essay paper png

We’re sorry, but Freepik doesn’t work properly without JavaScript enabled. FAQ Contact

• Notifications
• Go back Remove
• No notifications to show yet You’ll see useful information here soon. Stay tuned!
• Downloads 0/60 What is this?
• My collections
• My subscription

Find out what’s new on Freepik and get notified about the latest content updates and feature releases.

• Paper texture
• Ripped paper png
• Torn paper png
• Paper clip art
• Ripped paper
• Paper frame
• Paper border

Paper Png Images

• Add to collection
• Save to Pinterest

• paper sheet
• folded paper
• paper template

• hanging poster

• paper collage
• paper design

• sticky notes

• vintage letter
• grunge paper

• gradient design

• paper frame

• torn newspaper
• scrap paper

• color paper

• paper cutout

• ancient paper

• blank paper

• paper border
• ripped paper

• wrinkled paper

• wall poster

• calendar mockup
• paper mockup

• paper illustration

• torn poster

• post card design

• notebook template

• natural paper
• canvas background

• school paper

• paper corner

• vintage paper

• Images home
• Editorial home
• Editorial video
• Premium collections
• Entertainment
• Premium images
• AI generated images
• Curated collections
• Animals/Wildlife
• Backgrounds/Textures
• Beauty/Fashion
• Buildings/Landmarks
• Business/Finance
• Celebrities
• Food and Drink
• Healthcare/Medical
• Illustrations/Clip-Art
• Miscellaneous
• Parks/Outdoor
• Signs/Symbols
• Sports/Recreation
• Transportation
• All categories
• Shutterstock Select
• Shutterstock Elements
• Health Care

Browse Content

• Sound effects

PremiumBeat

• PixelSquid 3D objects
• Templates Home
• Instagram all
• Highlight covers
• Facebook all
• Carousel ads
• Cover photos
• Event covers
• Youtube all
• Channel Art
• Etsy big banner
• Etsy mini banner
• Etsy shop icon
• Pinterest all
• Pinterest pins
• Twitter All
• Twitter Banner
• Infographics
• Zoom backgrounds
• Announcements
• Certificates
• Gift Certificates
• Real Estate Flyer
• Travel Brochures
• Anniversary
• Baby Shower
• Mother's Day
• Thanksgiving
• All Invitations
• Party invitations
• Wedding invitations
• Book Covers
• About Creative Flow
• Start a design

AI image generator

• Photo editor
• Background remover
• Collage maker
• Resize image
• Color palettes

Color palette generator

• Image converter
• Creative AI
• Design tips
• Custom plans
• Request quote
• Shutterstock Studios
• Data licensing

0 Credits Available

You currently have 0 credits

See all plans

Image plans

With access to 400M+ photos, vectors, illustrations, and more. Includes AI generated images!

Video plans

A library of 28 million high quality video clips. Choose between packs and subscription.

Music plans

Download tracks one at a time, or get a subscription with unlimited downloads.

Editorial plans

Instant access to over 50 million images and videos for news, sports, and entertainment.

Includes templates, design tools, AI-powered recommendations, and much more.

Search by image

Paper Png royalty-free images

33,432 paper png stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty-free for download..

Our company

Press/Media

Investor relations

Shutterstock Blog

Popular searches

Stock Photos and Videos

Stock photos

Stock videos

Stock vectors

Editorial images

Featured photo collections

Sell your content

Affiliate/Reseller

International reseller

Live assignments

Rights and clearance

Website Terms of Use

Terms of Service

Privacy policy

Modern Slavery Statement

Cookie Preferences

Shutterstock.AI

AI style types

Shutterstock mobile app

Android app

© 2003-2024 Shutterstock, Inc.

