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Introduction to referencing using Harvard

Welcome to the UCL guide to referencing with Harvard. This site contains guidance on how to reference a range of different types of source using (a form of) Harvard. Watch the video above for an overview of Harvard referencing, and some of the basic principles to follow when using Harvard.

Essentials for referencing with Harvard

Harvard referencing uses in-text citations, in an author-date format. This means that when citing a source in your work you will include:

• author(s) or editor(s) surname or family name.
• year of publication.
• page number(s) if needed.

For example:

There is a broadly accepted view of the secondary school Maths classroom as one in which the didactic method reigns: an expert/teacher communicates subject-specific information and a room of pupils ‘sit in rows passively absorbing knowledge’ (Wright, 2020, p. 735).  However this view is one that Wright challenges ...

The full reference to each source that you cite in your work should be included in a References section, at the end of the essay. This will list each source referenced, ordered alphabetically by author's surname. 

The information included will vary depending on the type of source, but will broadly include:

• Who has ‘made’ the item (the author, creator, compiler…)?
• What is it called?
• If part of a larger work, what is that called?
• Where was (is) it disseminated/published?
• Who is responsible for the dissemination/publishing?
• When was it disseminated/published?
• A direct quotation, or allusion, should always include the page number(s).

Common examples

An example of a reference for a book:

Ronson , J. (2012). The psychopath test: a journey through the madness industry. London: Picador.

An example of a reference for a journal article

Skelton, A. (2011). ‘Value conflicts in higher education teaching’, Teaching in Higher Education, 17(3), pp.257-268. doi : 10.1080/13562517.2011.611875.

A References list, that includes the three examples above, will look as follows:

References Ronson, J. (2012). The psychopath test: a journey through the madness industry . London: Picador. Skelton, A. (2011). ‘Value conflicts in higher education teaching’,  Teaching in Higher Education , 17(3), pp.257-268. doi: 10.1080/13562517.2011.611875. Wright, P. (2020). ‘Visible and socially-just pedagogy: implications for mathematics teacher education', Journal of Curriculum Studies , 52(6), pp.733-751. doi: 10.1080/00220272.2020.1790667.

Harvard Versions

This guide supports the UCL Library Services Harvard style, which has been developed for UCL staff and students. However, there are many variations of the Harvard style. Be sure to match the Harvard style that best suits the style recommended in your course handbook, and always ask your tutor which referencing style they want you to use in your academic work.

Referencing examples in this guide are based on the 9th Edition of Cite them right: the essential referencing guide by Pears and Shields (2013). Other examples in this guide have been adapted from online support produced by Sue Stevens and Alex Jubb at the University of Birmingham.

The content in this guide is available under a CC-BY-NC-SA License.

This guide will be reviewed and updated annually.

What do you think?

We review this guide regularly, please complete the short form to let us know your thoughts, and how this resource might be improved.

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• Last Updated: Feb 28, 2024 12:08 PM
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Open@UCL Blog

Doctoral theses in UCL’s repository

By Patrycja, on 25 October 2018

At UCL, candidates for research degrees are required to deposit an electronic copy of their final thesis in UCL’s Research Publications Service (RPS), to be made open access in UCL’s institutional repository, UCL Discovery . Students can choose to restric public access to their thesis, for a variety of reasons like future publication, copyright restriction or sensitive data, but most are made open access immediately, or after a delay period no longer than 12 months.

The requirement to submit an electronic copy of your thesis as a condition of award has been in place at UCL since 2009. In addition to that, we have retrospectively digitised theses from earlier years, as a part of a collaborative project with ProQuest. So far, about 3,500 theses have been made available in UCL Discovery as a part of this collaboration. Theses are also digitised through the British Library’s e-Theses Online Service ( EThOS ), upon request.

In total, there are over 10,500 theses available in UCL’s institutional repository, dating as far back as 1933 . UCL theses are amongst our most-downloaded items! The most popular is a 1990 thesis,  Marketing theories and concepts for the international construction industry , available here . Amongst the theses available there are some completed by notable UCL alumni:

Julian Baggini , philosopher and author of popular books on philosophy, including  A Short History of Truth , The Pig that Wants to be Eaten and 99 other thought experiments , and most recently  How the World Think s. Baggini completed his PhD in 1996, and his thesis on philopsphy of idnetity was recently made available here: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057733/

Adam Rutherford , geneticist and author, has produced several science documentaries, and hosts the BBC 4 radio programme Inside Science. He completed his PhD at UCL in 2002, and his thesis on the role of a specific gene (CHX10) on eye development was recently made available in UCL Discovery: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057801/

