ovarian Cancer: Medical Review
• Lung Cancer Cells Migrating to Other Parts of the Body
• Prostate Cancer: The Ion Channels
• To Live Until You Die: Palliative Care in Cancer Experience
• Care Needs of Children Whose Parents Have Incurable Cancer
• New Screening Guidelines for Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer in Afro- and Euro-Americans
• Cancer Treatment and Life Quality in Adult Patients
• Breast Cancer Assessment in London
• Oral Cancer Reconstruction
• Skin Cancer Awareness Overview
• Angiostatic Approaches to Cancer Therapy
• Genetics of Prostate Cancer and Physical Features
• Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Investigation
• Creativity in People With Cancer
• Cancer: Alternative and Complementary Therapies
• Promotion of Cardiovascular Health and Cancer Prevention
• Breast Cancer: Crucial Issues
• Cancer Longitudinal Exploration
• Breast Cancer: At-Risk Population, Barriers, and Improvement
• Effective Solutions to the Prevention of Cervical Cancer
• Breast Cancer: Moral and Medical Aspects
• Breast Cancer and AIDS: Significant Issues in the United States in the Late 20th Century
• Breast Cancer Risk Factors: Genetic and Nutritional Influences
• Breast Cancer Genetics & Chromosomal Analysis
• The Role Genetics Information Plays in Treating Cancer
• Breast Cancer: The Case of Anne H.
• Leukemia Types: Characteristics, Genetics, and Symptoms
• CRISPR and Cas-9 Technology as the Solution to Cancer
• Colon Cancer: Risk Factors
• World Health Organization Cancer Website Tool
• Long Distance Cancer Treatment Ethics
• A Community Capacity-Enhancement Approach to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening
• The Role of Inflammation in Cancer
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Plan for Cancer Pain
• Psychosocial Factors & Immune Mechanisms in Cancer Regulation
• Fundraising Methods for the Canadian Cancer Society
• Nutrition and Cancer Rates
• Breast Cancer Diagnosis Procedure in Saudi Arabia
• Language and Stigmatization: Cancer, HIV, and AIDS
• The Three Most Common Types of Cancer in America
• Breast Cancer and the Effects of Diet
• J. Overcash on Older Adults With Cancer
• Postmenopause Hormone Therapy and Endometrial Cancer
• Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
• When the Smoke Clears: The Story About the Lung Cancer
• Motivational Interviewing as a Smoking Cessation Intervention for Patients With Cancer
• Genetic Predisposition to Breast Cancer: Genetic Testing
• Cancer Pathophysiology and Nursing Management
• Breast Cancer: Causes and Treatment
• Integumentary System Diseases. Skin Cancer and Eczema
• Digestive Cancer. Complementary & Alternative Treatment
• The History of Cervical Cancer: Treatment and Care
• Ethics of Leukemia Treatment With Disabled HIV Cells
• Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cancer
• Colorectal Cancer Care Coordination
• Penectomy Challenges in Cancer Patients
• Monoclonal Antibodies in Treating Breast Cancer
• The American Cancer Society’s Website Evaluation
• Acute Lymphocytic and Myelogenous Leukemia in Children
• Cancer and Chemotherapy Effects on Patients
• Chronic Diseases: Heart Failure and Cancer
• Pain Reduction Metods for Cancer Patients
• Lung Cancer Stages, Complications, and Support
• Breast Cancer: Women’s Health Initiative & Practices
• Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Pathophysiology
• Cervical Cancer and Women’s Health
• Complex Fibroadenoma and Breast Cancer Risk
• Cannabis and Cancer Pain Management
• Breast Cancer: Health Psychology Plan
• Colorectal Cancer Patient’s Discharge Planning
• Cancer Epidemic Research and Expectations
• Best Practices in Breast Cancer Care
• Carcinoma in Situ Management Options
• Cancer Epidemiology in the United States
• Understanding Pathophysiology of Cancers
• Registered Nurses and Cancer Patients
• ”Preferences for Photographic Art Among Hospitalized Patients With Cancer” by Hanson ET Al.
• Pain Assessment for Cancer Patients: Literature Search
• Keytruda as an Innovative Cancer Control Tool
• Oncology: Innovative Solutions to Fight Cancer
• Cancer, Its Nature and Gene Therapy
• Body pH and Cancer Occurrence Correlation
• Cancer: Psychological Effects and Coping Strategies
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Women With Breast Cancer
• Alcohol and Smoking Impact on Cancer Risk
• Decision-Making in Cancer MDT
• Ovarian Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
• Establishing a Cancer Treatment Unit in a Hospital
• Cancer Behavior in the Elderly: Cognitive-Affective Analysis
• Cancer Alley: Environmental Justice Analysis
• Lung Cancer and Cystic Fibrosis: Diagnosis and Care
• Trinity Community Hospital’s Cancer Service Line
• Blood Test and Cancer Spread in Children
• Reverse Mutation Concept in Cancer Biology
• Cancer and Tumor Suppressor Genes
• Skin Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer
• Thyroid Cancer Chemotherapy
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Immunoglobulin M
• Colorectal Cancer Screening in the USA
• Breast Cancer Screening in Young American Women
• Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Cancer Patients
• Prostate Cancer Among African Americans in NYC
• Prostate Cancer Among African American Men in New York
• Hexokinase 2 Enzyme in Cancer Treatment
• Depression and Cancer in Caucasian Female Patient
• Cancer Screening in Lesbians, Gays, Transgenders
• Cancer Epidemiology for American Population
• Air Pollution as a Factor for Renal Cancer
• Children With Cancer and Their Social Activities
• Cancer Treatment Effects on Sexual Function
• Protein Diet, Telomere Length, and Cancer
• Community-Based Participatory Research on Cancer
• Nursing for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Patient
• Epigenetics and Its Role in Cancer Detection and Prevention
• Screening for Breast Cancer
• The Role of Epigenetics in Cancer: Contributors to the Formation of Cancer Tumors
• Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health
• Prostate Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
• Prostate Cancer and Age-Related Risk Factors
• Gua Sha in Cancer Therapy Against Myalgia
• Gastric Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
• Cervical Cancer and Risk Factors
• Annual Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign
• Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment
• Organic Foods Consumption and Cancer Prevention
• Prostate Cancer, Its Genetics and Prevention Methods
• Cancer Epidemiology Among Chinese Americans
• Colorectal Cancer, Diagnosis and Treatment Plan
• Cervical Cancer, Its Nature and Symptoms
• Prostate Cancer Symptoms and Laboratory Tests
• Skin Cancer in Australia and Health Campaign
• Breast Cancer Patients’ Life Quality and Wellbeing
• Obesity as a Risk Factor for Uterine Cancer
• Palliative Care for Cancer Patients: Search Strategies
• Palliative Care for Adult Cancer Patients
• Palliative Care for Adult Patients With Cancer
• Breast Cancer Patients’ Functions and Suitable Jobs
• Peptic Ulcer Disease and Stomach Cancer Diagnostics
• Jordanian Breast Cancer Survival Rates in 1997-2002
• Cancer Patients’ Financial Status and Life Quality
• Breast Cancer Awareness Among African Americans
• Cancer Disease and Its Impact
• Breast Cancer Screening Among Non-Adherent Women
• Healthcare Research: Bladder Cancer Independent Variables
• Cancer Patient’s Autonomy and Medical Ethics
• The Internet Use at MD Anderson Cancer Hospital
• American Cancer Society’ Social Media Networks Usage
• Breast Cancer: Treatment and Rehabilitation Options
• The Effectiveness of Music for Cancer Patients
• Women Healthcare: Breast Cancer
• Skin Cancer: Types and Cells of Origin
• Prevention of Cancer: Good Nutrition and Positive Behavior
• Lung Cancer Disease and Prevention Methods
• Breast Cancer Public Relations Campaign
• Technologies: Improving the MD Anderson Cancer Center Website
• Explanation of Cancer Disease
• Gallbladder Cancer, Its Causes and Rates
• Health Information Seeking and Breast Cancer Diagnosis
• Stem Cell Therapy in Colorectal Cancer
• Employing Cancer Vulnerability Reduction in Ukraine
• Current Standing of Breast Cancer and Its Effects on the Society
• Descriptive Epidemiology of Cancer in the UK
• International Expansion Strategy of Australia Cancer Care Hospital.
• Medical Marijuana use for Terminal Colon Cancer
• Asbestos and Rising of Cancer
• The Problem of Skin Cancer in Australia
• Health Outcome of Tobacco Use: Lung Cancer
• Prostate Cancer Treatment
• Breast Cancer: Disease Prevention
• Breast Cancer Definition and Treatment
• Breast Cancer Symptoms and Causes
• Radiation Therapy for Testicular Cancer
• Breast Cancer Incidence and Ethnicity
• Treatment Options for Breast Cancer
• Cancer Treatment by Nanotechnology
• Health Risks and Prevention: Cardiovascular Disease and Cancers
• Healthcare Demographics of Prostate Cancer in the US
• Malevolence of Cancer: Pathogenesis and Treatment Options
• Risk Factors, Staging, and Treatment of Breast Cancer
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179 Cancer Research Topics & Essay Examples

📝 cancer research papers examples, 💡 essay ideas on cancer, 👍 good cancer essay topics to write about, 🏆 best cancer essay titles, 🎓 simple research topics about cancer, ❓ cancer research questions.

• Breast Cancer Breast cancer is becoming a common infection caused by cancerous cells. Most cases of breast cancer have been diagnosed with more women than men.
• Cell Phone Dangers to Human Health This research paper aims at investigating whether the use of cell phones is dangerous to human health and makes a critique on some of the recent studies on this topic.
• Tea Consumption and Human Health Considered one of the most popular beverages globally, tea promotes health and assists in chronic disease prevention like cancer, heart diseases, and metabolic syndrome.
• Cervical Cancer Prevention and Women's Well-Being in the UK The research examines the prevention mechanisms of cervical cancer are in the UK and assesses challenges that exist for adult women affected by the disease.
• Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Research Proposal The review of the literature shows that researchers and practitioners are trying to identify cancer treatments that are associated with fewer incidents of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
• Cancer and Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting This study focuses on gastric cancer in the Hispanic population, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and proposes an intervention to improve health outcomes.
• Women's Endometrial Cancer Prevention Endometrial cancer occurs when the cells of the endometrial lining of the uterus start growing in an uncontrollable manner.
• Cervical Cancer and Screening Procedures Cervical cancer is one of the major health risks for women. This type of cancer is usually caused by the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV).
• Cancer Stages, Treatment, and Effects Reduction The prevalence of cancer cases has increased the workload of health care practitioners, as well as heightened the demand for improved care for patients.
• Women's Cervical Cancer Prevention in the UK The prevention of cervical cancer in adult females in the UK has been within the lens of researchers for decades.
• UK Women's Cervical Cancer Prevention Policies The paper describes policies developed in the UK to prevent cervical cancer among adult women and measures to improve the health and wellbeing of women diagnosed with the disease.
• "Fostering Early Breast Cancer Detection" Article In “Fostering early breast cancer detection,” Shackelford et al. raise a rather important and relevant problem related to breast cancer, in particular, its early detection.
• Breast Cancer, Its Etiology and Pathophysiology This research paper describes breast cancer in detail, its etiology and risk factors, symptoms and signs, diagnostics, and treatment.
• Delaware Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 2009-2013 This work describes the trend of cancer both in terms of mortality and incidence, using Delaware's Cancer Incidence and Mortality Report.
• Immunotherapy, Its Types and Mechanisms This essay examines current and new types of immunotherapies and their mechanisms of action in the immune system.
• Breast Cancer Screening in the US and Canada The aim of this paper is to discuss the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and its recommendations for breast cancer screening.
• The Prevention of Breast Cancer This paper includes a study proposal that examines the role of the ARNP in the prevention of breast cancer with the help of screening mammograms.
• Breast Cancer Screening Mammography is the primary and most effective method for breast cancer screening. The current situation with epidemiology in the United States concerning breast cancer is disturbing.
• Liver Cancer Pathophysiology and Patient Education This paper studies pathophysiology of liver cancer, peculiarities of its diagnosing and treatment, evaluates their efficiency and provides implications for patent education.
• Breast Cancer Risks Determined by Family History The client’s major problem is the risk of breast cancer increased by the fact that two intraductal breast cancers were recently diagnosed in her family.
• Obesity and Endometrial Cancer in Women The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two studies on obesity and endometrial cancer, with a close focus on their hypotheses, methods, and findings.
• Approach to Care: Cancer Patient Cancer is one of the most dreaded words in the dictionary. When doctors make the pronouncement that a certain patient has cancer, it is the same as a death sentence.
• Cervical Cancer Cervical cancer is faced by many women in the USA. It leads to dramatic consequences for this population, which urges healthcare professionals to develop different preemptive measures.
• Mortality Causes and Rates in the United States This paper discusses problems with heart and vessels and cancer diseases as the main reasons for great mortality rates in the USA.
• Healthcare Aspects: Cancer Prevention Many individuals underestimate the importance of male breast assessment, and there is a prejudice that only women have a high level of prevalence of breast cancer.
• Women’s Health as a Topic for a Medical Conference The medical conference provided an opportunity for people of the medical profession to gain the most recent information about women's health.
• Cancer Treatment & Care and Complications Cancer is a dangerous illness that takes a heavy toll on a person and can be fatal if left untreated for too long.
• Epidemiology and Health Plans for Miami The paper analyzes three different pandemics prevalent in Miami: cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, and mental disorders.
• Breast Cancer Detection: Evidence-Based Project The research is expected to expand the knowledge on the role of healthcare specialists in the early detection of breast cancer in adult women belonging to minority groups.
• Amish Child with Cancer: Medicine vs. Religion A ten-year-old girl born in an Amish family is diagnosed with lymphoblastic lymphoma, which is capable of killing her if not treated with chemotherapy.
• Hematology: Hodgkin vs. Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas Hodgkin's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are two types of cancer associated with white blood cells. These diseases majorly affect the immune system of a human organism.
• Introducing Routine Screening in a Gynecological Cancer Setting In evidence-based nursing practice, distress is viewed as one of the primary causes of death among cancer people in contemporary society.
• Ovarian Cancer and Prophylactic Hysterectomy In this paper, the analysis of the article about the role of prophylactic hysterectomy will be developed to identify its main “take-away” ideas.
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Pain Management Pain during chemotherapy in elderly patients with cancer is one of the most important health issues people with the given problem and health workers face today.
• Preventive and Well-Care Measures for Men and Women The paper suggests preventative care measures, a description for the adult male and female population, as well as recommendations as to well-care visits.
• Cancer Patients' Family Support: Con-Position Cancer is a terrible disease that not only destroys the body of a human but also inflicts severe emotional damage.
• Cancer Patient's Family and Support The paper aims to discuss cancer patient family/friend support from the point of view of financial strain, psychological pressure, and emotional changes.
• The Ethics of Refusing Treatment of Patient Cancer Public fear of malignant tumors is exceptionally high because there is a widespread belief that treatment is ineffective.
• Cancer Computer-Aided Diagnosis The top areas of cancer computer-aided diagnosis, which seem to be most often discussed and particularly well translated to practice, are breast, lung, and colon cancer diagnosing.
• Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Approach to Care The primary task of health facilities is to achieve success in diagnosing, managing complications, and treating all kinds of cancer affecting patients.
• Fostering Early Breast Cancer Detection The research claims that early detection and prevention of breast cancer is the most topical issue in terms of public health.
• Epidemiology Topics for Signature Assignment The topic of diabetic retinopathy is relevant to my future career as I will seek to encourage every patient with diabetes to have an eye examination regularly.
• Cancer Care and Treatment Approaches Cancer is often regarded as a terminal illness even though the modern methods have proved to be quite effective as the rate of survivors is constantly growing.
• Cancer Diagnosis and Subsequent Treatment A cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment is a grueling ordeal for many patients, which causes not only physical discomfort but tremendous psychological pressures as well.
• The Effect of "Music in Therapy" on Cancer Patients The existing evidence proves the therapeutic effect of music on a number of issues; apart from that, nursing values its ability to improve people's emotional state.
• Quality of Life in Cancer Patients: Planned Change Currently, approximately 60% of patients experiencing advanced cancer have to battle with extensive pain among other complications associated with this condition.
• Approach to Care of Cancer Today, cancer is one of the most significant health problems. However, cancer is a disease that requires an integrated approach to its diagnostics.
• Cancer: Approach to Care The rapid and abnormal growth of cells can be provoked by a range of factors of the internal and external nature, including both the inheritance factor and unhealthy lifestyles.
• Breast Cancer: Genetic Counseling This paper focuses on genetic counseling for breast cancer, addressing critical elements of the practice, reasons for referral, and possible patient’s reactions.
• Cancer Care as a Nursing Process The term “cancer” is used to describe a range of diseases associated with the uncontrolled intense growth of cells that tend to form tumors.
• The Role of the ARNP in the Prevention of Breast Cancer The sample will consist of ARNPs and women with high risks of developing cancer who should be recommended the use of mammography.
• Gynecologic Cancer. "Detecting Distress" by O'Connor et al. The outcomes of the analysis allow inferring that there is a correlation between the age of patients and the extent of distress that they experience.
• Cancer Care Approach: Diagnostics and Treatment The term “cancer” is used to describe a range of diseases associated with the uncontrolled intense growth of cells that tend to form tumors.
• Cancer Care Approaches and Decision-Making Each cancer case is different, and nurses and physicians need to be attentive to the patient’s needs and concerns and well as physiological and psychological symptoms.
• Cancer in Women and Prophylactic Measures Cancer is a disease that may infect several organs fast, and patients have to be educated about the possibility of remission, the importance of follow-ups, etc.
• Breast Cancer: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment This case study investigates the pathophysiology of breast cancer and explores the most recent standards of care.
• Cancer Prevention and Education in Nursing Practice The role of educators is integrated into nursing practice. Nurses should provide recommendations regarding the most effective measures aimed at preventing cancer.
• “Acupuncture and Moxibustion as an Evidence-Based Therapy for Cancer” by William Cho “Acupuncture and Moxibustion as an Evidence-Based Therapy for Cancer” by William Cho shows us both the negative and positive sides of acupuncture and moxibustion.
• Urinary Tract Infection: Health Promotion, Chronic, and Acute Illness This paper describes the diagnosis, treatment, and health promotion of urinary tract infection as an acute disease and cervical cancer as a chronic illness in women.
• Pain Management for Cancer Patients The paper reveals the importance of education regarding pain treatment for patients who struggle against cancer.
• Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer This article is devoted to cancer: methods of diagnosis, methods of treatment, possible complications, and methods of prevention are considered.
• Utilization of the Nursing Process in Cancer Treatment Cancer has become the focus of public discussion over the past couple of decades due to the high mortality rates and the growing yearly incidence of the disease.
• Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: Nursing Care The healthcare system must develop effective treatment techniques for cancer patients, and nurses play a role of paramount importance in this process.
• Cervical Cancer Prevention Cervical cancer prevention is particularly important, and one of the most effective strategies in this regard is routine screening.
• Brain Tumors: Classification and Causes Brain tumors grow in the brain. When cells (either independently or due to the influence of a substance) grow massively and reproduce in an unexplainable way they form a tumor.
• Skin Cancer, Its Types and Prevention of It Skin cancer has been the most common type of cancer over the years, with thousands of Americans being diagnosed with cancer every year.
• Palliative Care for Cancer Patients This essay discusses palliative care for cancer patients at palliative care centers as opposed to caring at homes.
• Quality Improvement Initiative and Cancer Screening The paper discusses screening for certain types of cancer. It helps to detect the disease early and increases the chances of successful treatment.
• Lung and Bronchus Cancer: Descriptive Statistics Lung and bronchus cancer are among the common types of cancer affecting the US population. However, the rate of incidence of this disease has declined markedly from 2000 to 2015.
• Lung Cancer as a Result of Sensation Seeking The article is related as the addiction to smoking leads to cancer and it shows the visual consequence of such addiction.
• An Overview of Cancer Disease Cancer cells are also subdivided into primary and secondary tumors. The primary tumors refer to those swellings which develop at the initial stage
• Prostate Cancer: Review and Analysis Prostate cancer’s risk factors are age, race, diet, and family history. Among the three features, age is considered as the number one risk factor.
• Breast Cancer - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment This paper will discuss the pathology of breast cancer, especially among women, including its causes, diagnosis, treatment, and risk factors among other aspects.
• Breast Cancer: Gene Expression Methodologies Cancer develops when there are DNA mutations, cataloguing such genes can lead to a better understanding of the disease and hence guide better development of therapy.
• Reducing the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer in Older Adults The proposed study will highlight the best methods that can reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer in older adults.
• Approach to Care Cancer Diseases In the article, the diagnosis, staging, complications, side effects, and the means of lessening the physical and psychological effects of cancer are illustrated.
• Prostate Cancer and Erectile Dysfunction Prostate cancer is very well-spread in the United States. The statistics for this disease are very disturbing.
• The Characteristics of Breast Cancer The death rate from breast cancer has decreased as the quality of medical care significantly improved that in turn has led to the earlier diagnosis of the disease in the early stages.
• Breast Cancer: Literature Review Despite numerous studies of risk factors for breast cancer, its reasons still have not been determined definitively.
• Reducing the Colorectal Cancer Death Rate Colorectal cancer has become very common among the aging poor Americans, especially those who are above 50 years.
• Risk Factors in the Development of Breast Cancer This paper will address the risk of breast cancer in women as well as the ways in which WHI has helped to change menopause treatment in women.
• African American Women’s Experiences With Breast Cancer Screening The study established that it is important for African American women to accept a holistic approach to health issues that are concerned with the testing of cancer.
• Medicare and Medicaid in the United States of America Medicare and Medicaid are public-sponsored health programs in the United States of America. The following paper analyzes the differences between Medicaid and Medicare.
• African American Women’s Breast Cancer Screening This article examines the screening of breast cancer among American women of African origin. The outcome is generalized to a large audience.
• Use of Medicinal Marijuana in Florida: Analysis The rest of the instances that may require the use of medicinal cannabis, such as treatment of adolescent or adult cancer patients, are not covered by the Florida legislation.
• Oncology: Yeast and Cancer Cells The FTIR analysis reveals that crystals resulting from the MA-MAEC technique are GSH-based. GSH was isolated in yeast for the first time in 1929.
• The Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory breast cancer is regarded as one of the most severe types of cancer and accounts for about 5% of all breast tumors.
• The Rates of Lung and Bronchus Cancer Among Smoking Adults in the U.S. Health education can help individuals learn about the dangers of smoking. The lack of knowledge of tobacco smoking and its contribution to cancer development has increased infections.
• Breast Cancer in Black American Women Black women experience a higher death rate from breast cancer than their white counterparts or any other ethnic group in the United States.
• HPV Cancer Risks: PICOT Analysis Although there have been campaigns to enlighten people about HPV cancer risks, most parents are still reluctant to encourage their kids to get three-dose vaccination.
• Epidemiology of Lung and Bronchus Cancer in the US The paper states that lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer for both sexes. The most common cancer types for the two groups are gender-specific.
• Polymorphism-Mutations and Air Pollution as Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Women might face the disease of breast cancer due to such factors as the pollution of the environment and MTHFR gene polymorphism-mutations.
• AIDS, Pneumonia, Sarcoma and Herpes in a Patient The patient developed Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), an unusual type of cancer, due to the gradual depletion of CD4 cells.
• Management of Cancer Pain: Effectiveness of Pain Journal The cancer patients need to keep a pain journal, which is a self-assessment tool in which a person records his or her pain sensations and their management.
• The Nursing Process in Cancer Treatment The current paper aims to discuss some aspects of cancer treatment, and how it can be performed using the five stages nursing process.
• National Breast Cancer Coalition The National Breast Cancer Coalition (2021) is an organization that advocates for the needs of patients with breast cancer and promotes education and nurse-patient dialogue.
• Analysis of the National Breast Cancer Coalition The National Breast Cancer Coalition has sought to improve the current policies regarding managing patients' health needs by revisiting the obstacles.
• Identifying a Clinical Question Although clinical guidelines may describe the standard practice, they do not, by themselves, set a standard of care for a particular patient.
• Evidence-Based Practice in Colorectal Cancer Implementation of evidence-based methods in the treatment of colorectal cancer is an effective strategy for minimizing the risks of medical errors.
• Clinical Practice Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer Screening Clinical practice guidelines for colorectal cancer screening gives clinicians a more comprehensive range of tests to choose from when treating colorectal cancer.
• The Study of Cancer: Colorectal Cancer The paper presents the study of such a type of cancer as colorectal cancer. The probability of suffering from colorectal cancer is about 4%–5%.
• Colorectal Cancer: Evidence-Based Practice Intervention The proposed intervention aims to raise public awareness regarding the importance of colorectal screening, especially among older adults.
• Radiation, Inflammation, and Immune Responses in Cancer
• Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes and Genetic Testing
• Breast Cancer Research Foundation’s Non-Profit Management Breast Cancer Research Foundation is among the leading charities in the US specializing in conducting research for developing a potential drug for curing cancerous disease.
• Factors Determining Colorectal Cancer: The Role of the Intestinal Microbiota
• Alternative Medicines for Various Forms of Cancer
• Human Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses in Skin Cancer
• Preventing Cervical Cancer With the HPV Vaccination
• Medical Treatments for Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer
• Dr. Stanislaw Burzynski and His Discovery of Cancer Treatment
• Reducing Tobacco Use by Adults People have a responsibility of taking care of their health. However, to accomplish this noble task, which can help in the creation of a healthier nation.
• Effective Pain Relief Options for Cancer Patients
• Mobile Genetic Elements in Cellular Differentiation, Genome Stability, and Cancer
• The Androgen Receptor in Breast Cancer
• Epigenetic Alteration and MicroRNA Dysregulation in Cancer
• Healthcare Policy Alternatives in the United States The paper aims at reviewing the healthcare policy in the USA, its scope, and the policy alternatives and political debate surrounding the policies.
• The Evolving Landscape of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for the Management of Prostate Cancer
• Ethnicity, Immigration, and Cancer Screening: Evidence for Canadian Women
• Influential Information People Should Know About Cancer
• Enhancing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Cancer Treatment With Cannabinoids
• Ras, Cellular Plasticity, and Tumor Budding in Colorectal Cancer
• 2000 Treatment Program for Cervical and Breast Cancer Prevention
• Immunosignature Screening for Multiple Cancer Subtypes Based on Expression Rule
• Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Genome Damage, and Cancer
• Marijuana Legalization in the US: Pros and Cons Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, or flowers of the hemp plant. THC delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is its active chemical.
• Epigenetic Reprogramming and Cancer Development
• Redox and Metabolic Circuits in Cancer
• Metastatic Breast Cancer Heterogeneous Disease Biology
• Immunogenicity and Immune Silence in Human Cancer
• Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Cancer Immunotherapy
• Neovascularization, Angiogenesis and Vasculogenic Mimicry in Cancer
• Fat Cells and Its Contribution to the Growth of Ovarian Cancer
• Pancreatic Cancer and Gene Mutations
• Grief Response of Patients Diagnosed With Cancer The beginning of anticipatory grief begins when as children, we realize that we will all die or lose a loved one at some point in life. This should prepare us for the loss.
• Using Cancer Omics To Understand Cancer
• The Relationship Between Cancer Predisposition and Primary Immunodeficiency
• Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches for Gastric Cancer
• Mechanisms and Insights Into Drug Resistance in Cancer
• Psychological Adaptation in Male Partners of Gay Men With Prostate Cancer This proposal for a dissertation aimed at exploring the link between biological and psychosocial disorders leading to the psychological adaptation of male partners of gay patients.
• Non-Genomic Actions of Thyroid Hormones in Cancer
• African American Women and Breast Cancer
• Systems Biology and the Challenge of Deciphering the Metabolic Mechanisms Underlying Cancer
• Functions the Bladder Cancer and Effect Smoking Has Biology
• HEADstrong Foundation’s Management Analysis The current project analyzes the HEADstrong Foundation – a non-profit organization that helps cancer patients in Philadelphia.
• Environmental Factors That Cause Cancer in Young Children
• Genetic Mutations May Explain a Brain Cancer’s Tenacity
• Air Pollution and Its Effects on Cancer Risks
• Altered Iron Metabolism and Impact in Cancer Biology, Metastasis, and Immunology
• What Is the Importance of Wearing Sunglasses for Skin Cancer?
• Prostate Cancer: What We Know and What We Would Like To Know?
• Does the Immune System Naturally Protect Against Cancer?
• How Has Cancer Caused Much Misery Throughout History?
• Why Does Asbestos Cancer Affect More Men?
• What Are the Risk Factors and Therapeutic Targets in Pancreatic Cancer?
• Why Women Generally Get Breast Cancer Rather Than Other Cancers?
• Does Eating Broccoli Reduce the Risk of Prostate Cancer?
• Why Lung Cancer Hits Women Harder?
• Does Depression Cause Cancer?
• Why Can Radiation, Which Is Known To Induce Cancer?
• Does Smoking Cause Lung Cancer?
• Does Cellular Phone Use Contribute to Cancer Formation?
• What Is the Relationship Between Genetics and Prostate Cancer?
• Does Detecting Breast Cancer With Mris Increase the Rate of Mastectomies?
• Why Are Antibiotics for Cancer Treatment?
• What Is the Link Between Cancer and Alzheimer’s Disease?
• Can Asprin Help Reduce the Risk of Lung Cancer?
• How Cancer Forms and Spread in the Human Body?
• Links Between Autoimmunity and Cancer?
• Why Does Kidney Cancer Affect Men About Twice as Often as Women?
• How Carcinogens Cause Cancer?
• Is Alternative Treatment of Liver Cancer Herbs Effective?
• Should the Cervical Cancer Vaccine for Girls Be Compulsory?
• Why is Bioinformatics and Proteomic Application Essential in the Diagnosis of Complex Disease Like Cancer?
• How Can Nanomedicine Help Cure Cancer?
• Does Diet Help to Prevent Colon Cancer?
• Why Eating Fish Prevents Cancer?
• Does Spirituality Reduce the Impact of Somatic Symptoms on Distress in Cancer Patients?
• Why the Cancer Experts Support Gene Testing To Diagnose?

