cultural differences essay conclusion

15 Cultural Differences Examples

Examples of cultural differences include differences in values, norms , beliefs, mores , rituals , mannerisms, and expressions between different societies.

We can also identify cultural differences in eating and drinking habits, religious beliefs, moral beliefs, rituals, time management, sanitation, greeting, gift giving, exchange, conformity , rebelliousness, sports, language, work ethic , marriage, and so on can all be cultural.

It is common to apply Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory to analyze different dimensions of cultures (Hofstede, 2011).

Cultural Differences Examples

• Kinship – Kinship principles generally form the basis of societal organization. Families consisting of at least one parent and one child are customary in all societies, but there are many differences beyond this.
• Marriage – Marriage and families seem to be human universals, but there is significant variability in customs related to these aspects of social life.
• Sexuality – Interestingly enough, societies vary significantly in the degree to which they encourage or discourage intimacy and its different forms at different stages of life.
• Art – Virtually all societies have some forms of art. Visual art, music, song, dance, literature, etc. of different cultures vary significantly.
• Religion – Religious beliefs and practices are features of all known societies, but they vary significantly between cultures.
• Gender – Categorizing children into the binary categories of female and male is fairly common, but there is significant cultural variability in the toleration of switching categories and the number of genders .
• Sports – Games and sports seem to be human universals, but the types of games and sports played by different cultures vary.
• Dwellings – Different societies, often due to environmental as well as cultural reasons, have very different types of houses or dwellings.
• Celebrations – Cultural celebrations in different cultures include New Years Eve, Chinese new year, birthdays, and Diwali.
• Cultural taboos – While there are some universal taboos, you’ll also notice that some cultures consider certain things you consider ‘normal’ to be very much taboo! For example, some cultures encourage eye contact while other cultures find it offensive.
• Rites of passage – Rites of passage can include the walkabout in Indigenous Australian culture, baptisms in Christianity, school graduation ceremonies, and so forth.
• Worldviews – In broad strokes, Western nations like the modern United States have had a strong history of individualism , while Indigenous cultures often embrace communalism and stewardship of nature.
• Dress codes – When you travel the world, you quickly learn that some cultures encourage conservative dress, such as covering your shoulders and knees in public.
• Food and eating habits ( foodways ) – This includes not only what you eat, but when. Go to Spain, for example, and learn all about very late dinners!
• Educational methods – In 21 st Century Western nations, we are accustomed to formal education in classrooms and standardized testing. But go to Indigenous Australian communities, and we can see that they have their own learning styles heavily reliant on story sharing, symbolism, and non-verbal cues.

Thought Bubble: Are We Really All That Different?

Some anthropologists and biologists have argued against the empirical assumption that cultures are as variable as we might think.

These anthropologists argue that there are cultural universals – concepts that unite all cultures.

Kinship, mourning, birth, the experience of empathy and sympathy, fear, concepts of luck, the use of grammar, exchange, cooperation, competition, aggression, reciprocity, and the biological needs, are some of the constant elements of human experience that go against the assumption that world cultures are fundamentally different (Brown 2004).

Common Categories of Cultural Difference

Unlike many other mammals, human adults rarely live alone. Families are the basic building blocks of any society.

How big these families are and how they are composed varies significantly between cultures.

Consider this example: you are a parent worried about your children no longer living with you when you’re too old for productive work. Some children will grow up and get married. Once they’re married, some children will have to stop living with their parents.

It is, therefore, necessary to decide who lives where. Rules that determine this are called marital residence rules. They differ significantly between cultures (Ember, 2022).

The two most common marital residence rules specify the gender expected to stay and the one expected to leave. When the rule states that the daughter must stay and her husband must move to where her family resides, it is called a matrilocal residence rule.

The inverse is called a patrilocal residence rule. These account for around 85% of the cases social scientists know about, but patrilocal residence is far more common among cultures.

2. Marriage

Different cultures have varying rules for how many people one can be married to simultaneously, what kind of marriage partner one is allowed, and so on.

In virtually all societies known to social scientists today, it is prohibited to marry one’s brother, sister, or parent. Most societies extend this to include the entire kin group.

There are, however, significant cultural differences regarding community exogamy/endogamy, cousin marriage, arranged marriage, polygyny/polyandry, and so on (Ember, 2021).

Let’s take the example of community exogamy and endogamy. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community. Endogamy refers to marriage within the community.

The most common rule is to allow marriage both within and outside of the community, as it is accepted in, for example, European countries. Community exogamy occurs in around 33% of the world’s societies, while endogamy occurs in 7.5% (Kirby et al., 2016).