• Backgrounds
• Illustration

Essay Png Image

essay image

essay photo

essay backgrounds

bachelors suit

essay writing

essay pattern

essay background

Cartoon pink purple wave edge notepad, essay ,record notes png transparent image

3d illustration of Searching article in a book, book, book illustrations, e commerce app png transparent image

Hand-painted essay , Hand-painted, postgraduate, postgraduate png free download

Hand drawn learning writing vector illustration, material, icon, learning png hd transparent image

vector color cartoon notepad paper,set,tags,organic png transparent image

Opening school essay , School, expression, school png free download

Opening school essay , School, expression, school png transparent background

Cartoon hand-painted essay s must pass creative posters, Cartoon hand-painted, watercolor, color png white transparent

Classic essay reading classic art design, Classic essay , reading classics, reading png transparent background

Cartoon hand-painted essay s must pass creative posters, Cartoon hand-painted, watercolor, color png transparent image

Hand-painted essay s must pass girl illustration, Hand-painted school girl, female doctor, cartoon female schoolmaster png hd transparent image

Cartoon hand-painted essay s must pass creative posters, Cartoon hand-painted, watercolor, color png image

Hand-painted essay s must pass girl characters illustration, Hand-painted fresh girl, happy girl, schoolmaster girl png free download

Hand-painted essay , Desktop computer, clock, book png transparent image

Black brush strokes, Black, brush, brush stroke png picture

Vector flat bachelor hat books free, Vector flat, diploma, bachelor's suit png image

Cute pink notebook,life,square,record free png

Book literary biography book knowledge, Books, biographies, history png free download

Graduation illustration free image, Graduation, graduation season, bachelor's degree png image

Expression ellipsis, small bean, illustration, Essay ellipsis, beanie illustration, cartoon bean free png

Chinese classical elements, Chinese classical elements, symbols, trademarks png image free download

Chinese classical elements, Chinese classical elements, square, round png image free download

C4d three-dimensional composition class free download, Composition, education, composition class png free download

Graduation illustration free image, Graduation, graduation season, bachelor's degree png hd transparent image

Chinese classical elements, Chinese classical elements, symbols, trademarks png transparent background

C4d three-dimensional winter vacation enrollment free download, Winter vacation enrollment, training classes, painting classes png white transparent

Graduation illustration free image, Graduation, graduation season, bachelor's degree png transparent image

reel, light red, diploma graduation, graduation red png image

Creative exam, cartoon dance, dance kids, dance song png transparent image

Graduation illustration free image, Graduation, graduation season, bachelor's degree png transparent background

Fantasy girl PN in the flora, Girl, girly, dreamy environment png picture

Hand drawn coping big test girl character illustration, Hand-painted essay s must pass girls, coping with girls, girls on the examination room png image free download

C4d stereo night care free download, Evening classes, training classes, painting classes png image free download

students learning state in class, girl school, girl writing, light pink png white transparent

Graduation illustration free image, Graduation, graduation season, bachelor's degree png image free download

Graduation illustration free image, Graduation, graduation season, bachelor's degree png white transparent

Chinese style black brushwork, Cartoon, hand drawn, commerce png transparent background

Essays png images

• Paper Writer Free >
• Essays Examples >
• Essay Topics >
• Virtual Reality

Png Essay Samples

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Virtual Reality , Format , Size , Resolution , Webpage , Vector , Quality , Photoshop

Published: 2021/01/02

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of each type of image file format.

Advantages: PNG image file format is used for compression of images into smaller size of file as compared to the original resolution file. This compression facilitates quick loading of webpages with PNG files. PNG is a relatively new format and is expected to Replace GIF. Disadvantages: PNG is presently not widely adopted because it a later image file type. The compression in this file type results in loss of resolution similar to the GIF .

Advantages: Similar to PNG file type, the GIF file format is also used for compression of images into smaller size which results in facilitation in quick loading of webpages. Contrary to PNG, the GIF file format is widely used over the internet.

Disadvantages: GIF is expected to be replaced by PNG because in this compression more image quality is lost than PNG.

BMP Advantages: The BMP file format is most commonly used among the raster graphic formats for images. It offers a wide compatibility with various software programs . Disadvantages: This file format is not considered suitable for webpages due to the reason that no compression results in high file size resulting in slow transfer.

Advantages: This is the most common image file format due to its low size and suitability for webpages. The low file size enables faster file transfers and quick response of webpages upon loading. Disadvantages: The compression used in this file type results in loss of resolution which turn the quality of images to lower level. The decompression is not possible from JPG’s lower quality to other file formats with higher quality.

Advantages: It allows layered imaging using Photoshop because it is the default format of Photoshop. Layered imaging allows the user to work with images in each layer while editing and compiling the work. Disadvantages: This type of files have high size due to the layered imaging technique. This file type is only compatible with Photoshop . AI Advantages: The only file type for vector graphics image file format for drawings in Adobe Illustrator. Content quality is very good in this file format. Disadvantages: This file type has very limited use i.e. only in certain set of EPS. This file type only stores limited number of drawn objects and any addition of picture results in large file size . Create a chart (or table) of the types of images. For each format, list at least advantages and 2 disadvantages.