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NursingBird . "179 Cancer Research Topics & Essay Examples." November 13, 2023. https://nursingbird.com/topics/cancer-research-topics/.

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14 fascinating teacher interview questions for principals, tips for success if you have a master’s degree and can’t find a job, 14 ways young teachers can get that professional look, which teacher supplies are worth the splurge, 8 business books every teacher should read, conditional admission: everything you need to know, college majors: everything you need to know, 7 things principals can do to make a teacher observation valuable, 3 easy teacher outfits to tackle parent-teacher conferences, cancer essay topics.

Cancer Essay Titles

• Breast Cancer: At-Risk Population, Barriers, and Improvement
• Cancer Longitudinal Exploration
• Breast Cancer: Crucial Issues
• Promotion of Cardiovascular Health and Cancer Prevention
• Cancer: Alternative and Complementary Therapies
• Creativity in People With Cancer
• Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Investigation
• Genetics of Prostate Cancer and Physical Features
• Angiostatic Approaches to Cancer Therapy
• Skin Cancer Awareness Overview
• Oral Cancer Reconstruction
• Breast Cancer Assessment in London
• Cancer Treatment and Life Quality in Adult Patients
• Breast Cancer in Afro- and Euro-Americans
• New Screening Guidelines for Breast Cancer
• Care Needs of Children Whose Parents Have Incurable Cancer
• Prostate Cancer: The Ion Channels
• Lung Cancer Cells Migrating to Other Parts of the Body
• Ovarian Cancer: Medical Review
• Dyspnea in Cancer Patients

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Marxism: everything you need to know.

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Cancer essay topics

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Essay on Cancer for Students and Children

500+ words essay on cancer.

Cancer might just be one of the most feared and dreaded diseases. Globally, cancer is responsible for the death of nearly 9.5 million people in 2018. It is the second leading cause of death as per the world health organization. As per studies, in India, we see 1300 deaths due to cancer every day. These statistics are truly astonishing and scary. In the recent few decades, the number of cancer has been increasingly on the rise. So let us take a look at the meaning, causes, and types of cancer in this essay on cancer.

Cancer comes in many forms and types. Cancer is the collective name given to the disease where certain cells of the person’s body start dividing continuously, refusing to stop. These extra cells form when none are needed and they spread into the surrounding tissues and can even form malignant tumors. Cells may break away from such tumors and go and form tumors in other places of the patient’s body.

Types of Cancers

As we know, cancer can actually affect any part or organ of the human body. We all have come across various types of cancer – lung, blood, pancreas, stomach, skin, and so many others. Biologically, however, cancer can be divided into five types specifically – carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia.

Among these, carcinomas are the most diagnosed type. These cancers originate in organs or glands such as lungs, stomach, pancreas, breast, etc. Leukemia is the cancer of the blood, and this does not form any tumors. Sarcomas start in the muscles, bones, tissues or other connective tissues of the body. Lymphomas are the cancer of the white blood cells, i.e. the lymphocytes. And finally, melanoma is when cancer arises in the pigment of the skin.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Causes of Cancer

In most cases, we can never attribute the cause of any cancer to one single factor. The main thing that causes cancer is a substance we know as carcinogens. But how these develop or enters a person’s body will depend on many factors. We can divide the main factors into the following types – biological factors, physical factors, and lifestyle-related factors.

Biological factors involve internal factors such as age, gender, genes, hereditary factors, blood type, skin type, etc. Physical factors refer to environmental exposure of any king to say X-rays, gamma rays, etc. Ad finally lifestyle-related factors refer to substances that introduced carcinogens into our body. These include tobacco, UV radiation, alcohol. smoke, etc. Next, in this essay on cancer lets learn about how we can treat cancer.

Treatment of Cancer

Early diagnosis and immediate medical care in cancer are of utmost importance. When diagnosed in the early stages, then the treatment becomes easier and has more chances of success. The three most common treatment plans are either surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

If there is a benign tumor, then surgery is performed to remove the mass from the body, hence removing cancer from the body. In radiation therapy, we use radiation (rays) to specially target and kill the cancer cells. Chemotherapy is similar, where we inject the patient with drugs that target and kill the cancer cells. All treatment plans, however, have various side-effects. And aftercare is one of the most important aspects of cancer treatment.

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Cancer Biology, Epidemiology, and Treatment in the 21st Century: Current Status and Future Challenges From a Biomedical Perspective

Patricia piña-sánchez.

1 Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico

Antonieta Chávez-González

Martha ruiz-tachiquín, eduardo vadillo, alberto monroy-garcía, juan josé montesinos, rocío grajales.

2 Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Hospital, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico

Marcos Gutiérrez de la Barrera

3 Clinical Research Division, Oncology Hospital, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico

Hector Mayani

Since the second half of the 20th century, our knowledge about the biology of cancer has made extraordinary progress. Today, we understand cancer at the genomic and epigenomic levels, and we have identified the cell that starts neoplastic transformation and characterized the mechanisms for the invasion of other tissues. This knowledge has allowed novel drugs to be designed that act on specific molecular targets, the immune system to be trained and manipulated to increase its efficiency, and ever more effective therapeutic strategies to be developed. Nevertheless, we are still far from winning the war against cancer, and thus biomedical research in oncology must continue to be a global priority. Likewise, there is a need to reduce unequal access to medical services and improve prevention programs, especially in countries with a low human development index.

Introduction

During the last one hundred years, our understanding of the biology of cancer increased in an extraordinary way. 1 - 4 Such a progress has been particularly prompted during the last few decades because of technological and conceptual progress in a variety of fields, including massive next-generation sequencing, inclusion of “omic” sciences, high-resolution microscopy, molecular immunology, flow cytometry, analysis and sequencing of individual cells, new cell culture techniques, and the development of animal models, among others. Nevertheless, there are many questions yet to be answered and many problems to be solved regarding this disease. As a consequence, oncological research must be considered imperative.

Currently, cancer is one of the illnesses that causes more deaths worldwide. 5 According to data reported in 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second cause of death throughout the world, with 10 million deaths. 6 Clearly, cancer is still a leading problem worldwide. With this in mind, the objective of this article is to present a multidisciplinary and comprehensive overview of the disease. We will begin by analyzing cancer as a process, focusing on the current state of our knowledge on 4 specific aspects of its biology. Then, we will look at cancer as a global health problem, considering some epidemiological aspects, and discussing treatment, with a special focus on novel therapies. Finally, we present our vision on some of the challenges and perspectives of cancer in the 21 st century.

The Biology of Cancer

Cancer is a disease that begins with genetic and epigenetic alterations occurring in specific cells, some of which can spread and migrate to other tissues. 4 Although the biological processes affected in carcinogenesis and the evolution of neoplasms are many and widely different, we will focus on 4 aspects that are particularly relevant in tumor biology: genomic and epigenomic alterations that lead to cell transformation, the cells where these changes occur, and the processes of invasion and metastasis that, to an important degree, determine tumor aggressiveness.

Cancer Genomics

The genomics of cancer can be defined as the study of the complete sequence of DNA and its expression in tumor cells. Evidently, this study only becomes meaningful when compared to normal cells. The sequencing of the human genome, completed in 2003, was not only groundbreaking with respect to the knowledge of our gene pool, but also changed the way we study cancer. In the post-genomic era, various worldwide endeavors, such as the Human Cancer Genome Project , the Cancer Genome ATLAS (TCGA), the International Cancer Genome Consortium, and the Pan-Cancer Analysis Working Group (PCAWG), have contributed to the characterization of thousands of primary tumors from different neoplasias, generating more than 2.5 petabytes (10 15 ) of genomic, epigenomic, and proteomic information. This has led to the building of databases and analytical tools that are available for the study of cancer from an “omic” perspective, 7 , 8 and it has helped to modify classification and treatment of various neoplasms.

Studies in the past decade, including the work by the PCAWG, have shown that cancer generally begins with a small number of driving mutations (4 or 5 mutations) in particular genes, including oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Mutations in TP53, a tumor-suppressor gene, for example, are found in more than half of all cancer types as an early event, and they are a hallmark of precancerous lesions. 9 - 12 From that point on, the evolution of tumors may take decades, throughout which the mutational spectrum of tumor cells changes significantly. Mutational analysis of more than 19 000 exomes revealed a collection of genomic signatures, some associated with defects in the mechanism of DNA repair. These studies also revealed the importance of alterations in non-coding regions of DNA. Thus, for example, it has been observed that various pathways of cell proliferation and chromatin remodeling are altered by mutations in coding regions, while pathways, such as WNT and NOTCH, can be disrupted by coding and non-coding mutations. To the present date, 19 955 genes that codify for proteins and 25 511 genes for non-coding RNAs have been identified ( https://www.gencodegenes.org/human/stats.html ). Based on this genomic catalogue, the COSMIC (Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer) repository, the most robust database to date, has registered 37 288 077 coding mutations, 19 396 fusions, 1 207 190 copy number variants, and 15 642 672 non-coding variants reported up to August 2020 (v92) ( https://cosmic-blog.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic-release-v92/ ).

The genomic approach has accelerated the development of new cancer drugs. Indeed, two of the most relevant initiatives in recent years are ATOM (Accelerating Therapeutics for Opportunities in Medicine), which groups industry, government and academia, with the objective of accelerating the identification of drugs, 13 and the Connectivity Map (CMAP), a collection of transcriptional data obtained from cell lines treated with drugs for the discovery of functional connections between genes, diseases, and drugs. The CMAP 1.0 covered 1300 small molecules and more than 6000 signatures; meanwhile, the CMAP 2.0 with L1000 assay profiled more than 1.3 million samples and approximately 400 000 signatures. 14

The genomic study of tumors has had 2 fundamental contributions. On the one hand, it has allowed the confirmation and expansion of the concept of intratumor heterogeneity 15 , 16 ; and on the other, it has given rise to new classification systems for cancer. Based on the molecular classification developed by expression profiles, together with mutational and epigenomic profiles, a variety of molecular signatures have been identified, leading to the production of various commercial multigene panels. In breast cancer, for example, different panels have been developed, such as Pam50/Prosigna , Blue Print , OncotypeDX , MammaPrint , Prosigna , Endopredict , Breast Cancer Index , Mammostrat, and IHC4 . 17

Currently, the genomic/molecular study of cancer is more closely integrated with clinical practice, from the classification of neoplasms, as in tumors of the nervous system, 18 to its use in prediction, as in breast cancer. 17 Improvement in molecular methods and techniques has allowed the use of smaller amounts of biological material, as well as paraffin-embedded samples for genomic studies, both of which provide a wealth of information. 19 In addition, non-invasive methods, such as liquid biopsies, represent a great opportunity not only for the diagnosis of cancer, but also for follow-up, especially for unresectable tumors. 20

Research for the production of genomic information on cancer is presently dominated by several consortia, which has allowed the generation of a great quantity of data. However, most of these consortia and studies are performed in countries with a high human development index (HDI), and countries with a low HDI are not well represented in these large genomic studies. This is why initiatives such as Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) for genomic research in Africa are essential. 21 Generation of new information and technological developments, such as third-generation sequencing, will undoubtedly continue to move forward in a multidisciplinary and complex systems context. However, the existing disparities in access to genomic tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer will continue to be a pressing challenge at regional and social levels.

Cancer Epigenetics

Epigenetics studies the molecular mechanisms that produce hereditable changes in gene expression, without causing alterations in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic events are of 3 types: methylation of DNA and RNA, histone modification (acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation), and the expression of non-coding RNA. Epigenetic aberrations can drive carcinogenesis when they alter chromosome conformation and the access to transcriptional machinery and to various regulatory elements (promoters, enhancers, and anchors for interaction with chromatin, for example). These changes may activate oncogenesis and silence tumor-suppressor mechanisms when they modulate coding and non-coding sequences (such as micro-RNAs and long-RNAs). This can then lead to uncontrolled growth, as well as the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells.