Chris Van Tulleken , together with his twin brother and fellow doctor Xand, makes programmes on various aspects of health, most recently Operation Ouch for CBBC . He is also an infectious diseases doctor and MRC Clinical Research Fellow at University College London Hospital, and completed his PhD in 2017. Chris’ thesis is available here: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1567969/

Filed under Open Access Week 2018

Tags: Doctoral theses , PhD , Repository , UCL Discovery

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Xerox Holdings: Hitting FY24 Guide Seems Unlikely

• XRX is expected to miss its FY24 guidance due to fundamental challenges and a lack of positive turnaround in its core print business.
• The company's 1Q24 performance was poor, with declining revenues and missed earnings estimates.
• The guidance for revenue growth and EBIT margin expansion for the rest of the year is unlikely to be achieved, leading to a further decline in valuation.

Monty Rakusen/DigitalVision via Getty Images

Following my coverage of Xerox Holdings ( NASDAQ: XRX ) in January 2023, in which I recommended a sell rating as the business is still being challenged fundamentally and facing strong growth headwinds, this post is to provide an update on my thoughts on the business and stock. I reiterate my sell rating for XRX, as I expect it to miss its FY24 guidance. Even if XRX were to achieve its FY24 guidance, I don’t see any fundamental changes to the bearish view that its core business (print) is not seeing a positive turnaround (FY24 guidance still implies negative growth).

Investment thesis

On April 23, 2024, XRX announced its 1Q24 earnings , which saw its lowest quarterly revenue since 2Q20, which it attributed to a disruption in the business from operational restructuring (Project Reinvention) this quarter. Revenues declined by 12% to $1.502 billion vs. consensus of $1.534 billion. Gross margins also declined to 31.9% vs. consensus expectations of 33.7%. This combination drove the EBIT margin down to 2.2%, missing estimates by 310 bps. Consequently, XRX saw EPS of $0.06, a major miss compared to the consensus of $0.35. That said, management maintained its FY24 guidance for a 3 to 5% constant currency revenue decline and an adj. EBIT margin of at least 7.5% with an FCF of at least $600 million.

I am surprised that management reiterated guidance after the poor 1Q24 performance, as it implies a steeper ramp in revenue and margin expansion for the remaining 3 quarters, which I have little confidence that they can achieve. Hence, I reiterate my sell rating.

Starting with the revenue guide. 1Q24 performance was horrendous, with little signs of any underlying turnaround as equipment revenue fell 26% Y/Y, supplies fell 13% Y/Y, and services, maintenance, and rentals fell 7% Y/Y. Although management attributed the decline to the tough comp last year and the organization disruption (lesser sales reps to drive sales), and believes these disruptions are over. In my opinion, this does not change the outlook for the core business at all. I believe investment in print and related IT services is not going to be the top priority of businesses in the near-term, and there are two reasons I say this: (1) Businesses have continued to lay off employees in 2024, which means there are lesser workloads; (2) The fact that they are laying off employees meant that they are still tight on budget, as such, any available budget is likely to go to more important areas like AI (for cost savings and productivity). I also note that 2Q is typically a seasonally stronger quarter, so there should not be too much surprise that April is going to see a better quarter. Therefore, I am not inclined to believe that the double-digit growth in March (and spillover into April) is a sustainable trend for the rest of the year. Also, even if XRX were to hit management’s revenue guide, this does not change my bearish view on the core business (less demand for print as more workload shifts online), as it still implies negative growth for the rest of the year.

As for the at least 7.5% EBIT margin guide, I also have doubts about whether this is achievable. I do give management credit for driving up EBIT margin from the low of 2022 through streamlining the business cost line and ramping up on Project Reinvention. However, given the scale of this exercise, I find it hard to believe that it can be completed in just one quarter, and there are definitely knock-on impacts that do not surface in the P&L directly. For instance, cutting the number of sales reps but still gunning for sequential growth improvement implies more workload on existing staff. Unless XRX has developed a magic formula in 1Q24 to drive up productivity (which begs the question of why they have not done so in the past), sales team productivity is going to be reduced. Another good example is the $36 million one-time inventory charge for terminating a manufacturing agreement that resulted in gross margin declining by 240bps. From a cadence standpoint, this guide implies that XRX achieves at least a 9.3% margin for the rest of the year. If we look back at the past 3 years, XRX has never seen its EBIT margin go to 9% except for 4Q20 and 4Q22. Moreover, XRX has been in restructuring mode (incurring restructuring charges) for almost every year over the past decade. It begs the question of how much more major restructuring management can do to achieve a major decline in cost structure. Lastly, a major part of margin expansion was the decline in R&D expenditure (from ~4.5% of revenue in FY21 to 3.3% in 1Q24), which drove 140bps of expansion since FY21. Cutting R&D is a fast way of driving up margins, but it comes at the cost of future growth. But with just 3.3% of revenue being invested in R&D, I wonder how much more they can cut at this point.