Describe the differences between Raster and Vector graphics, where and why you would choose one over another.

Raster Graphics There are several image-editing software programs such as the Adobe Photoshop. These software normally save the output image file in bitmap file format. This bitmap file format is not to be taken in the context of the color mode in Adobe Photoshop with the name of Photoshop Bitmap. The output bitmap images are also known as the raster images. In these images the stored graphics are known as raster graphics. These graphics use a specific gridding technique that consist of very small squares that represent the graphics and for the image through adding together. These small squares of graphics are known as pixels. Each of the pixel in the bitmap images is stored with the allocation of its location in the graphics and it color value. The editing is carried out through changing the color of pixels rather than objects in this type of file format. The raster graphics are used in image editing software that need to store the image in its original form without compression or lowering the quality .

Vector graphics

The vector graphics are quite different from raster graphics. Unlike raster graphics, the vector graphics are stored in form of mathematical objects known as vectors. These vectors are either straight lines or curves defined by corresponding mathematical formula. Vectors graphics are used in drawing programs like Adobe Illustrator. The graphics in this type of category are stored and associated with the geometric properties of the object drawn in the image. The objects in the vector graphics can be moved, resized, and their colors can be easily changed without losing the graphic quality. Vector graphics take considerably smaller storage space as compared to raster graphics . Describe how image file size can affect the download time of a Webpage and ways that image file size can be reduced. The image file size depends on the resolution of the image which is measured in terms of pixels in width and height of the image. The higher resolution an image has, the larger the size of the file will be. The loading of webpage depends on the size of the content of the webpage. In most of the webpages, the textual content forms an insignificant part of the webpage size whereas the most part of the size of the webpage consists of the images. If the images are of high resolution then the webpage will be of high size resulting in slow loading of the webpage. Higher resolution of images may be needed only where more details are required by the user. The image file size can be reduced in order to make it suitable for webpage through converting the file from high resolution to lower. Another way is to change the image file format which more efficiently reduces the file size . Webpages can be included with vector graphics in order to reduce the file size and quick loading of the webpage.

Works Cited

"AI File Format." n.d. http://whatis.techtarget.com/fileformat/AI-Adobe-Illustrator-drawing. 27 March 2015. "BMP." n.d. http://techterms.com/definition/bmp. 26 March 2015. "Image File Format Definitions for Prepress Preparation." n.d. http://www.graphic-design-employment.com/image-file-format-definitions.html. 27 March 2015. "PSD File Format." n.d. http://whatis.techtarget.com/fileformat/PSD-Adobe-Photoshop-default. 26 March 2015. Rouse, Margaret. "PNG (Portable Network Graphics)." n.d. http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/PNG. 25 March 2015. "Understanding DPI, Resolution and Print vs. Web Images." 01 February 2013. http://www.vsellis.com/understanding-dpi-resolution-and-print-vs-web-images/. 27 March 2015.

Share with friends using:

• Journey Essays
• Bottler Essays
• Term Paper On Engineering
• Example Of System Theory Comparing And Contrasting Two Studies Essay
• The Effective Application Of Cricoid Pressure Essay Samples
• Free Social Work Through The Jewish Lens Research Paper Sample
• Sample Essay On Comparison Of The Allegory Of The Cave And The Namesake
• Free Youre Name Dont Write Your Name Here Essay Sample
• Stages Of The Research Process Article Review
• Free Report On Swot Analysis
• Good Essay About Measuring Effectiveness Of Psychotherapy
• Free Essay On Exclusionary Rule Evaluation
• Marketing Essay
• Good Example Of Essay On Rhetorical Strategies
• Comparison And Contrast Between Accenture And Microsoft Essays Example
• Free Argumentative Essay On Do Violent Video Games Enact Violent Behavior In Their Players
• Example Of Essay On Normalization
• Free The Problem Of Evil Essay Sample
• Good Research Paper On Apple
• The Silent Language Of Business Case Studies Examples
• Good Example Of Research Paper On Hypothetical Research Designs
• Free Portugal Business Practical Analysis Report Example
• China And Usa Essay
• Good Example Of Essay On Finance
• Humans Rights Speeches Essay Sample
• Good Lopressor Article Review Example
• Free Cost Benefit Analysis Case Study Example
• Civilization In Egypt And Mesopotamia Essay
• Good Critical Thinking On Problems Arising From Public Policy When Politicians Use Subjective Measures Instead Of Objective Measures In Making New Laws
• Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Case Study Samples
• Diet Report Example
• Following The American Psychological Institutions Guidelines Research Paper Sample
• Good Research Paper On Financial Analysis Walmart Inc
• Steve Jobs 2005 Stanford Commencement Address Movie Review
• Essay On Social Problems Prompted By Powerful Groups
• The Effects Of Poverty Essay
• Sample Essay On Human Resource Management 2
• Free Essay On Culture
• Good Essay About Consumer Decision Making Process
• Good Essay About Encoding Specificity
• Comparison Between Mortage Services In Islamic Finance And Conventional Finance Dissertation Methodologies Example
• Good How Will I Change The World After College Name Of Student Creative Writing Example
• Good Literature Review About Micro Hydroelectric Energy In Suriname
• Creation Vs Evolution Essay
• Free Critical Thinking About The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Article 3 Security Of Person Right To Life And Liberty
• Good Example Of Research Paper On War On Drugs