While genetic mutations are stable and irreversible, epigenetic alterations are dynamic and reversible; that is, there are several epigenomes, determined by space and time, which cause heterogeneity of the “epigenetic status” of tumors during their development and make them susceptible to environmental stimuli or chemotherapeutic treatment. 22 Epigenomic variability creates differences between cells, and this creates the need to analyze cells at the individual level. In the past, epigenetic analyses measured “average states” of cell populations. These studies revealed general mechanisms, such as the role of epigenetic marks on active or repressed transcriptional states, and established maps of epigenetic composition in a variety of cell types in normal and cancerous tissue. However, these approaches are difficult to use to examine events occurring in heterogeneous cell populations or in uncommon cell types. This has led to the development of new techniques that permit marking of a sequence on the epigenome and improvement in the recovery yield of epigenetic material from individual cells. This has helped to determine changes in DNA, RNA, and histones, chromatin accessibility, and chromosome conformation in a variety of neoplasms. 23 , 24

In cancer, DNA hypomethylation occurs on a global scale, while hypermethylation occurs in specific genomic loci, associated with abnormal nucleosome positioning and chromatin modifications. This information has allowed epigenomic profiles to be established in different types of neoplasms. In turn, these profiles have served as the basis to identify new neoplasm subgroups. For example, in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), 25 and in hepatocellular carcinoma, 26 DNA methylation profiles have helped to the identification of distinct subgroups with clinical relevance. Epigenetic approaches have also helped to the development of prognostic tests to assess the sensitivity of cancer cells to specific drugs. 27

Epigenetic traits could be used to characterize intratumoral heterogeneity and determine the relevance of such a heterogeneity in clonal evolution and sensitivity to drugs. However, it is clear that heterogeneity is not only determined by genetic and epigenetic diversity resulting from clonal evolution of tumor cells, but also by the various cell populations that form the tumor microenvironment (TME). 28 Consequently, the epigenome of cancer cells is continually remodeled throughout tumorigenesis, during resistance to the activity of drugs, and in metastasis. 29 This makes therapeutic action based on epigenomic profiles difficult, although significant advances in this area have been reported. 30

During carcinogenesis and tumor progression, epigenetic modifications are categorized by their mechanisms of regulation ( Figure 1A ) and the various levels of structural complexity ( Figure 1B ). In addition, the epigenome can be modified by environmental stimuli, stochastic events, and genetic variations that impact the phenotype ( Figure 1C ). 31 , 32 The molecules that take part in these mechanisms/events/variations are therapeutic targets of interest with potential impact on clinical practice. There are studies on a wide variety of epidrugs, either alone or in combination, which improve antitumor efficacy. 33 However, the problems with these drugs must not be underestimated. For a considerable number of epigenetic compounds still being under study, the main challenge is to translate in vitro efficacy of nanomolar (nM) concentrations into well-tolerated and efficient clinical use. 34 The mechanisms of action of epidrugs may not be sufficiently controlled and could lead to diversion of the therapeutic target. 35 It is known that certain epidrugs, such as valproic acid, produce unwanted epigenetic changes 36 ; thus the need for a well-established safety profile before these drugs can be used in clinical therapy. Finally, resistance to certain epidrugs is another relevant problem. 37 , 38

Epigenetics of cancer. (A) Molecular mechanisms. (B) Structural hierarchy of epigenomics. (C) Factors affecting the epigenome. Modified from Refs. 31 and 32 .

As we learn about the epigenome of specific cell populations in cancer patients, a door opens to the evaluation of sensitivity tests and the search for new molecular markers for detection, prognosis, follow-up, and/or response to treatment at various levels of molecular regulation. Likewise, the horizon expands for therapeutic alternatives in oncology with the use of epidrugs, such as pharmacoepigenomic modulators for genes and key pathways, including methylation of promoters and regulation of micro-RNAs involved in chemoresponse and immune response in cancer. 39 There is no doubt that integrated approaches identifying stable pharmagenomic and epigenomic patterns and their relation with expression profiles and genetic functions will be more and more valuable in our fight against cancer.

Cancer Stem Cells

Tumors consist of different populations of neoplastic cells and a variety of elements that form part of the TME, including stromal cells and molecules of the extracellular matrix. 40 Such intratumoral heterogeneity becomes even more complex during clonal variation of transformed cells, as well as influence the elements of the TME have on these cells throughout specific times and places. 41 To explain the origin of cancer cell heterogeneity, 2 models have been put forward. The first proposes that mutations occur at random during development of the tumor in individual neoplastic cells, and this promotes the production of various tumor populations, which acquire specific growth and survival traits that lead them to evolve according to intratumor mechanisms of natural selection. 42 The second model proposes that each tumor begins as a single cell that possess 2 functional properties: it can self-renew and it can produce several types of terminal cells. As these 2 properties are characteristics of somatic stem cells, 43 the cells have been called cancer stem cells (CSCs). 44 According to this model, tumors must have a hierarchical organization, where self-renewing stem cells produce highly proliferating progenitor cells, unable to self-renew but with a high proliferation potential. The latter, in turn, give rise to terminal cells. 45 Current evidence indicates that both models may coexist in tumor progression. In agreement with this idea, new subclones could be produced as a result of a lack of genetic stability and mutational changes, in addition to the heterogeneity derived from the initial CSC and its descendants. Thus, in each tumor, a set of neoplastic cells with different genetic and epigenetic traits may be found, which would provide different phenotypic properties. 46

The CSC concept was originally presented in a model of acute myeloid leukemia. 47 The presence of CSCs was later proved in chronic myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, tumors of the central nervous system, lung cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, and cancer of the head and neck, amongst others. In all of these cases, detection of CSCs was based on separation of several cell populations according to expression of specific surface markers, such as CD133, CD44, CD24, CD117, and CD15. 48 It is noteworthy that in some solid tumors, and even in some hematopoietic ones, a combination of specific markers that allow the isolation of CSCs has not been found. Interestingly, in such tumors, a high percentage of cells with the capacity to start secondary tumors has been observed; thus, the terms Tumor Initiating Cells (TIC) or Leukemia Initiating Cells (LIC) have been adopted. 46

A relevant aspect of the biology of CSCs is that, just like normal stem cells, they can self-renew. Such self-renewal guarantees the maintenance or expansion of the tumor stem cell population. Another trait CSCs share with normal stem cells is their quiescence, first described in chronic myeloid leukemia. 49 The persistence of quiescent CSCs in solid tumors has been recently described in colorectal cancer, where quiescent clones can become dominant after therapy with oxaliplatin. 50 In non-hierarchical tumors, such as melanoma, the existence of slow-cycling cells that are resistant to antimitogenic agents has also been proved. 51 Such experimental evidence supports the idea that quiescent CSCs or TICs are responsible for both tumor resistance to antineoplastic drugs and clinical relapse after initial therapeutic success.

In addition to quiescence, CSCs use other mechanisms to resist the action of chemotherapeutic drugs. One of these is their increased numbers: upon diagnosis, a high number of CSCs are observed in most analyzed tumors, making treatment unable to destroy all of them. On the other hand, CSCs have a high number of molecular pumps that expulse drugs, as well as high numbers of antiapoptotic molecules. In addition, they have very efficient mechanisms to repair DNA damage. In general, these cells show changes in a variety of signaling pathways involved in proliferation, survival, differentiation, and self-renewal. It is worth highlighting that in recent years, many of these pathways have become potential therapeutic targets in the elimination of CSCs. 52 Another aspect that is highly relevant in understanding the biological behavior of CSCs is that they require a specific site for their development within the tissue where they are found that can provide whatever is needed for their survival and growth. These sites, known as niches, are made of various cells, both tumor and non-tumor, as well as a variety of non-cellular elements (extracellular matrix [ECM], soluble cytokines, ion concentration gradients, etc.), capable of regulating the physiology of CSCs in order to promote their expansion, the invasion of adjacent tissues, and metastasis. 53

It is important to consider that although a large number of surface markers have been identified that allow us to enrich and prospectively follow tumor stem cell populations, to this day there is no combination of markers that allows us to find these populations in all tumors, and it is yet unclear if all tumors present them. In this regard, it is necessary to develop new purification strategies based on the gene expression profiles of these cells, so that tumor heterogeneity is taken into account, as it is evident that a tumor can include multiple clones of CSCs that, in spite of being functional, are genetically different, and that these clones can vary throughout space (occupying different microenvironments and niches) and time (during the progression of a range of tumor stages). Such strategies, in addition to new in vitro and in vivo assays, will allow the development of new and improved CSC elimination strategies. This will certainly have an impact on the development of more efficient therapeutic alternatives.

Invasion and Metastasis

Nearly 90% of the mortality associated with cancer is related to metastasis. 54 This consists of a cascade of events ( Figure 2 ) that begins with the local invasion of a tumor into surrounding tissues, followed by intravasation of tumor cells into the blood stream or lymphatic circulation. Extravasation of neoplastic cells in areas distant from the primary tumor then leads to the formation of one or more micrometastatic lesions which subsequently proliferate to form clinically detectable lesions. 4 The cells that are able to produce metastasis must acquire migratory characteristics, which occur by a process known as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), that is, the partial loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquirement of mesenchymal traits. 55

Invasion and metastasis cascade. Invasion and metastasis can occur early or late during tumor progression. In either case, invasion to adjacent tissues is driven by stem-like cells (cancer stem cells) that acquire the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) (1). Once they reach sites adjacent to blood vessels, tumor cells (individually or in clusters) enter the blood (2). Tumor cells in circulation can adhere to endothelium and extravasation takes place (3). Other mechanisms alternative to extravasation can exist, such as angiopelosis, in which clusters of tumor cells are internalized by the endothelium. Furthermore, at certain sites, tumor cells can obstruct microvasculature and initiate a metastatic lesion right there. Sometimes, a tumor cells that has just exit circulation goes into an MET in order to become quiescent (4). Inflammatory signals can activate quiescent metastatic cells that will proliferate and generate a clinically detectable lesion (5).

Although several of the factors involved in this process are currently known, many issues are still unsolved. For instance, it has not yet been possible to monitor in vivo the specific moment when it occurs 54 ; the microenvironmental factors of the primary tumor that promote such a transition are not known with precision; and the exact moment during tumor evolution in which one cell or a cluster of cells begin to migrate to distant areas, is also unknown. The wide range of possibilities offered by intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity 56 stands in the way of suggesting a generalized strategy that could resolve this complication.

It was previously believed that metastasis was only produced in late stages of tumor progression; however, recent studies indicate that EMT and metastasis can occur during the early course of the disease. In pancreatic cancer, for example, cells going through EMT are able to colonize and form metastatic lesions in the liver in the first stages of the disease. 52 , 57 Metastatic cell clusters circulating in peripheral blood (PB) are prone to generate a metastatic site, compared to individual tumor cells. 58 , 59 In this regard, novel strategies, such as the use of micro-RNAs, are being assessed in order to diminish induction of EMT. 60 It must be mentioned, however, that the metastatic process seems to be even more complex, with alternative pathways that do not involve EMT. 61 , 62

A crucial stage in the process of metastasis is the intravasation of tumor cells (alone or in clusters) towards the blood stream and/or lymphatic circulation. 63 These mechanisms are also under intensive research because blocking them could allow the control of spreading of the primary tumor. In PB or lymphatic circulation, tumor cells travel to distant parts for the potential formation of a metastatic lesion. During their journey, these cells must stand the pressure of blood flow and escape interaction with natural killer (NK) cells . 64 To avoid them, tumor cells often cover themselves with thrombocytes and also produce factors such as VEGF, angiopoietin-2, angiopoietin-4, and CCL2 that are involved in the induction of vascular permeability. 54 , 65 Neutrophils also contribute to lung metastasis in the bloodstream by secreting IL-1β and metalloproteases to facilitate extravasation of tumor cells. 64

The next step in the process of metastasis is extravasation, for which tumor cells, alone or in clusters, can use various mechanisms, including a recently described process known as angiopellosis that involves restructuring the endothelial barrier to internalize one or several cells into a tissue. 66 The study of leukocyte extravasation has contributed to a more detailed knowledge of this process, in such a way that some of the proposed strategies to avoid extravasation include the use of integrin inhibitors, molecules that are vital for rolling, adhesion, and extravasation of tumor cells. 67 , 68 Another strategy that has therapeutic potential is the use of antibodies that strengthen vascular integrity to obstruct transendothelial migration of tumor cells and aid in their destruction in PB. 69

Following extravasation, tumor cells can return to an epithelial phenotype, a process known as mesenchymal–epithelial transition and may remain inactive for several years. They do this by competing for specialized niches, like those in the bone marrow, brain, and intestinal mucosa, which provide signals through the Notch and Wnt pathways. 70 Through the action of the Wnt pathway, tumor cells enter a slow state of the cell cycle and induce the expression of molecules that inhibit the cytotoxic function of NK cells. 71 The extravasated tumor cell that is in a quiescent state must comply with 2 traits typical of stem cells: they must have the capacity to self-renew and to generate all of the cells that form the secondary tumor.

There are still several questions regarding the metastatic process. One of the persisting debates at present is if EMT is essential for metastasis or if it plays a more important role in chemoresistance. 61 , 62 It is equally important to know if there is a pattern in each tumor for the production of cells with the capacity to carry out EMT. In order to control metastasis, it is fundamental to know what triggers acquisition of the migratory phenotype and the intrinsic factors determining this transition. Furthermore, it is essential to know if mutations associated with the primary tumor or the variety of epigenetic changes are involved in this process. 55 It is clear that metastatic cells have affinity for certain tissues, depending on the nature of the primary tumor (seed and soil hypothesis). This may be caused by factors such as the location and the direction of the bloodstream or lymphatic fluid, but also by conditioning of premetastatic niches at a distance (due to the large number of soluble factors secreted by the tumor and the recruitment of cells of the immune system to those sites). 72 We have yet to identify and characterize all of the elements that participate in this process. Deciphering them will be of upmost importance from a therapeutic point of view.

Epidemiology of Cancer

Cancer is the second cause of death worldwide; today one of every 6 deaths is due to a type of cancer. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in 2020 there were approximately 19.3 million new cases of cancer, and 10 million deaths by this disease, 6 while 23.8 million cases and 13.0 million deaths are projected to occur by 2030. 73 In this regard, it is clear the increasing role that environmental factors—including environmental pollutants and processed food—play as cancer inducers and promoters. 74 The types of cancer that produce the greatest numbers of cases and deaths worldwide are indicated in Table 1 . 6

Total Numbers of Cancer Cases and Deaths Worldwide in 2020 by Cancer Type (According to the Global Cancer Observatory, IARC).

Data presented on this table were obtained from Ref. 6.

As shown in Figure 3 , lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer are the most common throughout the world, and they are mostly concentrated in countries of high to very high human development index (HDI). Although breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer have a high incidence, the number of deaths they cause is proportionally low, mostly reflecting the great progress made in their control. However, these data also reveal the types of cancer that require further effort in prevention, precise early detection avoiding overdiagnosis, and efficient treatment. This is the case of liver, lung, esophageal, and pancreatic cancer, where the difference between the number of cases and deaths is smaller ( Figure 3B ). Social and economic transition in several countries has had an impact on reducing the incidence of neoplasms associated with infection and simultaneously produced an increase in the types related to reproductive, dietary, and hormonal factors. 75

Incidence and mortality for some types of cancer in the world. (A) Estimated number of cases and deaths in 2020 for the most frequent cancer types worldwide. (B) Incidence and mortality rates, normalized according to age, for the most frequent cancer types in countries with very high/& high (VH&H; blue) and/low and middle (L&M; red) Human Development Index (HDI). Data include both genders and all ages. Data according to https://gco.iarc.fr/today , as of June 10, 2021.

In the past 3 decades, cancer mortality rates have fallen in high HDI countries, with the exception of pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer in women. Nevertheless, changes in the incidence of cancer do not show the same consistency, possibly due to variables such as the possibility of early detection, exposure to risk factors, or genetic predisposition. 76 , 77 Countries such as Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom have reported a reduction in incidence and mortality in cancer of the stomach, colon, lung, and ovary, as well as an increase in survival. 78 Changes in modifiable risk factors, such as the use of tobacco, have played an important role in prevention. In this respect, it has been estimated that decline in tobacco use can explain between 35% and 45% of the reduction in cancer mortality rates, 79 while the fall in incidence and mortality due to stomach cancer can be attributed partly to the control of Helicobacter pylori infection. 80 Another key factor in the fall of mortality rates in developed countries has been an increase in early detection as a result of screening programs, as in breast and prostate cancer, which have had their mortality rates decreased dramatically in spite of an increase in their incidence. 76

Another important improvement observed in recent decades is the increase in survival rates, particularly in high HDI countries. In the USA, for example, survival rates for patients with prostate cancer at 5 years after initial diagnosis was 28% during 1947–1951; 69% during 1975–1977, and 100% during 2003–2009. Something similar occurred with breast cancer, with a 5-year survival rate of 54% in 1947–1951, 75% in 1975–1977, and 90% in 2003–2009. 81 In the CONCORD 3 version, age-standardize 5-year survival for patients with breast cancer in the USA during 2010–2014 was 90%, and 97% for prostate cancer patients. 82 Importantly, even among high HDI countries, significant differences have been identified in survival rates, being stage of disease at diagnosis, time for access to effective treatment, and comorbidities, the main factors influencing survival in these nations. 78 Unfortunately, survival rates in low HDI countries are significantly lower due to several factors, including lack of information, deficient screening and early detection programs, limited access to treatment, and suboptimal cancer registration. 82 It should be noted that in countries with low to middle HDI, neoplasms with the greatest incidence are those affecting women (breast and cervical cancer), which reflects not only a problem with access to health services, but also a serious inequality issue that involves social, cultural, and even religious obstacles. 83

Up to 42% of incident cases and 47% of deaths by cancer in the USA are due to potentially modifiable risk factors such as use of tobacco, physical activity, diet, and infection. 84 It has been calculated that 2.4 million deaths by cancer, mostly of the lung, can be attributed to tobacco. 73 In 2020, the incidence rate of lung cancer in Western Africa was 2.2, whereas in Polynesia and Eastern Asia was 37.3 and 34.4, respectively. 6 In contrast, the global burden of cancer associated with infection was 15.4%, but in Sub-Saharan Africa it was 30%. 85 Likewise, the incidence of cervical cancer in Eastern Africa was 40.1, in contrast with the USA and Canada that have a rate of 6.2. This makes it clear that one of the challenges we face is the reduction of the risk factors that are potentially modifiable and associated with specific types of cancer.

Improvement of survival rates and its disparities worldwide are also important challenges. Five-year survival for breast cancer—diagnosed during 2010-2014— in the USA, for example, was 90%, whereas in countries like South Africa it was 40%. 82 Childhood leukemia in the USA and several European countries shows a 5-year survival of 90%, while in Latin-American countries it is 50–76%. 86 Interestingly, there are neoplasms, such as pancreatic cancer, for which there has been no significant increase in survival, which remains low (5–15%) both in developed and developing countries. 82

Although data reported on global incidence and mortality gives a general overview on the epidemiology of cancer, it is important to note that there are great differences in coverage of cancer registries worldwide. To date, only 1 out of every 3 countries reports high quality data on the incidence of cancer. 87 For the past 50 years, the IARC has supported population-based cancer registries; however, more than one-third of the countries belonging to the WHO, mainly countries of low and middle income (LMIC), have no data on more than half of the 18 indicators of sustainable development goals. 88 High quality cancer registries only cover 4% of the population in Africa, 8% in Asia, and 7% in Latin America, contrasting with 83% in the USA and Canada, and 33% in Europe. 89 In response to this situation, the Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development was created in 2012 to generate improved infrastructure to permit greater coverage and better quality registries, especially in countries with low and middle HDI. 88 It is expected that initiatives of this sort in the coming years will allow more and better information to guide strategies for the control of cancer worldwide, especially in developing regions. This will enable survival to be measured over longer periods of time (10, 15, or 20 years), as an effective measure in the control of cancer. The WHO has established as a target for 2025 to reduce deaths by cancer and other non-transmissible diseases by 25% in the population between the ages of 30–69; such an effort requires not only effective prevention measures to reduce incidence, but also more efficient health systems to diminish mortality and increase survival. At the moment, it is an even greater challenge because of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic which has negatively impacted cancer prevention and health services. 90

Oncologic Treatments

A general perspective.

At the beginning of the 20th century, cancer treatment, specifically treatment of solid tumors, was based fundamentally on surgical resection of tumors, which together with other methods for local control, such as cauterization, had been used since ancient times. 91 At that time, there was an ongoing burst of clinical observations along with interventions sustained on fundamental knowledge about physics, chemistry, and biology. In the final years of the 19 th century and the first half of the 20th, these technological developments gave rise to radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. 92 - 94 Simultaneously, immunotherapy was also developed, although usually on a smaller scale, in light of the overwhelming progress of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 95

Thus began the development and expansion of disciplines based on these approaches (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy), with their application evolving ever more rapidly up to their current uses. Today, there is a wide range of therapeutic tools for the care of cancer patients. These include elements that emerged empirically, arising from observations of their effects in various medical fields, as well as drugs that were designed to block processes and pathways that form part of the physiopathology of one or more neoplasms according to knowledge of specific molecular alterations. A classic example of the first sort of tool is mustard gas, originally used as a weapon in war, 96 but when applied for medical purposes, marked the beginning of the use of chemicals in the treatment of malignant neoplasms, that is, chemotherapy. 94 A clear example of the second case is imatinib, designed specifically to selectively inhibit a molecular alteration in chronic myeloid leukemia: the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. 97

It is on this foundation that today the 5 areas mentioned previously coexist and complement one another. The general framework that motivates this amalgam and guides its development is precision medicine, founded on the interaction of basic and clinical science. In the forecasts for development in each of these fields, surgery is expected to continue to be the fundamental approach for primary tumors in the foreseeable future, as well as when neoplastic disease in the patient is limited, or can be limited by applying systemic or regional elements, before and/or after surgical resection, and it can be reasonably anticipated for the patient to have a significant period free from disease or even to be cured. With regards to technology, intensive exploration of robotic surgery is contemplated. 98

The technological possibilities for radiotherapy have progressed in such a way that it is now possible to radiate neoplastic tissue with an extraordinary level of precision, and therefore avoid damage to healthy tissue. 99 This allows administration of large doses of ionizing radiation in one or a few fractions, what is known as “radiosurgery.” The greatest challenges to the efficacy of this approach are related to radio-resistance in certain neoplasms. Most efforts regarding research in this field are concentrated on understanding the underlying biological mechanisms of the phenomenon and their potential control through radiosensitizers. 100

“Traditional” chemotherapy, based on the use of compounds obtained from plants and other natural products, acting in a non-specific manner on both neoplastic and healthy tissues with a high proliferation rate, continues to prevail. 101 The family of chemotherapeutic drugs currently includes alkylating agents, antimetabolites, anti-topoisomerase agents, and anti-microtubules. Within the pharmacologic perspective, the objective is to attain a high concentration or activity of such molecules in specific tissues while avoiding their accumulation in others, in order to achieve an increase in effectiveness and a reduction in toxicity. This has been possible with the use of viral vectors, for example, that are able to limit their replication in neoplastic tissues, and activate prodrugs of normally nonspecific agents, like cyclophosphamide, exclusively in those specific areas. 102 More broadly, chemotherapy also includes a subgroup of substances, known as molecular targeted therapy, that affect processes in a more direct and specific manner, which will be mentioned later.