All in all, I think XRX is going to miss both its revenue and EBIT margin guidance, leading it to miss its FCF guide as well.

Own calculation

My target price for the XRX based on my model is $11. My model assumptions are that revenue will decline by 6% (100bps below guidance) and earnings margins will be flat for FY24. For my revenue growth assumption, I do think y/y growth will be better than 1Q24 before 3/4Q23 are going to be easy comps. Assuming the same 2-year stack growth for the rest of FY24, it implies -6% growth. For my earnings margin assumption, I gave the benefit of doubt that management can still find areas to streamline the cost structure. However, I assume flattish margins against FY23, as I expect any margin expansion to be netted off by the knock-on impact of the cost of restructuring. As this plays out, I expect valuation to go down further as the market gets disappointed by the miss in guidance. I assumed XRX to trade at 5x forward earnings (the low where it traded during COVID and in 2016).

Project Reinvention could drive much more margin upside than I believed if management is willing to further cut R&D and sales and marketing expenditures. This could stir up positive momentum in the stock sentiment as XRX will report very positive headline numbers and hit their FY24 guidance.

In conclusion, my rating for XRX as I expect it to miss its FY24 guidance. Top-line growth guidance seems unlikely because businesses are still in cost cutting mode, hence, unlikely to invest in print and related IT services. As for EBIT margin guide, credit to management for streamlining costs, but I question if they can pull off such a dramatic improvement in just one quarter. There are bound to be hidden costs associated with these cuts, like a less productive sales force due to reduced staffing. All in all, XRX missing guidance is likely to drive valuation further downwards.

This article was written by

Analyst’s Disclosure: I/we have no stock, option or similar derivative position in any of the companies mentioned, and no plans to initiate any such positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

Seeking Alpha's Disclosure: Past performance is no guarantee of future results. No recommendation or advice is being given as to whether any investment is suitable for a particular investor. Any views or opinions expressed above may not reflect those of Seeking Alpha as a whole. Seeking Alpha is not a licensed securities dealer, broker or US investment adviser or investment bank. Our analysts are third party authors that include both professional investors and individual investors who may not be licensed or certified by any institute or regulatory body.

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Library Help

How can i find a thesis.

UCL PhD theses in digital format can be found in  UCL Discover y, but please note that some theses have restrictions on access, at least for a certain period of time, and UCL's Open Access Team can be contacted with any queries.

Records can also be found in  Explore , and if we have a print copy,  it may be possible to consult it in one of our libraries by filling in a  Store Request Form  in advance of a visit.

Older PhD theses which haven’t been scanned yet can be ordered via the British Library's EThOS service  as they are digitizing them on demand, and for more information on theses generally see our  web page .

• Finding Resources
• Last Updated Nov 28, 2022
• Answered By Debs Furness

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PhD student Alban Hasson successfully defends thesis on Urban Agriculture and Democratisation

23 April 2024

Congratulations to Alban Hasson who has successfully defended his thesis on the contributions of urban agriculture (UA) practitioners in London in expanding the political space towards a democratic food regime.

Image Credit: Alban Hasson

Alban Hasson's thesis built on Webster and Engberg-Pedersen’s political space framework (2002), argues that democratisation is emerging from a set of contestations by UA practitioners within existing and emerging institutional channels, but also through the historical struggle of contesting hegemonic political discourses. This arguments considers these contestations as being co-constituted through developments in specific social and political practices. 

His research compares the allotment and community garden trajectories in their diversity and assesses the democratic processes produced in seeking another way of engaging with food. Through historical and ethnographic in-depth case studies, the thesis sheds light on the practices of commoning and the struggles faced by UA practitioners to create a more just and sustainable food regime.  

He considers five democratic processes of UA necessary to expand the political space of food towards a more democratic food regime: fostering food security, expanding health benefits, reclaiming the commons, building places of interaction and representation, and decoupling from the regimes; and exploring how community UA practitioners engage with, negotiate, or resist current governance networks to expand the political space towards these democratic processes.

In so doing, his thesis highlights some of the discriminations at play and enables the proposition of solutions to continue to build intersectional environmental and food justice in London’s UA trajectories. 

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