We use cookies to improve your experience with our site. Please accept before continuing or read our cookie policy here .

Wait, have you seen our prices?

Announcing the NeurIPS 2023 Paper Awards 

Communications Chairs 2023 2023 Conference awards , neurips2023

By Amir Globerson, Kate Saenko, Moritz Hardt, Sergey Levine and Comms Chair, Sahra Ghalebikesabi 

We are honored to announce the award-winning papers for NeurIPS 2023! This year’s prestigious awards consist of the Test of Time Award plus two Outstanding Paper Awards in each of these three categories: 

• Two Outstanding Main Track Papers 
• Two Outstanding Main Track Runner-Ups 
• Two Outstanding Datasets and Benchmark Track Papers  

This year’s organizers received a record number of paper submissions. Of the 13,300 submitted papers that were reviewed by 968 Area Chairs, 98 senior area chairs, and 396 Ethics reviewers 3,540  were accepted after 502 papers were flagged for ethics reviews . 

We thank the awards committee for the main track: Yoav Artzi, Chelsea Finn, Ludwig Schmidt, Ricardo Silva, Isabel Valera, and Mengdi Wang. For the Datasets and Benchmarks track, we thank Sergio Escalera, Isabelle Guyon, Neil Lawrence, Dina Machuve, Olga Russakovsky, Hugo Jair Escalante, Deepti Ghadiyaram, and Serena Yeung. Conflicts of interest were taken into account in the decision process.

Congratulations to all the authors! See Posters Sessions Tue-Thur in Great Hall & B1-B2 (level 1).

Outstanding Main Track Papers

Privacy Auditing with One (1) Training Run Authors: Thomas Steinke · Milad Nasr · Matthew Jagielski

Poster session 2: Tue 12 Dec 5:15 p.m. — 7:15 p.m. CST, #1523

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 3:40 p.m. — 4:40 p.m. CST, Room R06-R09 (level 2)

Abstract: We propose a scheme for auditing differentially private machine learning systems with a single training run. This exploits the parallelism of being able to add or remove multiple training examples independently. We analyze this using the connection between differential privacy and statistical generalization, which avoids the cost of group privacy. Our auditing scheme requires minimal assumptions about the algorithm and can be applied in the black-box or white-box setting. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework by applying it to DP-SGD, where we can achieve meaningful empirical privacy lower bounds by training only one model. In contrast, standard methods would require training hundreds of models.

Are Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models a Mirage? Authors: Rylan Schaeffer · Brando Miranda · Sanmi Koyejo

Poster session 6: Thu 14 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #1108

Oral: Thu 14 Dec 3:20 p.m. — 3:35 p.m. CST, Hall C2 (level 1) 