There is no doubt that immunotherapy—to be explored next—is one of the therapeutic fields where development has been greatest in recent decades and one that has produced enormous expectation in cancer treatment. 103 Likewise, cell therapy, based on the use of immune cells or stem cells, has come to complement the oncologic therapeutic arsenal. 43 Each and every one of the therapeutic fields that have arisen in oncology to this day continue to prevail and evolve. Interestingly, the foreseeable future for the development of cancer treatment contemplates these approaches in a joint and complementary manner, within the general framework of precision medicine, 104 and sustained by knowledge of the biological mechanisms involved in the appearance and progression of neoplasms. 105 , 106

Immunotherapy

Stimulating the immune system to treat cancer patients has been a historical objective in the field of oncology. Since the early work of William Coley 107 to the achievements reached at the end of the 20 th century, scientific findings and technological developments paved the way to searching for new immunotherapeutic strategies. Recombinant DNA technology allowed the synthesis of cytokines, such as interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and interleukin 2 (IL-2), which were authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia in 1986, 108 as well as kidney cancer and metastatic melanoma in 1992 and 1998, respectively. 109

The first therapeutic vaccine against cancer, based on the use of autologous dendritic cells (DCs), was approved by the FDA against prostate cancer in 2010. However, progress in the field of immunotherapy against cancer was stalled in the first decade of the present century, mostly due to failure of several vaccines in clinical trials. In many cases, application of these vaccines was detained by the complexity and cost involved in their production. Nevertheless, with the coming of the concept of immune checkpoint control, and the demonstration of the relevance of molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and programmed cell death molecule-1 (PD-1), immunotherapy against cancer recovered its global relevance. In 2011, the monoclonal antibody (mAb) ipilimumab, specific to the CTLA-4 molecule, was the first checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma. 110 Later, inhibitory mAbs for PD-1, or for the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1), 111 as well as the production of T cells with chimeric receptors for antigen recognition (CAR-T), 112 which have been approved to treat various types of cancer, including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and hepatocellular carcinoma, among others, have changed the paradigm of cancer treatment.

In spite of the current use of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-L1 mAbs, only a subgroup of patients has responded favorably to these CPIs, and the number of patients achieving clinical benefit is still small. It has been estimated that more than 70% of patients with solid tumors do not respond to CPI immunotherapy because either they show primary resistance, or after responding favorably, develop resistance to treatment. 113 In this regard, it is important to mention that in recent years very important steps have been taken to identify the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that mediate resistance to CPI immunotherapy. 114 Intrinsic mechanisms include changes in the antitumor immune response pathways, such as faulty processing and presentation of antigens by APCs, activation of T cells for tumor cell destruction, and changes in tumor cells that lead to an immunosuppressive TME. Extrinsic factors include the presence of immunosuppressive cells in the local TME, such as regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), and type 2 macrophages (M2), in addition to immunosuppressive cytokines.

On the other hand, classification of solid tumors as “hot,” “cold,” or “excluded,” depending on T cell infiltrates and the contact of such infiltrates with tumor cells, as well as those that present high tumor mutation burden (TMB), have redirected immunotherapy towards 3 main strategies 115 ( Table 2 ): (1) Making T-cell antitumor response more effective, using checkpoint inhibitors complementary to anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-L1, such as LAG3, Tim-3, and TIGT, as well as using CAR-T cells against tumor antigens. (2) Activating tumor-associated myeloid cells including monocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and DC lineages, found at several frequencies within human solid tumors. (3) Regulating the biochemical pathways in TME that produce high concentrations of immunosuppressive molecules, such as kynurenine, a product of tryptophan metabolism, through the activity of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; or adenosine, a product of ATP hydrolysis by the activity of the enzyme 5’nucleotidase (CD73). 116

Current Strategies to Stimulate the Immune Response for Antitumor Immunotherapy.

Abbreviations: TME, tumor microenvironment; IL, interleukin; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor; TNFR, TNF-receptor; CD137, receptor–co-stimulator of the TNFR family; OX40, member number 4 of the TNFR superfamily; CD27/CD70, member of the TNFR superfamily; CD40/CD40L, antigen-presenting cells (APC) co-stimulator and its ligand; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; STING, IFN genes-stimulator; RIG-I, retinoic acid inducible gene-I; MDA5, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5; CDN, cyclic dinucleotide; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; HMGB1, high mobility group B1 protein; TLR, Toll-like receptor; HVEM, Herpes virus entry mediator; GITR, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related gene; CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4; PD-L1, programmed death ligand-1; TIGIT, T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and tyrosine-based inhibition motives; CSF1/CSF1R, colony-stimulating factor-1 and its receptor; CCR2, Type 2 chemokine receptor; PI3Kγ, Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase γ; CXCL/CCL, chemokine ligands; LFA1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; ICAM1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IDO, indolamine 2,3-dioxigenase; TGF, transforming growth factor; LAG-3, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 protein; TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3; CD73, 5´nucleotidase; ARs, adenosine receptors; Selectins, cell adhesion molecules; CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T cell; TCR-T, T-cell receptor engineered T cell.

Apart from the problems associated with its efficacy (only a small group of patients respond to it), immunotherapy faces several challenges related to its safety. In other words, immunotherapy can induce adverse events in patients, such as autoimmunity, where healthy tissues are attacked, or cytokine release syndrome and vascular leak syndrome, as observed with the use of IL-2, both of which lead to serious hypotension, fever, renal failure, and other adverse events that are potentially lethal. The main challenges to be faced by immunotherapy in the future will require the combined efforts of basic and clinical scientists, with the objective of accelerating the understanding of the complex interactions between cancer and the immune system, and improve treatment options for patients. Better comprehension of immune phenotypes in tumors, beyond the state of PD-L1 and TME, will be relevant to increase immunotherapy efficacy. In this context, the identification of precise tumor antigenicity biomarkers by means of new technologies, such as complete genome sequencing, single cell sequencing, and epigenetic analysis to identify sites or subclones typical in drug resistance, as well as activation, traffic and infiltration of effector cells of the immune response, and regulation of TME mechanisms, may help define patient populations that are good candidates for specific therapies and therapeutic combinations. 117 , 118 Likewise, the use of agents that can induce specific activation and modulation of the response of T cells in tumor tissue, will help improve efficacy and safety profiles that can lead to better clinical results.

Molecular Targeted Therapy

For over 30 years, and based on the progress in our knowledge of tumor biology and its mechanisms, there has been a search for therapeutic alternatives that would allow spread and growth of tumors to be slowed down by blocking specific molecules. This approach is known as molecular targeted therapy. 119 Among the elements generally used as molecular targets there are transcription factors, cytokines, membrane receptors, molecules involved in a variety of signaling pathways, apoptosis modulators, promoters of angiogenesis, and cell cycle regulators. 120

Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, became the first targeted therapy in the final years of the 1990s. 97 From then on, new drugs have been developed by design, and today more than 60 targeted therapies have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of a variety of cancers ( Table 3 ). 121 This has had a significant impact on progression-free survival and global survival in neoplasms such as non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, renal cancer, and melanoma.

FDA Approved Molecular Targeted Therapies for the Treatment of Solid Tumors.

Abbreviations: mAb, monoclonal antibody; ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; CTLA-4, cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor; GIST, gastrointestinal stroma tumor; mTOR, target of rapamycine in mammal cells; NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma; PARP, poli (ADP-ribose) polimerase; PD-1, programmed death protein-1; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; PD-L1, programmed death ligand-1; ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; TKR, tyrosine kinase receptors; SERM, selective estrogen receptor modulator; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Modified from Ref. [ 127 ].

Most drugs classified as targeted therapies form part of 2 large groups: small molecules and mAbs. The former are defined as compounds of low molecular weight (<900 Daltons) that act upon entering the cell. 120 Targets of these compounds are cell cycle regulatory proteins, proapoptotic proteins, or DNA repair proteins. These drugs are indicated based on histological diagnosis, as well as molecular tests. In this group there are multi-kinase inhibitors (RTKs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), like sunitinib, sorafenib, and imatinib; cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, such as palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib; poli (ADP-ribose) polimerase inhibitors (PARPs), like olaparib and talazoparib; and selective small-molecule inhibitors, like ALK and ROS1. 122

As for mAbs, they are protein molecules that act on membrane receptors or extracellular proteins by interrupting the interaction between ligands and receptors, in such a way that they reduce cell replication and induce cytostasis. Among the most widely used mAbs in oncology we have: trastuzumab, a drug directed against the receptor for human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2), which is overexpressed in a subgroup of patients with breast and gastric cancer; and bevacizumab, that blocks vascular endothelial growth factor and is used in patients with colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, and ovarian cancer. Other mAbs approved by the FDA include pembolizumab, atezolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, ipilimumab, durvalumab, and cemiplimab. These drugs require expression of response biomarkers, such as PD-1 and PD-L1, and must also have several resistance biomarkers, such as the expression of EGFR, the loss of PTEN, and alterations in beta-catenin. 123

Because cancer is such a diverse disease, it is fundamental to have precise diagnostic methods that allow us to identify the most adequate therapy. Currently, basic immunohistochemistry is complemented with neoplastic molecular profiles to determine a more accurate diagnosis, and it is probable that in the near future cancer treatments will be based exclusively on molecular profiles. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that the use of targeted therapy depends on the existence of specific biomarkers that indicate if the patient will be susceptible to the effects of the drug or not. Thus, the importance of underlining that not all patients are susceptible to receive targeted therapy. In certain neoplasms, therapeutic targets are expressed in less than 5% of the diagnosed population, hindering a more extended use of certain drugs.

The identification of biomarkers and the use of new generation sequencing on tumor cells has shown predictive and prognostic relevance. Likewise, mutation analysis has allowed monitoring of tumor clone evolution, providing information on changes in canonic gene sequences, such as TP53, GATA3, PIK3CA, AKT1, and ERBB2; infrequent somatic mutations developed after primary treatments, like SWI-SNF and JAK2-STAT3; or acquired drug resistance mutations such as ESR1. 124 The study of mutations is vital; in fact, many of them already have specific therapeutic indications, which have helped select adequate treatments. 125

There is no doubt that molecular targeted therapy is one of the main pillars of precision medicine. However, it faces significant problems that often hinder obtaining better results. Among these, there is intratumor heterogeneity and differences between the primary tumor and metastatic sites, as well as intrinsic and acquired resistance to these therapies, the mechanisms of which include the presence of heterogeneous subclones, DNA hypermethylation, histone acetylation, and interruption of mRNA degradation and translation processes. 126 Nonetheless, beyond the obstacles facing molecular targeted therapy from a biological and methodological point of view, in the real world, access to genomic testing and specific drugs continues to be an enormous limitation, in such a way that strategies must be designed in the future for precision medicine to be possible on a global scale.

Cell Therapy

Another improvement in cancer treatment is the use of cell therapy, that is, the use of specific cells as therapeutic agents. This clinical procedure has 2 modalities: the first consists of replacing and regenerating functional cells in a specific tissue by means of stem/progenitor cells of a certain kind, 43 while the second uses immune cells as effectors to eliminate malignant cells. 127

Regarding the first type, we must emphasize the development of cell therapy based on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. 128 For over 50 years, hematopoietic cell transplants have been used to treat a variety of hematologic neoplasms (different forms of leukemia and lymphoma). Today, it is one of the most successful examples of cell therapy, including innovative modalities, such as haploidentical transplants, 129 as well as application of stem cells expanded ex vivo . 130 There are also therapies that have used immature cells that form part of the TME, such as MSCs. The replication potential and cytokine secretion capacity of these cells make them an excellent option for this type of treatment. 131 Neural stem cells can also be manipulated to produce and secrete apoptotic factors, and when these cells are incorporated into primary neural tumors, they cause a certain degree of regression. They can even be transfected with genes that encode for oncolytic enzymes capable of inducing regression of glioblastomas. 132

With respect to cell therapy using immune cells, several research groups have manipulated cells associated with tumors to make them effector cells and thus improve the efficacy and specificity of the antitumor treatment. PB leckocytes cultured in the presence of IL-2 to obtain activated lymphocytes, in combination with IL-2 administration, have been used in antitumor clinical protocols. Similarly, infiltrating lymphocytes from tumors with antitumor activity have been used and can be expanded ex vivo with IL-2. These lymphocyte populations have been used in immunomodulatory therapies in melanoma, and pancreatic and kidney tumors, producing a favorable response in treated patients. 133 NK cells and macrophages have also been used in immunotherapy, although with limited results. 134 , 135

One of the cell therapies with better projection today is the use of CAR-T cells. This strategy combines 2 forms of advanced therapy: cell therapy and gene therapy. It involves the extraction of T cells from the cancer patient, which are genetically modified in vitro to express cell surface receptors that will recognize antigens on the surface of tumor cells. The modified T cells are then reintroduced in the patient to aid in an exacerbated immune response that leads to eradication of the tumor cells ( Figure 4 ). Therapy with CAR-T cells has been used successfully in the treatment of some types of leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma, producing complete responses in patients. 136

CAR-T cell therapy. (A) T lymphocytes obtained from cancer patients are genetically manipulated to produce CAR-T cells that recognize tumor cells in a very specific manner. (B) Interaction between CAR molecule and tumor antigen. CAR molecule is a receptor that results from the fusion between single-chain variable fragments (scFv) from a monoclonal antibody and one or more intracellular signaling domains from the T-cell receptor. CD3ζ, CD28 and 4-1BB correspond to signaling domains on the CAR molecule.

Undoubtedly, CAR-T cell therapy has been truly efficient in the treatment of various types of neoplasms. However, this therapeutic strategy can also have serious side effects, such as release of cytokines into the bloodstream, which can cause different symptoms, from high fever to multiorgan failure, and even neurotoxicity, leading to cerebral edema in many cases. 137 Adequate control of these side effects is an important medical challenge. Several research groups are trying to improve CAR-T cell therapy through various approaches, including production of CAR-T cells directed against a wider variety of tumor cell-specific antigens that are able to attack different types of tumors, and the identification of more efficient types of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, producing CAR-T cells from a single donor that may be used in the treatment of several patients would reduce the cost of this sort of personalized cell therapy. 136

Achieving wider use of cell therapy in oncologic diseases is an important challenge that requires solving various issues. 138 One is intratumor cell heterogeneity, including malignant subclones and the various components of the TME, which results in a wide profile of membrane protein expression that complicates finding an ideal tumor antigen that allows specific identification (and elimination) of malignant cells. Likewise, structural organization of the TME challenges the use of cell therapy, as administration of cell vehicles capable of recognizing malignant cells might not be able to infiltrate the tumor. This results from low expression of chemokines in tumors and the presence of a dense fibrotic matrix that compacts the inner tumor mass and avoids antitumor cells from infiltrating and finding malignant target cells.

Further Challenges in the 21st Century

Beyond the challenges regarding oncologic biomedical research, the 21 st century is facing important issues that must be solved as soon as possible if we truly wish to gain significant ground in our fight against cancer. Three of the most important have to do with prevention, early diagnosis, and access to oncologic medication and treatment.

Prevention and Early Diagnosis

Prevention is the most cost-effective strategy in the long term, both in low and high HDI nations. Data from countries like the USA indicate that between 40-50% of all types of cancer are preventable through potentially modifiable factors (primary prevention), such as use of tobacco and alcohol, diet, physical activity, exposure to ionizing radiation, as well as prevention of infection through access to vaccination, and by reducing exposure to environmental pollutants, such as pesticides, diesel exhaust particles, solvents, etc. 74 , 84 Screening, on the other hand, has shown great effectiveness as secondary prevention. Once population-based screening programs are implemented, there is generally an initial increase in incidence; however, in the long term, a significant reduction occurs not only in incidence rates, but also in mortality rates due to detection of early lesions and timely and adequate treatment.

A good example is colon cancer. There are several options for colon cancer screening, such as detection of fecal occult blood, fecal immunohistochemistry, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy, 139 , 140 which identify precursor lesions (polyp adenomas) and allow their removal. Such screening has allowed us to observe 3 patterns of incidence and mortality for colon cancer between the years 2000 and 2010: on one hand, an increase in incidence and mortality in countries with low to middle HDI, mainly countries in Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe; on the other hand, an increase in incidence and a fall in mortality in countries with very high HDI, such as Canada, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Singapore; and finally a fall in incidence and mortality in countries like the USA, Japan, and France. The situation in South America and Asia seems to reflect limitations in medical infrastructure and a lack of access to early detection, 141 while the patterns observed in developed countries reveal the success, even if it may be partial, of that which can be achieved by well-structured prevention programs.

Another example of success, but also of strong contrast, is cervical cancer. The discovery of the human papilloma virus (HPV) as the causal agent of cervical cancer brought about the development of vaccines and tests to detect oncogenic genotypes, which modified screening recommendations and guidelines, and allowed several developed countries to include the HPV vaccine in their national vaccination programs. Nevertheless, the outlook is quite different in other areas of the world. Eighty percent of the deaths by cervical cancer reported in 2018 occurred in low-income nations. This reveals the urgency of guaranteeing access to primary and secondary prevention (vaccination and screening, respectively) in these countries, or else it will continue to be a serious public health problem in spite of its preventability.

Screening programs for other neoplasms, such as breast, prostate, lung, and thyroid cancer have shown outlooks that differ from those just described, because, among other reasons, these neoplasms are highly diverse both biologically and clinically. Another relevant issue is the overdiagnosis of these neoplasms, that is, the diagnosis of disease that would not cause symptoms or death in the patient. 142 It has been calculated that 25% of breast cancer (determined by mammogram), 50–60% of prostate cancer (determined by PSA), and 13–25% of lung cancer (determined by CT) are overdiagnosed. 142 Thus, it is necessary to improve the sensitivity and specificity of screening tests. In this respect, knowledge provided by the biology of cancer and “omic” sciences offers a great opportunity to improve screening and prevention strategies. All of the above shows that prevention and early diagnosis are the foundations in the fight against cancer, and it is essential to continue to implement broader screening programs and better detection methods.

Global Equity in Oncologic Treatment

Progress in cancer treatment has considerably increased the number of cancer survivors. Nevertheless, this tendency is evident only in countries with a very solid economy. Indeed, during the past 30 years, cancer mortality rates have increased 30% worldwide. 143 Global studies indicate that close to 70% of cancer deaths in the world occur in nations of low to middle income. But even in high-income countries, there are sectors of society that are more vulnerable and have less access to cancer treatments. 144 Cancer continues to be a disease of great social inequality.

In Europe, the differences in access to cancer treatment are highly marked. These treatments are more accessible in Western Europe than in its Eastern counterpart. 145 Furthermore, highly noticeable differences between high-income countries have been detected in the cost of cancer drugs. 146 It is interesting to note that in many of these cases, treatment is too costly and the clinical benefit only marginal. Thus, the importance of these problems being approached by competent national, regional, and global authorities, because if these new drugs and therapeutic programs are not accessible to the majority, progress in biomedical, clinical and epidemiological research will have a limited impact in our fight against cancer. We must not forget that health is a universal right, from which low HDI countries must not be excluded, nor vulnerable populations in nations with high HDI. The participation of a well-informed society will also be fundamental to achieve a global impact, as today we must fight not only against the disease, but also against movements and ideas (such as the anti-vaccine movement and the so-called miracle therapies) that can block the medical battle against cancer.

Final Comments

From the second half of the 20th century to the present day, progress in our knowledge about the origin and development of cancer has been extraordinary. We now understand cancer in detail in genomic, molecular, cellular, and physiological terms, and this knowledge has had a significant impact in the clinic. There is no doubt that a patient who is diagnosed today with a type of cancer has a better prospect than a patient diagnosed 20 or 50 years ago. However, we are still far from winning the war against cancer. The challenges are still numerous. For this reason, oncologic biomedical research must be a worldwide priority. Likewise, one of the fundamental challenges for the coming decades must be to reduce unequal access to health services in areas of low- to middle income, and in populations that are especially vulnerable, as well as continue improving prevention programs, including public health programs to reduce exposure to environmental chemicals and improve diet and physical activity in the general population. 74 , 84 Fostering research and incorporation of new technological resources, particularly in less privileged nations, will play a key role in our global fight against cancer.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Hector Mayani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2483-3782

144 Breast Cancer Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on breast cancer, ✍️ breast cancer essay topics for college, 👍 good breast cancer research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting breast cancer research titles, 💡 simple breast cancer essay ideas, ❓ research questions on breast cancer.

• Breast Cancer: The Story of One Patient
• Breast Cancer: Literature Review
• Disease Research: Breast Cancer
• Postoperative Breast Cancer Care
• Bilateral Mastectomy for Breast Cancer Prevention
• Breast Cancer: Pathophysiology, Types and Treatment
• Post-operative Breast Cancer Patients With Depression: Annotated Bibliography
• Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in UK As of 2011, the incidences of breast cancer have been increasing continuously over forty years. Also, there was a general reduction in the rate of mortality caused by breast cancer.
• Breast Cancer and Effective Medical Treatment The aim of this paper is to characterize breast cancer and to describe the modern methods of its treatment and prevention.
• Breast Cancer Screening Promotion The article begins with a brief description of the North Carolina Breast Cancer Screening Program. The program included social-ecological and community organizing approaches to health promotion.
• Breast Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Recent efforts from medical professionals and interest groups like Breast Cancer Awareness Month facilitate open discussion around breast cancer.
• Breast Cancer: Diagnostic and Treatment Breast cancer is one of the most common oncology disorders among females. It has a complicated chain of immune reactions and various structures identified histologically.
• Health-Related Misconceptions Regarding Antiperspirants and Breast Cancer There is a myth about the use of antiperspirants, especially aluminum-containing ones, as a risk factor for breast cancer.
• Naturalistic Observation of Couples Coping With Breast Cancer Couples who are suffering with cancer and their spouses’ psychological well-being were explored in study, which focused on the natural setting and substance of dialogues.
• Breast Cancer: Preventive Measures and Support Methods One of the most common types of cancer that women encounter worldwide is breast cancer. This disease was the cause of approximately 570,000 deaths in 2015.
• Health & Medicine: Breast Cancer in XIX Century The disease of breast cancer was a disease of women, which began to be actively noticed from the beginning of the nineteenth century.
• Breast Cancer: Threat to the Patients Cancer is developed from mutations, namely from atypical changes in genes that regulate cell growth and keep them healthy.
• Herceptin and Breast Cancer Treatment Cancer growth is a series of processes that are driven by alterations of genes that bring about the progressive conversion of usual body cells into extremely malignant imitation.
• BRCA Gene Mutation and Breast Cancer This study aims to determine how BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 gene mutations contribute to breast cancer, to analyze the role of BRCA1 and BRCA 2 in the restoration of the damaged DNA.
• Breast Cancer and Exercise. Article Summary The research study focused on breast cancer survivors in the Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute (RMCRI) who had already been treated.
• The Risk Factors of Breast Cancer This paper will throw light upon what breast cancer is all about, the risk factors, the distribution, and determinants of the same.
• Multicausality: Reserpine, Breast Cancer, and Obesity All the factors are not significant in the context of the liability to breast cancer development, though their minor influence is undeniable.
• Understanding Epigenetic Mechanisms in Breast Cancer Human cells become cancerous when they undergo genetic modifications that make them acquire growth and multiplication advantages.
• Breast Cancer: Etiology, Signs and Symptoms Breast cancer is believed to have claimed many human lives in the last four decades, but its prevalence rate has decreased significantly due to improved disease awareness.
• The Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Young Women The researcher has clearly outlined the essence of the referenced study as aimed at reviewing the epidemiology of breast cancer in young women.
• Breast Cancer: Research Review Paper Plenty of scholars’ investigations help doctors, nurses, and patients to take precautionary and care measures to improve their physical and psychological condition.
• The Relationship Between Breast Cancer and Genes Cancer, in general, is a disease caused by genes that have mutated or adapted in a different way than was intended.
• Breast Cancer Development and Progression: Understanding Epigenetic Mechanisms The development and progression of breast cancer have been attributed to a series of cellular and molecular events, most of which are not well understood.
• Impact of Alcohol Abuse on Breast Cancer Risk in Women This paper will examine the effects of alcohol abuse on the development of breast cancer in women to uncover its devastating consequences.
• Prophylaxis Breast Cancer This paper examines the majority of the parts in detail and considers every risk linked to the development of this dangerous disease.
• Breast Cancer: Analysis and Data Collection The study to determine the quality of health was a qualitative research study because it showed a significant improved in the quality of life for the breast cancer victims.
• The Disease of Breast Cancer: Definition and Treatment Breast cancer is a serious disease during which the breast cells experience abnormal growth. Females usually have a higher risk of developing the disease.
• Care of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphoedema The lymphoedema’s clinical manifestations include swelling of the upper or lower extremities, violation of skin nutrition, and subcutaneous fat tissue.
• Women’s Disease: Breast Cancer and Its Consequence Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer types worldwide amounting to 25-30% of all cancer cases detected yearly among women.
• Racism in Breast Cancer Treatment Cancer treatment is the least studied field that arises numerous ambiguities and requires a more sophisticated approach in studying.
• Breast Cancer: Discussion of the Problems and Way of Treatment An analytical and evaluative case that is intended to recover fully the problem of breast cancer and explain the ways of its treatment in the context of nursing.
• Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention This paper aims to discuss breast cancer epidemiology and socioeconomic factors with regard to the young, middle, and older adults to identify risks, prevention, and opportunities.
• Miami Breast Cancer Conference: Scholarly Activity Breast cancer is a prominent variation of the condition, as the body part is generally considered to be among the most common targets for the illness.
• Recommendations for Breast Cancer Screening: USPSTF Guidelines This paper aims to give a proper recommendation for breast cancer screening under USPSTF guidelines while considering the differences in patients’ epidemiology.
• Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Screening in Low-Income African Americans in Tennessee This article focuses on understanding the factors that are associated with the decision and obstacles to breast cancer screening in African-American women living in Tennessee.
• “A Culturally Tailored Internet Cancer Support Group for Asian American Breast Cancer Survivors”: Article Analysis Medicine, as a holistic science, recognizes the individual cultural uniqueness of every patient in order to deliver a better quality of care.
• Breast Cancer and Stress Heightening This paper aims to discuss three educational interventions that can help patients to manage their stressful experiences.
• Prevention of Breast Cancer The problem of the study is a major one because it is connected to one of the critical health concerns that affect women worldwide: breast cancer.
• Anthem Blue Cross: Breast Cancer Screenings This paper aims to present a detailed economic report regarding the implementation of breast cancer screenings that Anthem Blue Cross will provide free of charge.
• Women’s Healthcare: Breast Cancer Prevention & Treatment Preventive services for patients who are at risk of breast cancer include medications for risk reduction of the disease and screening for breast cancer using film mammography.
• Breast Cancer Inheritance Biophysical Factors The biophysical factors operating in this situation are the age of the patient and the possible inheritance of breast cancer. The psychological factors are her mental health records.
• Mammary Cancer: Health Screening Initiative Breast cancer is one of the dangerous conditions, which might lead to lethal consequences. This type of cancer is a malignant tumor of the glandular tissue of the breast.
• Mammography Screening and Breast Cancer Mortality The study has been designed to measure the effectiveness of breast cancer decision aids (DAs) in improving mammography screening intentions in African-American women 65 years and older.
• Breast Cancer Studies: Evaluation and Analysis of Scientific Papers This paper assesses the level of effectiveness and reliability of studies, as well as offer a separate intervention that can help at least partially solve the problem of breast cancer.
• Music Therapy Effects for Breast Cancer Patients The research question for this study is whether mindfulness-based music therapy influences attention and mood in women who receive adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.
• Breast Cancer: Disease Screening and Diagnosis The paper studies the medical case of a female patient with the risk of breast cancer increased by the fact that cancers were recently diagnosed in her family.
• From Breast Cancer to Zika Virus – Nursing Issues The paper studies relations between diabetes type II and oral hygiene, treatment of cardiovascular diseases, vision loss, breast cancer, and preventing Zika virus.
• Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer This research discusses, Experience of adjuvant treatment among postmenopausal women with breast cancer: health-related quality of life, symptom experience, stressful events and coping strategies.
• A Research of Breast Cancer Survival We know the cancer of breast tissue as Breast cancer. It has reported too that breast cancer affects woman ageing of any age at least in the western world.
• Breast Cancer and Its Effects on Society
• The Anatomy and Physiology of Breast Cancer
• Gated Dibh for Left-Sided Breast Cancer Patients
• Nursing Care For the Terminal Breast Cancer Patient Community
• African American Women, Environmental Impacts, and Breast Cancer
• African American Women and Breast Cancer
• New Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines
• Genetic Changes for Breast Cancer
• Early Preterm Delivery and Breast Cancer
• Elderly Lesbians and Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer Prevention Strategies
• Breast Cancer Awareness and Walks for Leukemia Flood Media
• Hyaluronan, Inflammation, and Breast Cancer Progression
• Breast Cancer Among Women in the United States
• Modified Radical Mastectomy for Contralateral Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer and the Use of Exercise as Medicine
• Obesity and Breast Cancer: Role of Leptin
• Breast Cancer Causes and Prevention Methods
• Targeted Therapy for Breast Cancer Prevention
• Breast Cancer Risk Factors You Can’t Control
• Chemotherapy and Breast Cancer
• Postoperative Patients With Breast Cancer and Self Image
• Diagnostic Imaging for Breast Cancer Symptoms
• Breast Cancer: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment
• Oral Treatments for Breast Cancer and Health Promotion
• Breast Cancer and Early Detection of Low-Income Minority
• Breast Cancer and Diet
• NFL and Breast Cancer Awareness
• Antiperspirants and Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer and Pregnancy
• Cervical and Breast Cancer and Nutrition’s Effects
• Breast Cancer and Early Detection
• 2000 Treatment Program for Cervical and Breast Cancer Prevention
• Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer
• Coping Strategies and Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer and Hormone Replacement Therapy
• Abortion and Breast Cancer (ABC) In the United States of America
• Breast Cancer and Its Effects on Women
• Health Concerns Involving Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer Characteristics and Survival Differences
• Breast Cancer Information and Support
• Applying Medical Procedures for Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer and Its Effects on the United States
• Breast Cancer Treatment and Therapy With Nanomedicine
• The Second Leading Cause of Death Is the Breast Cancer
• Romania’s Breast Cancer and Healthcare Education
• Cardiovascular Toxicities From Systemic Breast Cancer Therapy
• Moderate Drinking Can Still Lead To Breast Cancer
• Treatments for Hormone Sensitive Breast Cancer
• Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer
• Postmenopausal Women, Breast Cancer Risk, and Raloxifene
• Breast Cancer and the Environment
• Breast Cancer and Cancer Cell Lines
• Group Therapy, Family Options, and Breast Cancer
• Issues Involving Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer Survivorship, Quality of Life, and Late Toxicities
• Breast Cancer Age Risk Women
• Relationship Between Meat Intake and Breast Cancer Risks
• Breast Cancer Develops From the Breast Tissue
• Breast Cancer and the Medication Tamoxifen
• Which Branch of Science Is Used in Testing Breast Cancer?
• How Does Breast Cancer Affect a Patient’s Health?
• Which of the Lifestyle Choices Reduces the Chances of Developing Breast Cancer?
• What Is the Survival Rate for Inflammatory Breast Cancer?
• How Does Breast Cancer Affect Homeostasis?
• How to Check for Breast Cancer Using Nursing Assessment Techniques?
• Can Breast Cancer Spread to Your Kidneys?
• Why Does Breastfeeding Reduce Breast Cancer Risk?
• How Rare Is Triple Negative Breast Cancer?
• Is Fibrocystic Mastopathy Associated With an Increased Risk of Breast Cancer?
• What Is Papillary Breast Cancer?
• How Fast Does Metastatic Breast Cancer Spread?
• Who Founded the National Breast Cancer Foundation?
• Are Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer Linked?
• What Body Systems and Organs Are Affected by Breast Cancer?
• How Many Breast Cancer Deaths Occur per Year?
• How Do They Test for Breast Cancer?
• How Is Group Behavior Influenced Through Breast Cancer Treatment?
• Can Breast Cancer Cause Numbness in Fingers?
• What Are the Primary and Secondary Risk Factors for Breast Cancer?
• What Causes Inflammatory Breast Cancer?
• What Side Effects Are Possible From Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer?
• Are Prostate Cancer and Breast Cancer Related?
• What Percentage of Breast Cancer Is Detected by Mammogram?
• What Information Does a Doctor Need to Assess a Patient’s Breast Cancer Risk?
• Is Abortion Linked to Breast Cancer?
• What Is the Risk of Metastasis for Breast Cancer?
• What Is the Primary Level of Prevention for Breast Cancer?
• What Genes Are Responsible for Autosomal Dominant Breast Cancer?
• What Is the At-Risk Population Regarding Breast Cancer?

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StudyCorgi . "144 Breast Cancer Essay Topics." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/breast-cancer-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "144 Breast Cancer Essay Topics." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/breast-cancer-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Breast Cancer were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on December 27, 2023 .

• Tips & Tools for Writing

Writing Tips for Winning Essays

Key elements.

• Focus –  An essay should have a clear, central idea. Know what you’re going to write about and don’t wander. Before writing, consider creating an outline to organize your ideas.
• Stay on point –  A good essay should be organized and flow, especially from one paragraph to the next. Flow is essential for readers to understand what you’re writing about. A good tip is to read your essay out loud. This will help you notice any problems or sections that need to be rewritten. 
• Good grammar – Pay attention to grammar, spelling, and word choice. Mistakes can cause you to lose credibility and make your readers stop reading. 
• Voice –  You have a writing voice; use it! It’s called creativity. The best writing voice carries your personality and is unique to you. Don’t try to copy what you think is good form. Be aware of it, but make sure what you write is yours and no one else’s.

Before Writing

• Understand your assignment.  What is the goal of this essay? What do I want to convey? What is the length and deadline?
• Determine your central point or argument. A clear point of view is essential for a focused essay.
• Create an outline.  Outline what you want to say and map out a structure for your essay. This keeps you on track, focused, and makes it easier to start writing. Once you have a clear idea of what you want to say, what evidence you’ll use, and in what order, you’re ready to start writing!

While Writing

• Hook your reader. The introduction sets the tone for your essay. The first sentence should pique your reader’s interest and curiosity and inform them of what to expect. It could be a surprising fact, a bold statement, or a short anecdote related to your message.
• Provide context. This includes a few additional details that will help your reader undertsand your argument.
• Give details. This is in the body of your essay where you will tell your story, provide facts, and the evidence that you really want to convey.
• Wrap it up.  Your essay’s ending ties together your main points. A great conclusion should finish with a memorable or impactful sentence or even a paragraph that leaves the reader with a strong final impression. Avoid including new information, undermining your main point, or using phrases like “in conclusion”.

Summarized from various sources

Online Writing Communities for Teens / Young Adults

One story & one teen story, writing prompts (tumblr blog).

• Cancer Unwrapped
• Winning Essays
• Quotes from Contest Winners – May 2023
• Support Groups

Resources, Tools, and Articles

Visuwords: visual dictionary, thesaurus, lexicon, creative nonfiction: an overview, how to write a narrative essay.

“A narrative essay tells a story. In most cases, this is a story about a personal experience you had. This type of essay, along with the descriptive essay, allows you to get personal and creative, unlike most academic writing.

Narrative essays test your ability to express your experiences in a creative and compelling way, and to follow an appropriate narrative structure.”

National Novel Writing Month (NanoWriMo) Young Writer’s Program

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Researching and writing

Before writing, we carry out a comprehensive literature search. Our editorial policy has a section on researching the information. This outlines the sources we consult before writing any clinical section. It has a helpful checklist of sources.

We focus on UK or European medical information sources and guidelines. This is because practice can differ between countries. We also look at other general and site specific cancer websites.

• Read our editorial policy

Deciding which information to produce

We have robust processes to identify and prioritise subjects for new information. These are outlined in the Cancer Research UK health and patient information editorial policy. 

Writing the information

Before starting to write new information, the writer discusses the content with a senior member of the team. A decision is made about:

• what should be included
• how to structure it. For example, whether it should be a page or a section to be added to one of the current pages.

Cancer type sections

Cancer type sections conform to a basic layout. The ordering of information within this layout varies according to the cancer type being covered. Sections are created using the content model. For examples of a section structure, compare the specific cancer sections on site.

There are templates for many of the pages included in cancer type sections. The templates often need to be adapted to make them appropriate for the cancer type. We can clone existing pages if the content is similar enough to the page that we need to produce.

Layout of a cancer type section

The layout of a section is common to most cancer types. We have developed these areas based on user testing and user feedback.  

Main navigation page

Each cancer type has a main navigation page. Each navigation page has boxes that contain links to the following information:

A page about the specific cancer type 

Getting diagnosed

This has pages about:

• seeing your GP
• seeing a specialist
• tests to diagnose and stage the cancer
• screening for cancer

We include screening even if there is no screening programme in the UK. We explain why there is no screening programme. 

We have specific guidelines for writing survival pages.

This varies according to the treatments for that cancer type. It includes pages about:

• chemotherapy
• radiotherapy
• targeted cancer drugs
• follow up after treatment

This includes sub-types if appropriate.

Includes information about grading where appropriate.

Research and clinical trials

This covers all patient research, not just the work of Cancer Research UK. It doesn’t cover treatments in animal or laboratory research.

Living with cancer

It contains an overview page on coping that details the general and specific issues for that cancer type. It has links to more detailed information pages. For example:

• life after surgery or bone marrow transplant
• diet after treatment
• effects on sex life

This section contains a page with resources and organisations, general and specific to the cancer type. This includes suppliers of equipment if relevant and links to other websites where necessary. All sites we link to must be reputable and produce reliable, quality information that is regularly updated. Links are approved on an individual basis in accordance with the health and patient information team editorial policy.

Risks and causes for that cancer type

Writing individual pages

We create content as a word document and versions are tracked in SharePoint.

We can use a template from the CMS template library if one is available and it is appropriate for the content we're producing. There are templates for different types of content. We might need to adapt one to make it relevant for the content we're writing about.

We can clone an existing page if the content is similar enough to the one we need to produce.

Each new patient information page requires the writer to produce:

• page titles and URLs
• meta description text
• the body text
• related links

We also work with our information designers to produce and revise diagrams and videos. And we can commission new photos where these are needed. 

Structuring the information

• Each page should be about one topic and must have a clear focus. 
• We use the language that web users are using (see Google Trends).
• We break the information into self contained, useful chunks of information (entities).
• Each entity (subsection) has a clear and relevant heading. 
• We make one point per paragraph.
• We aim to have a maximum of 4 sentences per paragraph.
• We aim to have a maximum of 4 paragraphs per heading.
• On each page and each subsection, we put the key point or fact first to address the user needs and then expand with more detail.
• We're specific to help personalise journeys for users. For example, we can say which other conditions may cause the same symptoms as a type of cancer but don’t describe or give other information about the conditions.
• We use images, diagrams, photos and videos where appropriate to break up the text.

Page titles

Every page has its own title. These are H1 headings. Ideally, page titles should include the search term for which the website has been optimised. For example, Symptoms of oesophageal cancer.    Titles are:

• Clear, unique and specific to the page
• Under 55 characters (including spaces) where possible
• Front-loaded – the most relevant word first
• Optimised for search, including keywords
• In sentence case – only the first letter is capitalised, except if proper nouns are included (for example, Treatment for Barrett’s oesophagus)

Web pages have a hierarchy of headings. We use from H1 (the title) down to H3. 

Search engines use headings, especially H1s, to categorise and find information and not just to break up the text. They expect headings to include clues to the page’s main topics. So headings should include the main keywords of the page. 

The H1 heading indicates the most important topic of the page, and the other headings create subtopics.

Other headings should: 

• front load the information
• be under 6 words where possible
• help break up the text and help users scan the page

Making the information findable

We fill in metadata information for every page. This includes the meta description and URL. 

The URL for each page begins: www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer

Specific page URLs are constructed according to the location of the page within the site. The last section is the page title with hyphens between the words.

For example, the page Targeted drugs for breast cancer would have the URL:  www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/targeted-cancer-drugs

Within the metadata section of each page, there is a field to fill in the page title and the meta description. This is the information that appears in a search engine.

To create the metadata you should:

• keep titles under 55 characters
• create an enticing description that is no longer than 160 characters: it is cut off if it is any longer

For cancer type sections: [page title] | [cancer type] | Cancer Research UK or [page title with cancer type] | Cancer Research UK

For general cancer information:   [page title] | Cancer information | Cancer Research UK

For coping pages :  [page title] | Coping | Cancer Research UK

Keywords and tagging

Keywords for each page must be included in the content as fully as possible, especially at the top of the page. Check keywords with the About Cancer Assistant (Digital). 

Use the keywords to inform the meta description.  

All pages and entities must be tagged with the appropriate cancer type and subject of the content. 

Length of pages

Each content page should have one topic and should have a clear focus. So there is no limit to how short or long the page should be, as long as the main question or topic of the page has been answered.  

All content must be written in accordance with the style guide.

Re-usable entities

We use re-usable entities where possible. And we make sure that the content is appropriate and doesn’t duplicate information elsewhere on the page. This means that, when we create new content, we might need to create new re-usable entities.

Each re-usable entity should be about one subject or issue. Bullet lists need to be in list paragraph format.

Titles of re-usable entities

Put the specific subject of the entity first, followed by the general subject or type of cancer, or both.

• Feeling or being sick - chemotherapy side effect - mild
• Feeling or being sick - symptoms - upper gastrointestinal cancer
• Feeling or being sick - symptom - advanced cancer
• Planning radiotherapy - rectal cancer
• After treatment - radiotherapy - bowel cancer
• Before your test - endoscopy - upper gastrointestinal cancer
• Before radiotherapy - cancer in general

We use lists to help make the information easier to read.

Bulleted items – known as bullet points – may be short phrases or single sentences. Different types of bullet points are used in different situations. 

Bulleted lists should be created as a list paragraph.   To break up a long sentence    We start with a lead in line including as much shared content as possible. We use a colon and don’t end bullets with ‘and’ or ‘or’. Each bullet is an alternate ending to the lead in sentence. We front load each bullet if possible. And we begin each bullet with a lower case letter and we don’t have a full stop at the end. For example:   For advanced oesophageal cancer your doctor might recommend chemotherapy to: 

• shrink a cancer before surgery
• help to control symptoms

Giving a list of tips   Each bullet is a sentence so starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. For example:

Tips to help you sleep

• Go to bed and get up at the same time each day. 
• Avoid caffeine (coffee, tea, chocolate and cola drinks) after early afternoon.
• Make sure the room that you sleep in is a comfortable and soothing place. 