Abstract: Recent work claims that large language models display emergent abilities, abilities not present in smaller-scale models that are present in larger-scale models. What makes emergent abilities intriguing is two-fold: their sharpness, transitioning seemingly instantaneously from not present to present, and their unpredictability , appearing at seemingly unforeseeable model scales. Here, we present an alternative explanation for emergent abilities: that for a particular task and model family, when analyzing fixed model outputs, emergent abilities appear due to the researcher’s choice of metric rather than due to fundamental changes in model behavior with scale. Specifically, nonlinear or discontinuous metrics produce apparent emergent abilities, whereas linear or continuous metrics produce smooth, continuous, predictable changes in model performance. We present our alternative explanation in a simple mathematical model, then test it in three complementary ways: we (1) make, test and confirm three predictions on the effect of metric choice using the InstructGPT/GPT-3 family on tasks with claimed emergent abilities, (2) make, test and confirm two predictions about metric choices in a meta-analysis of emergent abilities on BIG-Bench; and (3) show how to choose metrics to produce never-before-seen seemingly emergent abilities in multiple vision tasks across diverse deep networks. Via all three analyses, we provide evidence that alleged emergent abilities evaporate with different metrics or with better statistics, and may not be a fundamental property of scaling AI models.

Outstanding Main Track Runner-Ups

Scaling Data-Constrained Language Models Authors : Niklas Muennighoff · Alexander Rush · Boaz Barak · Teven Le Scao · Nouamane Tazi · Aleksandra Piktus · Sampo Pyysalo · Thomas Wolf · Colin Raffel

Poster session 2: Tue 12 Dec 5:15 p.m. — 7:15 p.m. CST, #813

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 3:40 p.m. — 4:40 p.m. CST, Hall C2 (level 1)  

Abstract : The current trend of scaling language models involves increasing both parameter count and training dataset size. Extrapolating this trend suggests that training dataset size may soon be limited by the amount of text data available on the internet. Motivated by this limit, we investigate scaling language models in data-constrained regimes. Specifically, we run a large set of experiments varying the extent of data repetition and compute budget, ranging up to 900 billion training tokens and 9 billion parameter models. We find that with constrained data for a fixed compute budget, training with up to 4 epochs of repeated data yields negligible changes to loss compared to having unique data. However, with more repetition, the value of adding compute eventually decays to zero. We propose and empirically validate a scaling law for compute optimality that accounts for the decreasing value of repeated tokens and excess parameters. Finally, we experiment with approaches mitigating data scarcity, including augmenting the training dataset with code data or removing commonly used filters. Models and datasets from our 400 training runs are freely available at https://github.com/huggingface/datablations .

Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model Authors: Rafael Rafailov · Archit Sharma · Eric Mitchell · Christopher D Manning · Stefano Ermon · Chelsea Finn

Poster session 6: Thu 14 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #625

Oral: Thu 14 Dec 3:50 p.m. — 4:05 p.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (level 2)  

Abstract: While large-scale unsupervised language models (LMs) learn broad world knowledge and some reasoning skills, achieving precise control of their behavior is difficult due to the completely unsupervised nature of their training. Existing methods for gaining such steerability collect human labels of the relative quality of model generations and fine-tune the unsupervised LM to align with these preferences, often with reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). However, RLHF is a complex and often unstable procedure, first fitting a reward model that reflects the human preferences, and then fine-tuning the large unsupervised LM using reinforcement learning to maximize this estimated reward without drifting too far from the original model. In this paper, we leverage a mapping between reward functions and optimal policies to show that this constrained reward maximization problem can be optimized exactly with a single stage of policy training, essentially solving a classification problem on the human preference data. The resulting algorithm, which we call Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), is stable, performant, and computationally lightweight, eliminating the need for fitting a reward model, sampling from the LM during fine-tuning, or performing significant hyperparameter tuning. Our experiments show that DPO can fine-tune LMs to align with human preferences as well as or better than existing methods. Notably, fine-tuning with DPO exceeds RLHF’s ability to control sentiment of generations and improves response quality in summarization and single-turn dialogue while being substantially simpler to implement and train.

Outstanding Datasets and Benchmarks Papers

In the dataset category : 