Boxed list    Each box contains a sentence with a capital letter and a full stop. Or we can have a lead in sentence above the box, in which case use lower case and no full stop. For an example, see drug page schedules.

We include links to help guide people to further information about a particular subject or to guide them to the next most relevant page.

• only include links to relevant content and resources that support the user 
• use a pink Call To Action (CTA) link for the most important next step the user should take
• have a maximum of 6 related links on a page and link only to relevant content
• comply with accessibility criteria: for people using site reading software, links may display as a list at the end of a page. So link text must make sense in its own right and describe the content on the link destination
• avoid contextual hyperlinks (links within the content) and instead have a call to action (CTA) below a subsection or at the end of the page
• sometimes need to use contextual hyperlinks but avoid them where possible: you can see an example on our A to Z list page - Your cancer type

When using contextual hyperlinks

Avoid using single word links as they are hard to tap on mobile.

Avoid linking out when you can provide a short explanation instead.

Don't repeat links. 

Avoid linking to different resources using the same link text.

Keep links concise – limit to about 4 or 5 words.

Avoid using whole sentences as a link.

When creating content as a Word document, create any links as an embedded link in the text and include the node number of pages in the CMS afterwards in square brackets: for example, Find out more about chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer [LINK node/11192]

Glossary terms

We use glossary terms when needed to help people understand complex medical terms. A glossary term can be seen by hovering over the '?' symbol. 

When creating content on a Word document, we highlight the word (or words) and then add the glossary term in square brackets. For example: Your doctor uses a speculum [GLOSS/Speculum] to gently open your vagina. 

Glossary terms are checked as part of our editorial policy. 

Diagrams, photos, animations and videos

We use diagrams, photos, animations and video content where appropriate to clarify the meaning and make information more visually appealing. We don’t overuse images because they can clutter the information. 

These design features can help to explain difficult concepts and break up the text. We think creatively about where to include diagrams or illustrations.

All of our visual content goes through the same rigorous process as any of our other information.

Diagrams The writer requesting the information produces a sketch. These are used by the information designer or a specialist medical illustrator to create the diagram. 

Labelling should be in plain English.

Videos and animations

These should be focussed and short - usually under 2 minutes. We think about splitting it into 2 if it is likely to be longer. The Information designer creates a script to go with it.

We tell users how long the video is: for example 2 minutes.

All of our visual content is checked throughout the development process (from storyboard to final product) by a specialist in the relevant field and by a lay reviewer. 

Cancer Research UK has guidelines on creating content for video and animation. This includes ensuring we have signed consent from anyone taking part in the video.

We collect information including:

• the number of views
• how long people watch the video for (audience retention)
• comments from users
• likes and shares

This information informs the development of future videos and animations.

Design features

The help banner is at the bottom of every page. It has links to the nurse helpline, trials database and our online forum CancerChat.

Personal stories

We use stories from people with cancer and their relatives where possible. These are popular with site users. They must be checked for accuracy and signed off by subject matter experts in the patient information web team / health team as appropriate. 

Block quotes on content pages should be short, focused and relevant to the page content.

The story and block quote should be in first person and include a picture or image, and a short description of person saying the quote. For example, a parent or breast cancer survivor or xxxx [name] with prostate cancer. 

The story should use words from the source but break into sub sections if needed.  

Related links

Editorial policy.

This is the editorial policy for producing and reviewing health and patient information for Cancer Research UK's About Cancer web pages. 

Style guide

This is the style guide for Cancer Research UK's pages on health and patient information. It includes information about inclusive language, plain English and tone of voice.

Sources (referencing)

We follow a standard referencing style across all the pages. Find out about our referencing style.

Information production checklist

See our checklist for producing patient information pages for the Cancer Research UK website.

It’s a worrying time for many people and we want to be there for you whenever - and wherever - you need us. Cancer Chat is our fully moderated forum where you can talk to others affected by cancer, share experiences, and get support. Cancer Chat is free to join and available 24 hours a day.

Visit the Cancer Chat forum

About Cancer generously supported by Dangoor Education since 2010.

Find a clinical trial

Search our clinical trials database for all cancer trials and studies recruiting in the UK

Cancer Chat forum

Talk to other people affected by cancer

Nurse helpline 0808 800 4040

Questions about cancer? Call freephone 9 to 5 Monday to Friday or email us

Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Cancer — Oncology and Cancer

Oncology and Cancer

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Published: Nov 15, 2018

Words: 1247 | Pages: 3 | 7 min read

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Cancer Research Catalyst The Official Blog of the American Association for Cancer Research

Home > Cancer Research Catalyst > Cancer Survivors: In Their Words

Cancer Survivors: In Their Words

This year alone, an estimated 1.8 million people will hear their doctor say they have cancer. The individual impact of each person can be clouded in the vast statistics. In honor of National Cancer Survivor Month,  Cancer Today would like to highlight several personal essays we’ve published from cancer survivors at different stages of their treatment. 

In  this essay , psychiatrist Adam P. Stern’s cerebral processing of his metastatic kidney cancer diagnosis gives rise to piercing questions. When he drops off his 3-year-old son to daycare, he ponders a simple exchange: his son’s request for a routine morning hug before he turns to leave. “Will he remember me, only a little, just enough to mythologize me as a giant who used to carry him up the stairs? As my health declines, will he have to learn to adjust to a dad who used to be like all the other dads but then wasn’t?” he questions. 

In  another essay from a parent with a young child, Amanda Rose Ferraro describes the abrupt change from healthy to not healthy after being diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia in May 2017. After a 33-day hospital stay, followed by weeklong chemotherapy treatments, Ferraro’s cancer went into remission, but a recurrence required more chemotherapy and a stem cell transplant. Ferraro describes harrowing guilt over being separated from her 3-year-old son, who at one point wanted nothing to do with her. “Giving up control is hard, but not living up to what I thought a mother should be was harder. I had to put myself first, and it was the hardest thing I had ever done,” she writes.

In January 1995, 37-year-old Melvin Mann was diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia, which would eventually mean he would  need to take a chance on a phase I clinical trial that tested an experimental drug called imatinib—a treatment that would go on to receive U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval under the brand name Gleevec. It would also mean trusting a system with a documented history of negligence and abuse of Black people like him: “Many patients, especially some African Americans, are afraid they will be taken advantage of because of past unethical experiments like the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study​,” Mann writes, before describing changes that make current trials safer. Mann’s been on imatinib ever since and has enjoyed watching his daughter become a physician and celebrating 35 years of marriage.

In  another essay , Carly Flumer addresses the absurdity of hearing doctors reassure her that she had a good cancer after she was diagnosed with stage I papillary thyroid cancer in 2017. “What I did hear repeatedly from various physicians was that I had the ‘good cancer,’ and that ‘if you were to have a cancer, thyroid would be the one to get,’” she writes.

In another piece for Cancer Today , Flumer shares  how being diagnosed with cancer just four months after starting a graduate program shaped her education and future career path.

For Liza Bernstein, her breast cancer diagnosis created a paradox as she both acknowledged and denied the disease the opportunity to define who she was. “In the privacy of my own mind, I refused to accept that cancer was part of my identity, even though it was affecting it as surely as erosion transforms the landscape,” she writes . “Out in the world, I’d blurt out, ‘I have cancer,’ because I took questions from acquaintances like ‘How are you, what’s new?’ literally. Answering casual questions with the unvarnished truth wasn’t claiming cancer as my identity. It was an attempt to dismiss the magnitude of it, like saying ‘I have a cold.’” By her third primary breast cancer diagnosis, Bernstein reassesses and moves closer to acceptance as she discovers her role as advocate.

As part of the staff of  Cancer Today , a magazine and online resource for cancer patients, survivors and caregivers, we often refer to a succinct tagline to sum up our mission: “Practical knowledge. Real hope.” Part of providing information is also listening closely to cancer survivors’ experiences. As we celebrate National Cancer Survivor Month, we elevate these voices, and all patients and survivors in their journeys.

Cancer Today is a magazine and online resource for cancer patients, survivors, and caregivers published by the American Association for Cancer Research.  Subscriptions to the magazine are free ​ to cancer patients, survivors and caregivers who live in the U.S. 

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International Days

599 world cancer day slogans & catchy cancer fighting slogans.

Catchy Cancer Slogans give hope to people to resist the cancer till the last stage.  Replace the anxiety and depression with a will of fire.  Short, positive sentences influence people’s lives by sharing the experience of the bravery of old patients. Spread awareness and encourage people to follow the procedures as the doctor recommends.

Post these slogans in anti-cancer campaigns and programs to educate groups of people. Save billions of lives by printing it on posters and sharing it in advertisements and content. 

Table of Contents

Catchy Cancer Slogans

Catchy Cancer Slogans are encouraging phrases for cancer patients. Emphasis people never giving up and trust God in all impossible conditions.

Learn and spread awareness using Catchy Cancer Slogans with the public.

• No One Fights Alone
• Losing Is Not An Option
• A Cure Worth Fighting For
• Cancer Can’t, But We Can
• Knowledge can kill cancer.
• Early Detection Saves Lives
• Take cancer as a challenge.
• Do not take cancer lightly.
• Together we can beat Cancer.
• Let’s Get It Off Our Chests
• Fight The Fight, Find The Cure
• Together we can conquer cancer.
• Feel For Lumps, Save Your Bumps
• Love your life and fight cancer.
• Kick cancer before it kills you.
• Cancer’s Tough, But So Are You
• Finding the Cure Starts With Hope
• Join The Fight, One Step At A Time
• Being aware about cancer is a must.
• Don’t let cancer decide our fate.
• A fight against cancer is possible.
• Kill the cancer before it kills you.
• Cancer is a battle and we can win it.
• They fought and they conquered cancer.
• Let us create a world free from cancer.
• Cancer is not bigger than life or hope.
• One Team. One Dream. Let’s Find A Cure.
• Awareness is the way to keep cancer away.
• Cancer is not incurable. Let’s fight it!
• Together we can give cancer a tough fight.
• Cancer demands our attention and our focus.
• It is a fight between cancer versus humans.
• It is your fight with the disease inside you.
• Cancer doesn’t have the power to defeat you.
• The more we know about cancer, the better it is.
• There are many inspiring stories against cancer.
• Cancer is the negativity we want out of our lives.
• Do not let the ignorance about cancer surround you.
• Let us stand strong and stand together against cancer.
• Cancer is the biggest threat but we can win the battle.
• We need a strong mind and heart to fight against cancer.

Read Also: Breast Cancer Awareness Slogans

Catchy Cancer Day Slogans

Catchy Cancer Day Slogans can be a tagline for an event or program. A short message will summarize the importance of Cancer Day and why it is celebrated.

Use these slogans to define the number of cancer patients and how it is affecting the globe in a catchy way.

• Hope. Heal. Thrive.
• Cancer Warriors, Unite!
• Hope. Healing. Victory.
• Believe. Fight. Triumph.
• Courage, Compassion, Cure
• Where Compassion Meets Cure
• Together, We Can Beat Cancer
• Ignite the Spark of Recovery
• Unleashing the Power to Heal
• Healing Hands, Healing Hearts
• Transforming Fear into Triumph
• Reviving Hope, Defeating Cancer
• Where Miracles Happen Every Day
• Fighting Cancer, Restoring Hope
• Harnessing Hope, Healing Hearts
• Creating a World Without Cancer
• Leading the Fight Against Cancer
• Elevating Care, Empowering Lives
• Nurturing Hope, Embracing Healing
• Uplifting Lives, Defying the Odds
• Innovating Hope, Defeating Cancer
• Shaping Futures, Defeating Cancer
• Igniting Hope, Vanquishing Cancer
• Healing Lives, One Step at a Time
• Innovation. Expertise. Compassion.
• Empowering Choices, Defying Cancer
• Empowering Lives, Defeating Cancer
• Empathy in Action, Fighting Cancer
• Championing Life, Conquering Cancer
• Revitalizing Lives, Defeating Cancer
• Uniting Communities, Battling Cancer
• Inspiring Courage, Overcoming Cancer
• Resilience Rewrites Cancer’s Story
• Restoring Balance, Conquering Cancer
• Together We Heal, Together We Thrive
• Your Journey to Recovery Starts Here
• Empowering Patients, Defeating Cancer
• Advancing Science, Inspiring Recovery
• Transforming Challenges into Triumphs
• Unleashing Courage, Conquering Cancer
• Empowering Dreams, Eradicating Cancer
• Inspiring Strength, Conquering Cancer
• Together We Rise, Cancer Cannot Divide
• Building Resilience, Conquering Cancer
• Radiating Strength, Illuminating Lives
• Strength in Unity, Triumph over Cancer
• The Power of Compassion, Defying Cancer
• Lighting the Path to a Cancer-Free World
• Building Bridges to a Cancer-Free Future
• Reshaping Possibilities, Defeating Cancer
• Where Faith Meets Healing, Cancer Retreats
• Breaking Through, Breaking Free from Cancer
• Transforming Cancer Care, Transforming Lives
• Trailblazing Cancer Care, Transforming Lives
• From Despair to Victory, We Journey Together
• Revolutionizing Cancer Care, Restoring Lives
• From Diagnosis to Remission, We Stand Strong
• Where Every Life Matters, Cancer is Conquered
• Leading the Way, Lighting the Path to Recovery
• Pioneering Care, Transforming Cancer Treatment 

 Read Also: Inspirational Cancer Quotes And Breast Cancer Quotes

Cancer Awareness Slogans

Cancer Awareness Slogans will define the treatment and hacks to treat the cancers. It can be used in documentaries and films to make the message clear to viewers.

Cancer Awareness Slogans share the common cancer found in men and women.

• A high rating hospital
• a place for your caring
• Your life depends on us
• Your fight is our fight
• Oncology center for you
• We are inspired for you
• For us, we are a family
• treatment for your life
• Leads you better health
• We do best that possible
• A dedicate for your care
• we feel proud t care you
• Our family cares for you
• Experienced best doctors
• Feel comfortable with us
• Your health in our hands
• We give you another life
• we never unsatisfied you
• best medicines for cancer
• We are happy to serve you
• Excellency with specialty
• A great place to get care
• Acre for your for assurance
• our patients are our family
• show your care, become aware
• Your satisfaction is our aim
• A helping hand for your life
• Join us and we fight together
• Bring love with the treatment
• hospital for cancer treatment
• Medicine for all your disease
• A world-class oncology center
• Give another life to yourself
• We fight together with cancer
• Trust on us for a better life
• A great place for your problem
• Depend on us for a better life
• a place where care comes first
• Always remember we are for you
• Specialized doctors for cancer
• We believing in hope with care
• Outside and inside care for you
• medicines that refine your body
• Our dedication to your recovery
• Having most experienced doctors
• a dedication for your treatment
• Please consult with our doctors
• Come here you never fight alone
• Caring for your life is our duty
• Our goal to male you cancer-free
• our hospitals stand on your hope
• Come here lets fight with cancer
• A place for your future and today
• come here and feel the difference
• A personalized experience for you
• We treat you with personalization
• Come here with a satisfied feeling

Cancer-Fighting Slogans

Empowering sentences enriched with the hope of boosting morale. Eye-catching phrases motivate people to become strong and kill the cancer in the body. These slogans look cool on t-shirts, caps, and hoodies to spread awareness to local people.

Cancer Awareness Slogans support people in a heart-touching way.

• Bosom Power
• Screw Cancer
• Bosom In Show
• Battle Strong
• Abatement Rocks
• Turn Up the Pink
• Get Your Pink On
• Spare the Hooters
• Yelling Out Pink!
• Emphatically Pink
• Spare Second Base
• Battle Like A Girl
• Never Give Up Hope
• Bosom Cancer Sucks
• I Stare Because I Care
• Cancer Can Kiss My Ass
• Think Pink, pink power
• Secure Your Pink Ribbon
• Busting Our Buns For Boobs
• Expectation, Strength, Love
• I Hope, I Fight, I Will Win
• Cancer Survivors Are amazing
• Not Just Surviving, Thriving
• Much obliged For the Mammories
• Spare A Life, Grope Your Wife.
• Cancer Is A Word, Not A Sentence
• Battle the Fight, Find the Cure.
• Together We Can Make A Difference
• Feel For Lumps. Spare Your Bumps.
• Genuine Men Wear Pink..for the Cure
• Huge Or Small, Let’s Save Them All
• Let’s get the picture off our chest.
• Bosom Cancer Is Crusin’ For A Bruisin
• Let it simply be a section; it’ll pass.
• The pain is simply to create you stronger.
• Cancer survived and could be a life revived.

Funny Cancer Slogans

Funny Cancer Slogans are engaging and entertaining.  Bring laughter to the patient’s face and work as a cure. A common way to address people’s critical situation is by printing these slogans on hospital walls and writing them on pictures.

Funny Cancer Slogans are memorable and caring slogans.

• A home feeling
• We focused on you
• Care works better
• We serve to help you
• Care at a high level
• Our care your choice
• For your life journey
• Say hello to your life
• Healthcare for your care
• Cancer is just a disease
• Take medicines with love
• First, compare then visit
• Become a winner come here
• A single step is important
• A complete oncology center
• Lives a longer life with us
• A place for fighting cancer
• We communicate to your hope
• You are stronger than cancer
• We do best for your everyday
• A hospital that cares for you
• Get the care that you deserve
• Healthcare, not a wealth acre]
• Come and join we fight together
• The hospital that always for you
• Every day is precious so live it
• Hospital specialized for oncology
• Take a forward step for your life
• Unexpectabkle care with treatment
• Expertise service withy best care
• It is all about how we treat cancer
• Best medicines with excellent doctors
• A right place for the right treatment
• Excellent doctors for your excellency
• A place for that cares for your health
• Let’s play a game with bladder cancer
• We provide trusted and better treatment
• An effective place for cancer treatment
• Oncology center to makes you cancer-free

Cancer Slogans For T Shirts

Why don’t you write an excellent and catchy slogan on a t-shirt? This catchy line will set best with pink to raise awareness among people. You can use these slogans to promote your business product and enjoy handsome revenue.

Use Cancer Slogans for T-shirts for business purposes.

• Live it, beat it,
• Fight, cure, live
• Fight for your life
• Make cancer homeless
• Never ever give up hope
• Fight and inspire others
• Kick it out with a laugh
• Let’s finish the cancer
• Keep the will-power game on
• Don’t get swayed by cancer
• Cancer, be ready for a fight
• Fight with hope till you win
• Only you can beat your cancer
• Fear is cancer’s best friend
• Irritate the disease like hell
• Treat cancer as a dare of life
• Let cancer not change your life
• Strikeout cancer from this world
• The only goal is fighting cancer
• Let your attitude beat the cancer
• Give a tough fight to that cancer
• Take the first step with awareness
• Anything is possible with the hope
• Defeat cancer and start a new life
• Cancer fears the positive attitude
• Give a high five to cancer’s face
• Never give up in front of a disease
• Believe in the cure and not in cancer
• Force cancer to leave your body and die
• Have the kind of hope that kills cancer
• We pray for a world with more birthdays
• Make sure your cancer dies, and not you
• If you get into it, make sure you win it
• Knock out cancer from your body and life
• Admire the survivors, inspire the others
• Find the cure, and it all starts with hope.
• Even if you have a short life, live it long
• It’s not the end; it’s the new beginning
• Relax; cancer is just a part of your journey
• Cancer is just a disease, and it can be cured
• They only lose their hair and not their hopes
• Sing your heart out; your cancer is listening
• The will power is capable of killing the tumor
• Let it come; just fight with all your strength
• Fight for yourself; fight for the ones who care
• Nothing can scare you if you have been to chemo
• Cancer is simply the take a look at your strength.
• If you are in it, you have the capability to win it
• Start feeding your faith, and it will help you fight
• If it keeps returning, I will be able to keep fighting.

Childhood Cancer Slogans

Childhood Cancer Slogans are cute, likable, and hopeful statements. These slogans target small age groups to save their life. If your company makes products or spreads relevant services, use it as a mission.

Childhood Cancer Slogans are effective slogans for marketers and doctors.

• Cancer is tough, but so am I.
• Rise above cancer, soar with hope.
• Defying the odds, defeating cancer.
• Fighting cancer, one day at a time.
• Cancer is a battle I refuse to lose.
• Cancer is just a word, not my destiny.
• I am a warrior, cancer is my conquest.
• Cancer may be tough, but I’m tougher!
• Together we fight, cancer has no chance.
• No cancer can extinguish the fire within.
• Courage: the antidote to cancer’s fear.
• United we stand, against cancer we fight.
• Cancer may try, but it won’t steal my joy.
• Harnessing strength, defying cancer’s grasp.
• Unbreakable spirit, unstoppable against cancer.
• Cancer may be a storm, but I’m the lightning.
• In the face of cancer, I find my inner warrior.
• Cancer may slow me down, but it won’t stop me.
• Every day is a victory against cancer’s might.
• Together we stand, a united front against cancer.
• With each battle fought, cancer’s grip loosens.
• Cancer is just a detour on my journey to triumph.
• Choosing to live, cancer can’t steal my dreams.
• Hope fuels my fight, cancer is in for a surprise.
• With love and support, we conquer cancer together.
• I am more than cancer; I am a survivor, a thriver.
• Hope is my weapon, cancer doesn’t stand a chance.
• From darkness to light, cancer cannot dim my fight.
• With determination as my guide, cancer steps aside.
• Defying the odds, rewriting my story beyond cancer.
• Cancer may change my life, but it won’t define me.
• Choosing hope over fear, fighting cancer with cheer.
• Turning pain into purpose, cancer won’t define me.
• With hope as my compass, cancer’s path is diverted.
• I’m writing my own story, cancer is just a chapter.
• I am not alone; millions stand strong against cancer.
• Resilience is my superpower, cancer can’t overpower.
• Embracing life’s beauty, defying cancer’s cruelty.
• Fueled by determination, cancer’s days are numbered.
• With love as my shield, cancer’s arrows fall astray.
• Together we rise, breaking through cancer’s barriers.

Cancer Prevention Slogans

 Cancer Prevention Slogans are printed on different products to share the purpose and create awareness. This business does marketing and shapes a good image in the community.

• Cancer Can’t Define Me
• Not Today, Not Ever
• Cancer Aware, Cancer Strong
• Embracing Life Beyond Cancer
• United We Stand Against Cancer
• Inspiring Hope, Defying Cancer
• In This Fight, We Stand as One
• Raising Voices, Finding a Cure
• Chasing Dreams, Defying Cancer
• Cancer Can’t Break Our Spirit
• Standing Strong, Beating Cancer
• Cancer Can’t Silence Our Hope
• Inspiring Others, Defying Cancer
• Raising Awareness, Inspiring Hope
• Love, Hope, and a Cure for Cancer
• Fighting Cancer, One Day at a Time
• Overcoming the Odds: Cancer Victors
• Finding Hope in the Midst of Cancer
• Living with Purpose, Beating Cancer
• I Won’t Back Down: Cancer Survivor
• Warriors Never Quit: Fighting Cancer
• Unleashing Courage, Defeating Cancer
• Conquering Cancer, One Day at a Time
• Hope is My Anchor: Conquering Cancer
• Survivor by Choice, Warrior by Heart
• Every Day is a Victory against Cancer
• Conquering Cancer, One Battle at a Time
• Unleashing Resilience, Overcoming Cancer
• Rays of Hope in the Fight against Cancer
• Lighting the Path to a Cancer-Free Future
• Turning Scars into Stars: Cancer Survivors
• Warriors Never Stand Alone: Fighting Cancer
• Cancer May Bend Us, but It Won’t Break Us
• Cancer Fighters: Unbreakable and Unstoppable
• Never Alone, Always Strong: Cancer Community
• Strength, Courage, and Hope: Cancer Warriors
• Together We Can Create a World without Cancer
• Faith, Strength, and Healing: Cancer Warriors

Beat Cancer Slogans

You will find many cancer slogans on Google, but I have listed the best 20+ slogans. Describe your mission clearly to the target audience in less time. These catchy lines educate local people about the causes of cancer.

Beat Cancer Slogans of competitors by using catchy ones.

• Make cancer history.
• Choose life, beat cancer.
• Fight cancer, save lives.
• Don’t wait, eradicate cancer.
• Believe in a cancer-free future.
• Cancer: We’re in it to end it.
• Defying the odds, defying cancer.
• Cancer: Unite to ignite the cure.
• Be bold, be brave, be cancer-free.
• Empower. Educate. Eradicate cancer.
• Cancer is tough, but we are tougher.
• Join the fight, unite against cancer.
• Be the change, be the cure for cancer.
• Be aware, show you care, fight cancer.
• Stand up to cancer, one step at a time.
• Break the chains, break through cancer.
• Rally for a cure, rally against cancer.
• Fuel the fight, find a cure for cancer.
• Ignite hope, extinguish cancer’s grip.
• Cancer won’t win, our resilience will.
• Hope, strength, and a cancer-free future.
• Empower yourself, protect against cancer.
• Cancer is a chapter, not the whole story.
• Join the movement, raise cancer awareness.
• Together we can change the face of cancer.
• Illuminate the path to a cancer-free world.
• Be the light in someone’s cancer journey.
• Never give up, inspire hope against cancer.
• Kick cancer to the curb, reclaim your life.
• Strength in unity, cancer will not prevail.
• Hope shines brightest in the face of cancer.
• Believe in the power of a cancer-free future.
• Take action, make cancer a thing of the past.
• Love, hope, cure: Supporting cancer research.
• Ignite the spark, extinguish cancer’s flame.
• Cancer awareness: Educate, empower, eradicate.
• Awareness is key, early detection saves lives.
• Cancer awareness: Share knowledge, spread hope.
• Cancer: Stand tall, stand strong, stand united.
• Unlock the cure, unlock a cancer-free tomorrow.
• Early detection saves lives, get screened today.
• Cancer warriors: Our strength lies in our unity.
• Inspire hope, spark a revolution against cancer.
• Cancer won’t define us, our determination will.
• Cancer fighters: Warriors in the battle for life.
• Cancer knows no borders, let compassion unite us.

Cancer Slogans For Fundraising

Cancer Slogans For Fundraising plays a vital in helping needy people. Shows the kind attitude of communities and agencies by standing with cancer patients. These encouraging phrases unite people’s emotions to eliminate cancer.

Collect funds from societies and colleges by posting these phrases online.

• Ignite hope, extinguish cancer.
• Spreading hope, erasing cancer.
• Raising awareness, saving lives.
• Standing strong, fighting cancer.
• Beating cancer one step at a time.
• Empowering the fight against cancer.
• Cancer awareness: the path to a cure.
• Unite against cancer, ignite the hope.
• Unite against cancer, ignite the cure.
• Stand up, fight on, cancer can be gone.
• Never give up, cancer can’t define us.
• Rise above, cancer can’t hold us down.
• A world united, cancer’s grip divided.
• Every voice counts, every action matters.
• Together we rise, cancer we’ll surmise.
• Championing life, cancer’s end in sight.
• Together we fight, cancer loses its might.
• Defying the odds, beating cancer’s path.
• United we stand, cancer won’t withstand.
• Empowering communities, eradicating cancer.
• A world without cancer is within our reach.
• Turning the tide, cancer’s grip subsides.
• Cancer doesn’t stand a chance against us.
• Inspire, empower, fight back against cancer.
• Beating the odds, cancer no longer applauds.
• Strength in numbers, a world without cancer.
• Taking a stand, hand in hand against cancer.
• Courage knows no bounds, cancer can be found.
• Together we can turn the tide against cancer.
• Strength in numbers, cancer we’ll encumber.
• Unite, fight, cure – cancer can’t endure.
• Cancer doesn’t define us, our strength does.
• Together we fight, together we conquer cancer.
• Warriors against cancer, we won’t back down.
• Rallying for a cure, cancer’s days are fewer.
• Shine a light on cancer, let’s end the night.
• Battling cancer, fueled by love and resilience.
• Join the fight, spread the light against cancer.
• Hope in every heartbeat, defeat cancer’s heat.
• Strength in unity, defeating cancer’s cruelty.

Cancer Support Slogans

Cancer Support Slogans ignite hope to free the future from cancers. Post this slogan on social media accounts to share patients’ concerns. These understandings sentences are relatable for patients.

Share and support your family members and friends with motivational lines.

• Spread love, not cancer.
• Hope begins with awareness.
• Stand strong, fight cancer!
• Choose hope, defeat cancer.
• Join the fight, ignite hope.
• Embrace life, defeat cancer.
• Join hands, eradicate cancer.
• Unite for a cancer-free future.
• Together, we can conquer cancer!
• Inspire, empower, conquer cancer.
• Breaking barriers, curing cancer.
• Empowering lives, fighting cancer.
• Stand up, speak out, fight cancer.
• Empower, educate, eradicate cancer.
• Shine a light on cancer, ignite hope.
• Together we heal, together we thrive.
• Dare to dream of a cancer-free world.
• One voice, one mission: ending cancer.
• Be a warrior, support cancer research.
• Choose life, choose cancer prevention.
• Don’t just fight cancer, conquer it!
• Every day is a chance to fight cancer.
• Cancer: Uniting hearts, igniting hope.
• Rays of hope, banish cancer’s shadow.
• Strength in unity, triumph over cancer.
• Stand strong, cancer won’t define us.
• Never give up, never give in to cancer.
• Hope blooms in the fight against cancer.
• United we stand against cancer’s grip.
• Together we can shine a light on cancer.
• Cancer may be tough, but we are tougher.
• Together we stand, divided cancer falls.
• Unite against cancer, one step at a time.
• Fuel the fight, ignite a cure for cancer.
• Early detection saves lives, get screened.
• Cancer warriors, we’re in this together.
• Together, we can rewrite cancer’s story.
• From diagnosis to victory, we stand as one.
• Cancer: our battle, our strength, our hope.
• Be a voice of hope, spread cancer awareness.
• Cancer won’t define us, our strength will.
• Together we rise, against cancer’s demise.
• Strength, courage, and a cancer-free future.
• Cancer won’t break us; we’re unbreakable.
• From awareness to action, let’s beat cancer.
• Fight for a cure, cancer awareness is the key.

Cancer Survivor Slogans

Use cancer survivor slogans to define the heroes who fight cancer and live their best lives. This slogan should be posted in hospitals and used in

• Got A Cure?
• Hope Matters.
• Cancer Sucks.
• Finish The Fight!
• Strike Out Cancer!
• Kiss Cancer Goodbye!
• One World. One Hope.
• Cancer: Just Beat It!
• Research Kills Cancer.
• Find A Cure. Find Hope.
• I Didn’t Fight Alone.
• Fight Cancer With Hope!
• Cancer Fears The Walker.
• We’re In It To Win It.
• Fight For What Is Right!
• Excelsior Service Company
• It Came. We Fought. I Won.
• Christian Cleaning Company.
• Awareness is the First Step.
• Never, Never, Never Give Up!
• Keep Calm and Keep Fighting.
• Together We Will Beat Cancer.
• The Defender: Let’s Do This.
• Cancer, A Word Not A Sentence.
• Fight The Fight, Find The Cure!
• Cancer, We’re Coming For You.
• Cancer’s Not A Bumper Sticker.
• Cancer Is A Word, Not A Sentence!
• Fight Like There’s No Tomorrow.
• Cancer Messed with the Wrong Girl.
• Cancer Survived Is A Life Revived.
• Real Men Wear Pink…For The Cure!
• Silence Is Cancer’s Best Friend!
• Finding The Cure Starts With Hope.
• Empowering Lives, Defeating Cancer.
• Join The Fight, One Step At A Time!
• Unite for the Fight Against Cancer.
• Cancer We Will Not Bow Down to You.
• Bridging Hearts, Eradicating Cancer.
• Cancer Igniting Hope, Igniting Life.
• Cancer Ills Often Form Strong Wills!
• Imagine a World With More Birthdays.
• Shattering Limits, Conquering Cancer.
• Rise Above Cancer Embrace the Journey.
• Time To Thrive – My Cancer Must Die!

Frequently Asked Questions About Cancer Day Slogans

What are some slogans on cancer awareness day.

Here is the list of slogans on Cancer Awareness Day.

• Fight with cancer happily
• A spirit to give you life
• Committed for your health
• Miracles are present here
• we never break your hope
• We feel happy to serve you
• Stand for cancer awareness
• Our mission is your health
• never lose hope for living
• the best treatment for you
• Your life is in good hands
• Fight cancer with awareness

What is the slogan of Cancer Day?

Here is the List of slogans for Cancer Day.

• Cancer. Not Here, Not There, Not Anywhere.
• You Have Cancer, Cancer Does Not Have You!
• Illuminate Hope, Banish Cancer’s Shadow.
• Cancer The Enemy Within, but Hope Prevails.
• Together We Stand, Defying Cancer’s Hand.
• Once You Choose Hope, Anything’s Possible!
• Don’t Count the Days. Make the Days Count.
• Cancer Doesn’t Define Us; We Define Cancer.
• Cancer Cannot Silence the Song in Our Hearts.
• Cancer Today’s Battle, Tomorrow’s Victory.
• A Friend Is The Medicine For All The Diseases!
• Cancer May Bend Us, but It Will Never Break Us.
• Every Step Counts Join the Race Against Cancer.

How to Fight Cancer slogans?

Here is the List of Fight Cancer Slogans

• Join the fight, be cancer’s kryptonite.
• Fighting cancer, one heartbeat at a time.
• Unite for the fight against cancer, no one fights alone.
• Cancer awareness: Lighting the path to a brighter future.
• Championing the fight against cancer, one step at a time.
• Every step counts, every donation matters against cancer.
• Hope is contagious: Spread it in the fight against cancer.
• Light the way, eradicate cancer’s sway.

Further Reading

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Catchy Anti Alcohol Slogans and Sayings

Catchy Anti Smoking Slogans and Sayings

Catchy Red Ribbon Week Slogans & Sayings

My passion for writing comes more from reading and writing as a hobby. I am that person who loves to spend time buried in books and research. Enjoy every piece of content you see here as i am here to entertain you with creative words.

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Francis Collins: Why I’m going public with my prostate cancer diagnosis

I served medical research. now it’s serving me. and i don’t want to waste time..

Over my 40 years as a physician-scientist, I’ve had the privilege of advising many patients facing serious medical diagnoses. I’ve seen them go through the excruciating experience of waiting for the results of a critical blood test, biopsy or scan that could dramatically affect their future hopes and dreams.

But this time, I was the one lying in the PET scanner as it searched for possible evidence of spread of my aggressive prostate cancer . I spent those 30 minutes in quiet prayer. If that cancer had already spread to my lymph nodes, bones, lungs or brain, it could still be treated — but it would no longer be curable.

Why am I going public about this cancer that many men are uncomfortable talking about? Because I want to lift the veil and share lifesaving information, and I want all men to benefit from the medical research to which I’ve devoted my career and that is now guiding my care.

Five years before that fateful PET scan, my doctor had noted a slow rise in my PSA, the blood test for prostate-specific antigen. To contribute to knowledge and receive expert care, I enrolled in a clinical trial at the National Institutes of Health, the agency I led from 2009 through late 2021.

At first, there wasn’t much to worry about — targeted biopsies identified a slow-growing grade of prostate cancer that doesn’t require treatment and can be tracked via regular checkups, referred to as “active surveillance.” This initial diagnosis was not particularly surprising. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the United States, and about 40 percent of men over age 65 — I’m 73 — have low-grade prostate cancer . Many of them never know it, and very few of them develop advanced disease.

Why am I going public about this cancer that many men are uncomfortable talking about? Because I want to lift the veil and share lifesaving information.

But in my case, things took a turn about a month ago when my PSA rose sharply to 22 — normal at my age is less than 5. An MRI scan showed that the tumor had significantly enlarged and might have even breached the capsule that surrounds the prostate, posing a significant risk that the cancer cells might have spread to other parts of the body.

New biopsies taken from the mass showed transformation into a much more aggressive cancer. When I heard the diagnosis was now a 9 on a cancer-grading scale that goes only to 10, I knew that everything had changed.

Thus, that PET scan, which was ordered to determine if the cancer had spread beyond the prostate, carried high significance. Would a cure still be possible, or would it be time to get my affairs in order? A few hours later, when my doctors showed me the scan results, I felt a rush of profound relief and gratitude. There was no detectable evidence of cancer outside of the primary tumor.

Later this month, I will undergo a radical prostatectomy — a procedure that will remove my entire prostate gland. This will be part of the same NIH research protocol — I want as much information as possible to be learned from my case, to help others in the future.

While there are no guarantees, my doctors believe I have a high likelihood of being cured by the surgery.

My situation is far better than my father’s when he was diagnosed with prostate cancer four decades ago. He was about the same age that I am now, but it wasn’t possible back then to assess how advanced the cancer might be. He was treated with a hormonal therapy that might not have been necessary and had a significant negative impact on his quality of life.

Because of research supported by NIH, along with highly effective collaborations with the private sector, prostate cancer can now be treated with individualized precision and improved outcomes.

As in my case, high-resolution MRI scans can now be used to delineate the precise location of a tumor. When combined with real-time ultrasound, this allows pinpoint targeting of the prostate biopsies. My surgeon will be assisted by a sophisticated robot named for Leonardo da Vinci that employs a less invasive surgical approach than previous techniques, requiring just a few small incisions.

Advances in clinical treatments have been informed by large-scale, rigorously designed trials that have assessed the risks and benefits and were possible because of the willingness of cancer patients to enroll in such trials.

I feel compelled to tell this story openly. I hope it helps someone. I don’t want to waste time.

If my cancer recurs, the DNA analysis that has been carried out on my tumor will guide the precise choice of therapies. As a researcher who had the privilege of leading the Human Genome Project , it is truly gratifying to see how these advances in genomics have transformed the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

I want all men to have the same opportunity that I did. Prostate cancer is still the No. 2 cancer killer among men. I want the goals of the Cancer Moonshot to be met — to end cancer as we know it. Early detection really matters, and when combined with active surveillance can identify the risky cancers like mine, and leave the rest alone. The five-year relative survival rate for prostate cancer is 97 percent, according to the American Cancer Society , but it’s only 34 percent if the cancer has spread to distant areas of the body.

But lack of information and confusion about the best approach to prostate cancer screening have impeded progress. Currently, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that all men age 55 to 69 discuss PSA screening with their primary-care physician, but it recommends against starting PSA screening after age 70.

Other groups, like the American Urological Association , suggest that screening should start earlier, especially for men with a family history — like me — and for African American men, who have a higher risk of prostate cancer. But these recommendations are not consistently being followed.

Our health-care system is afflicted with health inequities. For example, the image-guided biopsies are not available everywhere and to everyone. Finally, many men are fearful of the surgical approach to prostate cancer because of the risk of incontinence and impotence, but advances in surgical techniques have made those outcomes considerably less troublesome than in the past. Similarly, the alternative therapeutic approaches of radiation and hormonal therapy have seen significant advances.

A little over a year ago, while I was praying for a dying friend, I had the experience of receiving a clear and unmistakable message. This has almost never happened to me. It was just this: “Don’t waste your time, you may not have much left.” Gulp.

Having now received a diagnosis of aggressive prostate cancer and feeling grateful for all the ways I have benefited from research advances, I feel compelled to tell this story openly. I hope it helps someone. I don’t want to waste time.

Francis S. Collins served as director of the National Institutes of Health from 2009 to 2021 and as director of the National Human Genome Research Institute at NIH from 1993 to 2008. He is a physician-geneticist and leads a White House initiative to eliminate hepatitis C in the United States, while also continuing to pursue his research interests as a distinguished NIH investigator.

An earlier version of this article said prostate cancer is the No. 2 killer of men. It is the No. 2 cause of cancer death among men. The article has been updated.

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• FDA Oncology Center of Excellence Presents: Conversations on Cancer: Strength in Numbers, Increasing Cancer Awareness while Decreasing Disparities - 04/23/2024

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Event Title FDA Oncology Center of Excellence Presents: Conversations on Cancer: Strength in Numbers, Increasing Cancer Awareness while Decreasing Disparities April 23, 2024

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Oncology Center of Excellence

Twitter: #ConversationsOnCancer   Sponsored by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA)

Registration required to attend:   https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/GMRWVWM

Background:

April is National Minority Health Month created to reduce health disparities and raise awareness about improving the health of racial and ethnic minority communities. In March 2023, the White House also proclaimed April as National Cancer Control Month to encourage greater cancer prevention and early detection.  In appreciation of both, FDA/OCE’s Conversation on Cancer series is featuring voices of diverse cancer advocacy groups to lead this month’s public panel discussion entitled, “Strength in Numbers, Increasing Cancer Awareness While Decreasing Disparities”.

Cancer has touched nearly every American family, and it remains the second leading cause of death in the United States after heart disease. Cancer claims the lives of over 600,000 Americans a year.  Given that more than a third of all cancer cases are preventable, reducing people’s exposure to risk factors is important.  OCE supports community-based cancer reduction and prevention and efforts to enroll a diverse clinical trial population.  Many minority-supported cancer advocacy groups are working year-round encouraging cancer screenings, educating patients and families facilitating trial participation and providing patient navigation support. This installment of Conversations on Cancer is dedicated to them.

During the 90-minute public discussion the cancer advocacy groups will specifically outline: 

• Enhancing community-based access to cancer clinical trial participation.
• Reducing barriers to cancer screening for people living in minority and/or rural communities. 
• Educating people living in under-served communities about patient navigation access and peer support opportunities.  

Webcast Information:  

A free-of-charge webcast of this public panel discussion will be provided. Registration for the webcast is required at the link above.

FDA plans to post archived webcast of this Conversations on Cancer program at: https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/project-community/conversations-cancer

For any inquiries regarding this program, please send an email to: [email protected]

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Medical Treatments

Why former nih director francis collins went public with his cancer diagnosis.

NPR's Scott Detrow spoke with the former director of the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Francis Collins, about his recent prostate cancer diagnosis.

SCOTT DETROW, HOST:

Throughout the coronavirus pandemic, we heard from a lot of people on this show, people who helped us try to understand what was going on and how to keep ourselves safe and how to get through a really challenging time. One of those people was Dr. Francis Collins. At the time, he was the director of the National Institutes of Health. Well, we learned on Friday that Dr. Collins is going through his own health crisis right now. He's been diagnosed with an aggressive form of prostate cancer, and he wrote all about it in an article published at The Washington Post. Dr. Collins, welcome back to ALL THINGS CONSIDERED.

FRANCIS COLLINS: Thanks, Scott. Nice to be with you.

DETROW: I just want to start off - I was really sorry to hear about this diagnosis. How are you doing?

COLLINS: I'm doing OK. Not exactly what I would have hoped to be experiencing right now, but I'm feeling pretty fortunate that, thanks to a lot of surveillance and early detection, I'm in a good position with the surgery that's now coming up soon to expect that this cancer can be cured. And that is a lot different than if I hadn't had all of this attention to make sure that we were watching this closely.

DETROW: What was your first response to the news that not only did you have cancer, but a pretty serious form of it?

COLLINS: It's one of those moments that I guess we all have once in a while, where the words come at you and you realize my life is now different than it was five seconds ago.