ClimSim: A large multi-scale dataset for hybrid physics-ML climate emulation

Authors:  Sungduk Yu · Walter Hannah · Liran Peng · Jerry Lin · Mohamed Aziz Bhouri · Ritwik Gupta · Björn Lütjens · Justus C. Will · Gunnar Behrens · Julius Busecke · Nora Loose · Charles Stern · Tom Beucler · Bryce Harrop · Benjamin Hillman · Andrea Jenney · Savannah L. Ferretti · Nana Liu · Animashree Anandkumar · Noah Brenowitz · Veronika Eyring · Nicholas Geneva · Pierre Gentine · Stephan Mandt · Jaideep Pathak · Akshay Subramaniam · Carl Vondrick · Rose Yu · Laure Zanna · Tian Zheng · Ryan Abernathey · Fiaz Ahmed · David Bader · Pierre Baldi · Elizabeth Barnes · Christopher Bretherton · Peter Caldwell · Wayne Chuang · Yilun Han · YU HUANG · Fernando Iglesias-Suarez · Sanket Jantre · Karthik Kashinath · Marat Khairoutdinov · Thorsten Kurth · Nicholas Lutsko · Po-Lun Ma · Griffin Mooers · J. David Neelin · David Randall · Sara Shamekh · Mark Taylor · Nathan Urban · Janni Yuval · Guang Zhang · Mike Pritchard

Poster session 4: Wed 13 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #105 

Oral: Wed 13 Dec 3:45 p.m. — 4:00 p.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (level 2)

Abstract: Modern climate projections lack adequate spatial and temporal resolution due to computational constraints. A consequence is inaccurate and imprecise predictions of critical processes such as storms. Hybrid methods that combine physics with machine learning (ML) have introduced a new generation of higher fidelity climate simulators that can sidestep Moore’s Law by outsourcing compute-hungry, short, high-resolution simulations to ML emulators. However, this hybrid ML-physics simulation approach requires domain-specific treatment and has been inaccessible to ML experts because of lack of training data and relevant, easy-to-use workflows. We present ClimSim, the largest-ever dataset designed for hybrid ML-physics research. It comprises multi-scale climate simulations, developed by a consortium of climate scientists and ML researchers. It consists of 5.7 billion pairs of multivariate input and output vectors that isolate the influence of locally-nested, high-resolution, high-fidelity physics on a host climate simulator’s macro-scale physical state. The dataset is global in coverage, spans multiple years at high sampling frequency, and is designed such that resulting emulators are compatible with downstream coupling into operational climate simulators. We implement a range of deterministic and stochastic regression baselines to highlight the ML challenges and their scoring. The data (https://huggingface.co/datasets/LEAP/ClimSim_high-res) and code (https://leap-stc.github.io/ClimSim) are released openly to support the development of hybrid ML-physics and high-fidelity climate simulations for the benefit of science and society.   

In the benchmark category :

DecodingTrust: A Comprehensive Assessment of Trustworthiness in GPT Models

Authors: Boxin Wang · Weixin Chen · Hengzhi Pei · Chulin Xie · Mintong Kang · Chenhui Zhang · Chejian Xu · Zidi Xiong · Ritik Dutta · Rylan Schaeffer · Sang Truong · Simran Arora · Mantas Mazeika · Dan Hendrycks · Zinan Lin · Yu Cheng · Sanmi Koyejo · Dawn Song · Bo Li

Poster session 1: Tue 12 Dec 10:45 a.m. — 12:45 p.m. CST, #1618  

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 10:30 a.m. — 10:45 a.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (Level 2)

Abstract: Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models have exhibited exciting progress in capabilities, capturing the interest of practitioners and the public alike. Yet, while the literature on the trustworthiness of GPT models remains limited, practitioners have proposed employing capable GPT models for sensitive applications to healthcare and finance – where mistakes can be costly. To this end, this work proposes a comprehensive trustworthiness evaluation for large language models with a focus on GPT-4 and GPT-3.5, considering diverse perspectives – including toxicity, stereotype bias, adversarial robustness, out-of-distribution robustness, robustness on adversarial demonstrations, privacy, machine ethics, and fairness. Based on our evaluations, we discover previously unpublished vulnerabilities to trustworthiness threats. For instance, we find that GPT models can be easily misled to generate toxic and biased outputs and leak private information in both training data and conversation history. We also find that although GPT-4 is usually more trustworthy than GPT-3.5 on standard benchmarks, GPT-4 is more vulnerable given jailbreaking system or user prompts, potentially due to the reason that GPT-4 follows the (misleading) instructions more precisely. Our work illustrates a comprehensive trustworthiness evaluation of GPT models and sheds light on the trustworthiness gaps. Our benchmark is publicly available at https://decodingtrust.github.io/.

Test of Time

This year, following the usual practice, we chose a NeurIPS paper from 10 years ago to receive the Test of Time Award, and “ Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality ” by Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean, won. 

Published at NeurIPS 2013 and cited over 40,000 times, the work introduced the seminal word embedding technique word2vec. Demonstrating the power of learning from large amounts of unstructured text, the work catalyzed progress that marked the beginning of a new era in natural language processing.

Greg Corrado and Jeffrey Dean will be giving a talk about this work and related research on Tuesday, 12 Dec at 3:05 – 3:25 pm CST in Hall F.  

Related Posts

2023 Conference

Announcing NeurIPS 2023 Invited Talks

Reflections on the neurips 2023 ethics review process, neurips newsletter – november 2023.

'Panama Papers' trial starts. 27 people charged in the worldwide money laundering case

P ANAMA CITY (AP) — The trial of 27 people charged in connection with the worldwide “Panama Papers” money laundering started Monday in a Panamanian criminal court.

Those on trial include the owners of the Mossack-Fonseca law firm that was at the heart of the 2016 massive document leak.

The Panama Papers include a collection of 11 million secret financial documents that illustrate how some of the world's richest people hide their money.

The repercussions of the leaks have been far-ranging, prompting the resignation of the prime minister of Iceland and bringing scrutiny to the leaders of Argentina and Ukraine, Chinese politicians and Russian President Vladimir Putin, among others.

The often-delayed trial opened Monday, with lawyers Juergen Mossack, Ramón Fonseca and other former representatives, lawyers or ex-employees of the firm facing money laundering charges.

Mossack was present in the courtroom, and said “I am not guilty of such acts.”

Lawyers for Fonseca said he was in a hospital in Panama.

The case centers on allegations the firm set up shell companies to acquire properties in Panama with money from a sprawling corruption scheme in Brazil known as the Car Wash , or Lava Jato in Portuguese.

Fonseca has said the firm, which closed in 2018, had no control over how its clients might use offshore vehicles created for them. Both Mossack and Fonseca have Panamanian citizenship, and Panama does not extradite its own citizens.

The two were acquitted on other charges in 2022.

The records were first leaked to the German daily Suddeutsche Zeitung, and were shared with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, which began publishing collaborative reports with news organizations in 2016.

U.S. federal prosecutors have alleged that Mossack Fonseca conspired to circumvent American laws to maintain the wealth of its clients and conceal tax dollars owed to the IRS. They alleged the scheme dates to 2000 and involved sham foundations and shell companies in Panama, Hong Kong and the British Virgin Islands.

Follow AP’s coverage of Latin America and the Caribbean at https://apnews.com/hub/latin-america

A Discrimination Report Card

We develop an empirical Bayes ranking procedure that assigns ordinal grades to noisy measurements, balancing the information content of the assigned grades against the expected frequency of ranking errors. Applying the method to a massive correspondence experiment, we grade the race and gender contact gaps of 97 U.S. employers, the identities of which we disclose for the first time. The grades are presented alongside measures of uncertainty about each firm’s contact gap in an accessible report card that is easily adaptable to other settings where ranks and levels are of simultaneous interest.

We thank Ben Scuderi for helpful feedback on an early draft of this paper and Hadar Avivi and Luca Adorni for outstanding research assistance. Seminar participants at Brown University, the 2022 California Econometrics Conference, Columbia University, CIREQ 2022 Montreal, Harvard University, Microsoft Research, Monash University, Peking University, Royal Holloway, UC Santa Barbara, UC Berkeley, The University of Virginia, the Cowles Econometrics Conference on Discrimination and Algorithmic Fairness, and The University of Chicago Interactions Conference provided useful comments. Routines for implementing the ranking procedures developed in this paper are available online at https://github.com/ekrose/drrank. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Christopher Walters holds concurrent appointments as an Associate Professor of Economics at UC Berkeley and as an Amazon Scholar. This paper describes work performed at UC Berkeley and is not associated with Amazon.

MARC RIS BibTeΧ

Download Citation Data

• randomized controlled trials registry entry
• GitHub archive

Working Groups

Conferences, mentioned in the news, more from nber.

In addition to working papers , the NBER disseminates affiliates’ latest findings through a range of free periodicals — the NBER Reporter , the NBER Digest , the Bulletin on Retirement and Disability , the Bulletin on Health , and the Bulletin on Entrepreneurship  — as well as online conference reports , video lectures , and interviews .