DETROW: Yeah.

COLLINS: When they said that this cancer - having been previously a very slow-growing, not-much-to-see-here kind of version - now in the latest biopsies had switched into high gear, something called a Gleason 9 - and it only goes to 10 on that scale - I knew that it was going to be time for action - serious action, and everything that I had maybe planned for the coming weeks, months and years was going to be affected.

DETROW: You mentioned a surgery. Can you tell us about how you're treating this?

COLLINS: So because the cancer does seem to be completely still contained within the prostate, after much searching to be sure of that, then the best way to avoid a downstream outcome, which I really would like to avoid - where the cancer spreads elsewhere, like to bones or to lymph nodes or to liver, lungs or brain - is to actually get the prostate removed. If you want to use an analogy, if the horse is the cancer and the barn is the prostate, we're not just going to get rid of the horse, we're going to get rid of the barn, too, because...

COLLINS: ...We're just not quite sure how big that horse is. So the surgery is what's called a radical prostatectomy. It's done using a robot as well as a surgeon to try to limit the amount of recovery time, but also to be very precise in terms of how one does this, trying not to injure the other structures nearby, like the nerves and the vessels that can be kind of important.

DETROW: Are you worried about the treatment at all? I mean, this is to be blunt, surgery in a pretty intimate part of your body. And I think more broadly with cancer, a lot of people worry about the treatment. How - my dad's around your age. He's battling cancer right now. The treatment's working, but I see how much it takes out of him.

COLLINS: No, Scott, you're quite right, and I am worried about that. The surgery has gotten a lot better, but there's still plenty of opportunities for some men, and maybe that will be me, to end up with incontinence or with impotence because this is, as you say, a rather sensitive part of the male anatomy. And as hard as the surgeons try to try to take out the prostate and the cancer, there's a lot of other things nearby that can be temporarily or sometimes even permanently affected. And one has to have a realistic expectation walking into this that that could happen.

DETROW: Yeah. What are you hoping to gain by being so public about your diagnosis?

COLLINS: You know, maybe it feels like it would be a good thing to have more of a discussion about two things. One is doing this kind of regular early detection for cancers of all sorts - not just prostate cancer, but breast cancer, colon cancer. We fell way behind on a lot of those screens during COVID, for obvious reasons. People just weren't able to necessarily go in and have them done. We need to kick back in there because this is how you detect cancer early and save lives from lots of different areas of the body. So that was one reason.

The other is prostate cancer is particularly one of those that makes men uncomfortable, and I get that. And talking about it openly has not always been easy. And we need to get over that. And particularly men who have reached the point of age 50 or so, really need to think about what they can do to take care of themselves with the kind of screening that I had. I honestly think if I hadn't been in this circumstance of detecting something five years ago that said, ooh, there's something happening, following it closely with what we call active surveillance, and then discovering rather quickly the cancer had taken a bad turn, I probably wouldn't have known about this for several more years, at which point it might have presented by metastatic disease, which could not then be cured. So there's a message here. This kind of surveillance - even though a lot of people put it off, this can be lifesaving. And if there's some little part of my story that gets somebody interested in doing that for themselves, then it's worth being out there in the public.

DETROW: I imagine you've had health problems before over the course of your life, but probably nothing this serious. I'm wondering, being in this position, being on the other side of the conversation with a medical professional, have you learned something about medicine that maybe you didn't realize when you were the expert, when you were the person walking somebody through their options, as opposed to being the person listening to what your options are?

COLLINS: Oh yeah. It's one thing to be imagining what somebody is experiencing as you're giving them news that might be really serious and maybe even life-threatening. It's another to be the person in that spot. As many times as I have thought about what that feels like to be given a diagnosis of cancer, it's just a little different when it is coming at you. And I realize I had some of those same difficulties at first about being able to absorb this and listen carefully and get my head around exactly what was being said and what the consequences would be. So yeah, I think I will - when I next have the chance to be involved in this kind of circumstance as a physician, I'll have a different perspective.

DETROW: You know, you mentioned a couple times in the article where you talked about this news - you mentioned gratitude. Can you tell me what exactly you're grateful for?

COLLINS: I'm grateful that I had the opportunity to take part in this kind of early detection, which should be now available to everybody but hasn't broadly been accomplished in a lot of instances. And we have health inequities in our country that contribute to that. Without that access, I would not be in the place of being able to anticipate that this disease can be cured. I'm grateful to have the expertise of people at the NIH. I'm part of a clinical trial there, and therefore I'm hoping that whatever is learned about me can be widely shared and can teach people about other ways to deal with this disease.

I'm grateful with all the people that are around me who have been so supportive. Scott, I can't tell you that when this came out publicly, I just had this deluge of information and outreach from people, some of whom I haven't been around for a while, people who I have had wonderful, friendly relationships with. But just in the last day or so, all of these people that I considered friends have somehow crossed a line in being very comfortable saying, Francis, I love you. The word love has just come forward in a dramatically positive way. Maybe that's what it takes - is for something like this to get people to say the word. That's pretty touching. That's pretty amazing. I have...

DETROW: Well...

COLLINS: (Laughter) My heart is full of gratitude for that.

DETROW: That's a nice feeling. But let me actually - let me ask about that because, at the same time, I know that it's also a widespread feeling of when you hear that somebody, you know, has gotten a really serious diagnosis or something has really taken a bad turn with their health, sometimes people feel like, gosh, I don't even know what to say. I want to reach out, but I don't know what to say. You're being reached out to right now. What would you tell people who kind of wrestle with that?

COLLINS: Oh, I think what some of the people are reaching out to me with is a great example - to say, you know, I'm really supportive of you. I know you're going through a tough time. I just want you to know I love you. That was just astounding. That's a whole lot better than my thoughts and prayers are with you, which was sort of the old way of saying it. These are very genuine statements of affection that I have very much cherished.

DETROW: Speaking of praying, though, I did want to ask about how you ended your essay. I'm going to read a quote from the end of it. You write...

(Reading) A little over a year ago, when I was praying for a dying friend, I had the experience of receiving a clear and unmistakable message. This has almost never happened to me. It was just this - don't waste your time. You may not have much left.

You are getting treated. You are moving forward. You feel like you have a clear path to beat this cancer, to keep going. But tell me how you're thinking about that sentiment now, what you want to do with the time you've got left.

COLLINS: Well, getting a cancer diagnosis does focus your mind on that a bit, doesn't it?

COLLINS: I am a person of faith, and even before this diagnosis, I had that particular revelation that you just read about that I don't know - quite know how to interpret. And in fact, of course, that's true of all of us. We don't know how much time we have left, and we shouldn't be wasting that time. But it feels more acutely true right now that if there are things I am doing that are not necessarily contributing much to bettering the people around me or the world, maybe those things ought to be deprioritized. And I had to really think about, how do I want to focus my time on giving the most I can to my family, to my friends, to my profession, to my faith, so that I won't look back and say, oh, I really kind of wasted that? That feels like a moment to pay attention to, especially when you have a significant cancer that's just landed in the middle of your life course.

DETROW: Yeah. That's Dr. Francis Collins. He was the director of the National Institutes of Health from 2009 to 2021. Thanks for talking to us, and we'll be thinking about you as you go through with this.

COLLINS: Well, thanks a lot, Scott. It's a pleasure to talk with you today.

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Abstract:In recent years, the cell membrane bionic nanoparticles as a new drug delivery system is widely used in small molecule drugs, vaccines and targeted delivery of macromolecular drugs, because of its inherited the specific receptors on the cell membrane and membrane proteins can be used to implement specific targeted delivery, and the tumor showed a good treatment effect on the disease such as model, this topic with a huge bite cell membrane of the role of tumor capture, chemical modification, […]

Essays About Breast Cancer Breast Cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and is a disease by which the cells in the breast area grow out of control. Breast cancer tends to begin in the ducts or lobules of a breast and there are different types of cancer. In the US alone 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer at some stage in their lives. In many academic fields; from science to medicine the study of breast cancer and essays about breast cancer are required as part of the curriculum. An essay on breast cancer can seem daunting due to the amount of research and several varying scientific approaches used to talk about the topic. We offer essay examples, or research paper guidance and free essay samples.  These can be used to gauge how to approach the topic and are an informative look at all factors that contribute to breast cancer and prevention. We also factor breast cancer awareness into our essay samples and ensure essays for both university and college build a strong foundation to understanding the disease, but also draw criticism when necessary and a strong conclusion on whatever element of breast cancer the focus of the essay is on.

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For Caleb Carr, Salvation Arrived on Little Cat’s Feet

As he struggled with writing and illness, the “Alienist” author found comfort in the feline companions he recalls in a new memoir, “My Beloved Monster.”

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By Alexandra Jacobs

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MY BELOVED MONSTER: Masha, the Half-Wild Rescue Cat Who Rescued Me, by Caleb Carr

J. Alfred Prufrock measured his life out in coffee spoons . Caleb Carr has done so in cats.

Carr is best known for his 1994 best-selling novel “ The Alienist ,” about the search for a serial killer of boy prostitutes, and his work as a military historian. You have to prod the old brain folds a little more to remember that he is the middle son of Lucien Carr , the Beat Generation figure convicted of manslaughter as a 19-year-old Columbia student after stabbing his infatuated former Boy Scout leader and rolling the body into the Hudson.

This crime is only fleetingly alluded to in “My Beloved Monster,” which tracks Carr’s intimate relationship with a blond Siberian feline he names Masha — but his father haunts the book, as fathers will, more sinisterly than most.

After a short prison term, Lucien went on to become a respectable longtime editor for United Press International. He was a drunk — no surprise there, with famous dissolute-author pals like Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg hanging around the house. But that he regularly beat Caleb and threw him down flights of stairs, causing not just psychological but physical injuries that persist into adult life, adds further dark shadings to this particular chapter of literary history.

In a boyhood marred by abuse, neglect and the upheaval of his parents’ divorce, cats were there to comfort and commune with Caleb. Indeed, he long believed he was one in a previous life, “ imperfectly or incompletely reincarnated ” as human, he writes.

Before you summon Shirley MacLaine to convene 2024’s weirdest author panel, consider the new ground “My Beloved Monster” breaks just by existing. Even leaving aside the countless novels about them, dogs have long been thought valid subjects for book-length treatment, from Virginia Woolf’s “ Flush ,” about Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s cocker spaniel, to John Grogan’s “ Marley and Me .” Meow-moirs are thinner on the ground.

It’s taken a younger generation of feminists, and probably the boredom and anxiety of quarantine, to destigmatize (and in some cases monetize ) being owned by a cat. Male cat fanciers, however, have long been stereotyped as epicene or eccentric, though their number has included such national pillars of machismo as Ernest Hemingway and Marlon Brando . When one male lawyer accidentally showed up to a civil forfeiture hearing behind a kitten filter on Zoom in 2021, America went wild with the incongruity.

Carr, though he’s a big one for research, doesn’t waste much time, as I just have, throat-clearing about cats’ perch in the culture. He’s suffered from one painful illness after another — neuropathy, pancreatitis, peritonitis, Covid or something Covid-like, cancer; and endured multiple treatments and surgeries, some “botched” — and his writing has the forthrightness and gravity of someone who wants to maximize his remaining time on Earth.

He capitalizes not only Earth, but the Sun, the Moon and the roles played by various important anonymous humans in his life, which gives his story a sometimes ponderous mythic tone: there’s the Mentor, the Lady Vet (a homage to Preston Sturges’ “The Lady Eve”; Carr is a classic movie buff), the Spinal Guru and so forth.

Names are reserved for a succession of cats, who have seemingly been as important to Carr as lovers or human friends, if not more so. (At least one ex felt shortchanged by comparison.) Masha is his spirit animal, a feminine counterpart better than any you could find in the old New York Review of Books personals . She eats, he notes admiringly, “like a barbarian queen”; she enjoys the music of Mahler, Sibelius, Rachmaninoff and Wagner (“nothing — and I’ll include catnip in this statement,” he writes, “made her as visibly overjoyed as the Prelude from ‘Das Rheingold’”); she has a really great set of whiskers.

Before Masha there was Suki, blond as well, but a bewitching emerald-eyed shorthair who chomped delicately around rodents’ organs and disappeared one night. Suki was preceded by Echo, a part-Abyssinian with an adorable-sounding penchant for sticking his head in Carr’s shirtfront pocket. Echo was preceded by Chimene, a tabby-splotched white tomcat the adolescent Caleb nurses miraculously through distemper. Chimene was preceded by Ching-ling, whose third litter of kittens suffer a deeply upsetting fate. And before Ching-ling there was Zorro, a white-socked “superlative mouser” who once stole an entire roast chicken from the top of the Carr family’s refrigerator.

To put it mildly, “My Beloved Monster” is no Fancy Feast commercial. All of the cats in it, city and country — Carr has lived in both, though the action is centered at his house on a foothill of Misery Mountain in Rensselaer County, N.Y— are semi-feral creatures themselves at constant risk of gruesome predation. Masha, rescued from a shelter, had also been likely abused, at the very least abandoned in a locked apartment, and Carr is immediately, keenly attuned to her need for wandering free.

This, of course, will put her at risk. The tension between keeping her safe and allowing her to roam, out there with bears, coyotes and fearsome-sounding creatures called fisher weasels, is the central vein of “My Beloved Monster,” and the foreboding is as thick as her triple-layered fur coat. More so when you learn Carr keeps a hunting rifle by one of his easy chairs.

But the book is also about Carr’s devotion to a line of work he likens to “professional gambling.” Despite his best sellers, Hollywood commissions and conscious decision not to have children to stop the “cycle of abuse,” Carr has faced money troubles. The I.R.S. comes to tape a placard to his door and he’s forced to sell vintage guitars to afford Masha’s medications, for she has begun in eerie parallel to develop ailments of her own.

“My Beloved Monster’ is a loving and lovely, lay-it-all-on-the-line explication of one man’s fierce attachment. If you love cats and feel slightly sheepish about it, it’s a sturdy defense weapon. If you hate them, well, there’s no hope for you.

MY BELOVED MONSTER : Masha, the Half-Wild Rescue Cat Who Rescued Me | By Caleb Carr | Little, Brown | 352 pp. | $32

Alexandra Jacobs is a Times book critic and occasional features writer. She joined The Times in 2010. More about Alexandra Jacobs

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Title: consisaug: a consistency-based augmentation for polyp detection in endoscopy image analysis.

Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC), which frequently originates from initially benign polyps, remains a significant contributor to global cancer-related mortality. Early and accurate detection of these polyps via colonoscopy is crucial for CRC prevention. However, traditional colonoscopy methods depend heavily on the operator's experience, leading to suboptimal polyp detection rates. Besides, the public database are limited in polyp size and shape diversity. To enhance the available data for polyp detection, we introduce Consisaug, an innovative and effective methodology to augment data that leverages deep learning. We utilize the constraint that when the image is flipped the class label should be equal and the bonding boxes should be consistent. We implement our Consisaug on five public polyp datasets and at three backbones, and the results show the effectiveness of our method.

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O.j. simpson dead at 76 after cancer battle.

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10:48 AM PT -- Kato Kaelin -- who was a key witness during the O.J. Simpson trial -- just posted a video responding to the news ... and he sends thoughts and prayers to O.J.'s children, as well as the families of the victims, including Nicole Brown Simpson .

He doesn't say much else about O.J. himself.

10:17 AM PT -- Gloria Allred , who repped Nicole Brown Simpson's family during the trial, tells TMZ ... "Simpson's death reminds us that the legal system even 30 years later is still failing battered women, and that the power of celebrity men to avoid true justice for the harm that they inflict on their wives or significant others is still a major obstacle to the right of women to be free of the gender violence to which they are still subjected."

She adds, "My heart goes out to the children of OJ Simpson and to the very brave family of Nicole Brown Simpson. The truth about OJ Simpson can never be erased and should never be forgotten. OJ Simpson is dead. May his victims finally rest in peace."

8:57 AM PT -- The Goldmans' attorney, David Cook , tells TMZ ... "O.J. died without penance," adding that while he may be gone -- his multi-million-dollar judgment is not ... and the Goldmans are interested in discerning what money/assets he may have left behind that they can collect.

Cook goes on to say they'll be exploring their options now that O.J. Simpson is dead, including figuring out whether he left behind a fund with his estate that they can pounce on.

8:36 AM PT -- Caitlyn Jenner , who used to be close friends with O.J., tells TMZ ... "Good riddance." She has since posted on X .

Good Riddance #OJSimpson — Caitlyn Jenner (@Caitlyn_Jenner) April 11, 2024 @Caitlyn_Jenner

8:20 AM PT -- Tom Lange -- one of the lead detectives who worked on the O.J. murder case -- tells TMZ ... "I have nothing to say, I simply don't care."

O.J. Simpson -- one of the most infamous high-profile Americans of all time -- is dead after a cancer battle.

On April 10th, our father, Orenthal James Simpson, succumbed to his battle with cancer. He was surrounded by his children and grandchildren. During this time of transition, his family asks that you please respect their wishes for privacy and grace. -The Simpson Family — O.J. Simpson (@TheRealOJ32) April 11, 2024 @TheRealOJ32

The former NFL great -- who stood trial for the double-murder of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend, Ron Goldman , in the '90s, only to be acquitted -- passed away Wednesday in Las Vegas ... this according to his family.

They say he was surrounded by his children and grandchildren when he died Wednesday night. Simpson's attorney also confirmed his death to TMZ.

O.J. had reportedly been battling prostate cancer in recent years, and his health took a turn for the worse of late -- with him landing in hospice care within the past few months.

Word about O.J.'s cancer diagnosis first made the rounds in February, when a local outlet reported it, although the details were hazy ... as was O.J.'s response to the news at the time, when he denied he was in hospice, but didn't address the cancer report.

Never before a game! pic.twitter.com/F0rFCwWQ3n — O.J. Simpson (@TheRealOJ32) May 30, 2023 @TheRealOJ32

Adding to the mystery was the fact O.J. actually touched on a cancer diagnosis in 2023 in a video he posted on X -- when he said he'd "caught" some form of cancer, but suggested he'd beaten it. In any case, the cancer came back and claimed his life about a year later.

O.J. had been looking frail in the lead-up to his passing ... including during an outing in January when he was spotted using a cane.

The last time O.J. posted was a video of himself talking about Super Bowl LVIII, where he said he was rooting for his former team the San Francisco 49ers. He seemed to be in good spirits then. He was seated in the clip and talking from the backyard of a home.

It goes without saying ... O.J.'s life was momentous for a variety of reasons -- lots of good and bad, especially in his later, post-football years. Before that though, he was a beloved all-American hero on the field -- a Heisman winner from USC, and a Buffalo Bills legend.

Even after football ... he was a bona fide A-lister in Hollywood, acting in tons of movies and TV shows ... and famously serving as the face and pitchman for Hertz for many, many years.

Of course ... all of that goodwill left in the 1990s, when he was accused of the heinous murders.

His death marks the end of a multi-decade saga of crime and intrigue surrounding O.J. -- which peaked after the brutal slayings of Nicole and Ron in 1994, and in the aftermath of what was dubbed the Trial of the Century ... when O.J. was prosecuted on national TV.

Even before he was apprehended by police for questioning in the immediate aftermath of the murders ... O.J. led cops on a low-speed chase in his Ford Bronco on L.A. freeways -- a moment that was nationally televised, and one of the most dramatic, shared experiences in modern American history.

Once he was caught, a case started to form with him as the prime suspect. Prosecutors eventually charged him -- alleging O.J. carried out the horrific stabbing deaths of Nicole and Ron at her Brentwood home on June 12, 1994.

O.J. hired a so-called dream team of defense lawyers -- led by the late Johnnie Cochran , who ran point, and helped pick apart the State's case.

A fundamental element Cochran latched onto during the trial was the fact LAPD detective Mark Fuhrman had made racist remarks in the past ... which O.J.'s defense team suggested could've led to him planting a bloody glove found at Simpson's home.

This also led to another pivotal point in the trial, when O.J.'s team requested he be allowed to try on the gloves in court for the jury, and they ended up not fitting him perfectly.

That prompted Cochran to eventually utter the famous line, during closing arguments -- namely, "If it doesn't fit, you must acquit." In the end, the jury bought that defense.

O.J. was acquitted of the murder charges -- to the shock of much of the nation. However, not too long after that ... he was sued by the Goldmans and the Browns in civil court for wrongful death ... and that case played out in Santa Monica, where a jury found him liable for the deaths of Nicole and Ron. He was ordered to pay tens of millions in damages.

Despite being dogged by the families for the money, O.J. mostly avoided paying the judgment ... and eventually fled Los Angeles and settled down in Las Vegas -- where other legal troubles started to find him ... including tax woes, and eventually ... another criminal case.

In 2007, he was accused of busting into a Vegas hotel room in an attempt to recover sports memorabilia that he believed had been stolen from him ... rolling up to confront the new owner with a bunch of goons in tow, armed with weapons too ... according to prosecutors.

He was eventually arrested, charged and prosecuted ... and ultimately convicted on all the charges. O.J. was then imprisoned for a long time -- until he was released on parole in 2017.

Once O.J. got out of prison ... he ended up settling down in Sin City -- where he lived a relatively private and peaceful life out of the public eye ... although, he was active on social media -- often posting to Twitter/X with opinions on sports, politics and other topics.

Of course, his reputation was completely destroyed by then -- partially because many believe he actually confessed to the '94 killings in a book and subsequent interview he did in the 2000s, touting it as "hypothetical" ... plus, everything else that had transpired over the years.

And yet ... he was still approached by lots of fans post-prison regardless, posing for pics often. He also still had the support of some of his family ... including his children.

O.J. was 76.

Originally Published -- 7:34 AM PT

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