Essays png images

Debates about the nature and economic role of money are mostly informed by evidence from the 20th century, but money has existed for millennia. We argue that there are many lessons to be learned from monetary history that are relevant for current topics of policy relevance. The past acts as a source of evidence on how money works across different situations, helping to tease out features of money that do not depend on one time and place. A close reading of history also offers testing grounds for models of economic behavior and can thereby guide theories on how money is transmitted to the real economy.

Working papers are not edited, and all opinions and errors are the responsibility of the author(s). The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago or the Federal Reserve System.

• Download Entire Publication

Subscribe Now

Register to receive email alerts when new issues are published.

Related Topics

• Ahead: Another Year of Growth
• Review and Outlook: 1976-77 Business: Broad Improvement Continues
• Business Insights: Federal Spending Lags Expectations
• Government: A Year of Change and Surprise
• Region & Community
• Style Guide

Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 230 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois 60604-1413, USA. Tel. (312) 322-5322

Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved.

Please review our Privacy Policy | Legal Notices

• International edition
• Australia edition
• Europe edition

Panama Papers: trial begins of 27 Mossack Fonseca employees

Law firm’s founders among those to face money laundering charges after leak of 11.5m files in 2016

A criminal trial of 27 employees working for the law firm at the heart of the Panama Papers on money laundering charges has commenced in a Panamanian court.

Eight years ago, leaked financial records from the law firm Mossack Fonseca sparked international outrage at the use of offshore companies by wealthy individuals to commit tax fraud and hide assets.

In 2016, files from Mossack Fonseca were leaked to reporters at the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung and shared with the US-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. Reporters from more than 100 media organisations, including the Guardian, collaborated to investigate the 11.5m files.

The firm’s founders, Jürgen Mossack and Ramón Fonseca Mora, are among those facing charges. They have previously denied any allegations against them, arguing that they had no control over the offshore companies that the firm set up for its clients. If convicted, they reportedly face up to 12 years in prison.

According to the Associated Press , Mossack attended the hearing to declare his innocence, telling reporters outside the courtroom that he was “very optimistic”. A representative for Fonseca told the court that his client was in hospital.

Battered by international criticism, Panama adopted new legislation modernising the country’s legal definition of money laundering in 2019. Aspects of the charges against the Mossack Fonseca employees concern activities predating the change in the law, which could complicate prosecutors’ attempts to convict them, according to the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists .

Panama’s supreme court previously ruled that creating shell companies used for tax fraud could not be considered a crime if the companies in question were created prior to 2019.

Mossack and Fonseca were both acquitted of separate charges two years ago after a judge directed that the firm did not handle or attempt to hide money stolen from Brazil as part of a major corruption scandal involving the state oil company codenamed Lava Jato or the Car Wash.

Offshore companies linked more than 100 politicians from around the world, including 12 national leaders, were discovered by journalists analysing the Panama Papers. They included $2bn in an offshore company belonging to the Russian cellist Sergei Roldugin, the friend of the President Vladimir Putin.

Nawaz Sharif , then prime minister of Pakistan, and Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson , prime minister of Iceland, were both forced from office amid public fury at hidden offshore wealth connected to their families.

after newsletter promotion

Sharif was disqualified from office and sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment by the Pakistani supreme court after reporters discovered undeclared real estate secretly owned by his family through offshore companies. Gunnlaugsson was forced to resign after it was revealed that he had never declared his family’s ownership of an offshore company with a $1m claim against one of Iceland’s failed banks.

After publication of the Panama Papers investigation, countries around the world initiated proceedings to recover unpaid taxes that had been hidden using offshore companies. By 2021 more than $1.36bn in fines and penalties for unpaid taxes were said to have been recovered by exchequers around the world, including $253m recovered by HMRC in the UK.

• Panama Papers

More on this story

Panama Papers whistleblower speaks out: ‘Politicians must act – now’

We were leaked the Panama Papers. Here’s how to bring down Putin’s cronies

EU states 'dragging their feet' over financial transparency, report finds

Panama Papers law firm Mossack Fonseca sues Netflix over The Laundromat

Meryl Streep on the Panama Papers: ‘People died to get the word out’

Fears UK law change could prevent scrutiny of money launderers

Deutsche Bank offices raided in connection with Panama Papers

Nevis: how the world’s most secretive offshore haven refuses to clean up

Money-laundering crackdown on public schools and law firms

Most viewed.