Another example of cultural variation can be observed in rules concerning the toleration of cousin marriage. Some societies, like the Selk’nam of Tierra del Fuego, are averse to marriage between related people (Gusinde, 1931). Others, like the Komachi of southern Iran, prefer being married to their kin (Bradburd, 1990, p. 115).

There are interesting differences regarding the arts of different cultures that can be seen through analysis.

For example, since egalitarian societies tend to value sameness and stratified societies tend to value hierarchies, the art of egalitarian societies will often contain more repetition than the art of stratified ones (Fischer, 1961).

4. Religion

Religious beliefs and practices vary significantly from culture to culture and change over time.

Different societies have different gods, spirits, types of rituals , and supernatural forces.

Religion itself appears to be common across many cultures, but the specifics are not. According to Émile Durkheim and his followers, religion is the glue that holds societies together (Atran & Henrich, 2010).

The vast body of research conducted by social scientists about human societies and cultures allows us to find, compare, and analyze human cultural universals and differences. If there are different cultures, there are differences between them. It is the task of social scientists to research those differences.

Atran, S., & Henrich, J. (2010). The Evolution of Religion: How Cognitive By-Products, Adaptive Learning Heuristics, Ritual Displays, and Group Competition Generate Deep Commitments to Prosocial Religions. Biological Theory , 5 (1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1162/BIOT_a_00018

Baghramian, M., & Carter, J. A. (2022). Relativism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2022). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/relativism/

Boas, F. (1940). Race, Language, and Culture . University of Chicago Press.

Bradburd, D. (1990). Ambiguous relations: Kin, class, and conflict among Komachi pastoralists . Smithsonian Institution Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=mgRuAAAAMAAJ

Broude, G. J. (1980). Extramarital Sex Norms in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Behavior Science Research , 15 (3), 181–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718001500302

Broude, G. J. (2004). Sexual Attitudes and Practices. In C. R. Ember & M. Ember (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World’s Cultures Volume I: Topics and Cultures A-K Volume II: Cultures L-Z (pp. 177–186). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29907-6_18

Brown, D. E. (2004). Human universals, human nature & human culture. Daedalus , 133 (4), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1162/0011526042365645

Ember, C. R. (2019). Sexuality . https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/sexuality

Ember, C. R. (2021). Marriage and Family . https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family

Ember, C. R. (2022). Residence and Kinship . https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/residence-and-kinship

Fischer, J. L. (1961). Art Styles as Cultural Cognitive Maps1. American Anthropologist , 63 (1), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1961.63.1.02a00050

Gusinde, M. (1931). The Fireland Indians: Vol. 1. The Selk’nam, on the life and thought of a hunting people of the Great Island of Tierra del Fuego . https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/sh04/documents/001

Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture , 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014

Kirby, K. R., Gray, R. D., Greenhill, S. J., Jordan, F. M., Gomes-Ng, S., Bibiko, H.-J., Blasi, D. E., Botero, C. A., Bowern, C., Ember, C. R., Leehr, D., Low, B. S., McCarter, J., Divale, W., & Gavin, M. C. (2016). D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity. PLOS ONE , 11 (7), e0158391. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158391

Lenard, P. T. (2020). Culture. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/culture/

van de Vijver, F. (2009). Types of Comparative Studies in Cross-Cultural Psychology . Online Readings in Psychology and Culture , 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1017

Tio Gabunia (B.Arch, M.Arch)

Tio Gabunia is an academic writer and architect based in Tbilisi. He has studied architecture, design, and urban planning at the Georgian Technical University and the University of Lisbon. He has worked in these fields in Georgia, Portugal, and France. Most of Tio’s writings concern philosophy. Other writings include architecture, sociology, urban planning, and economics.

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Chris Drew (PhD)

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Cultural Diversity Essay: Examples, Topics, &Tips

What did you eat for lunch today? On which holidays do you visit your parents? Which language do you speak? What is your religion? Answers to these questions can say more about what you could think. Culture made you the person you are now. It encompasses the shared beliefs, values, language, and behaviors that one generation inherits from another.

A cultural diversity essay covers the presence of several cultural groups in one society, their interaction, and convergence .

In this article, you will find:

• the meaning of globalization and multicultural society,
• 78 cultural diversity essay topics,
• a dozen of writing tips.

Our two cultural diversity essay examples will illustrate the best way to approach this subject matter.

• 🥗 Cultural Diversity: the Basics

🗽 Cultural Diversity in the US

• 💡 78 Essay Topics
• ✍️ 10 Writing Tips
• Cultural Diversity in Nursing
• Cultural Diversity in Schools

🥗 Cultural Diversity Essay: What Is It About?

During your college life, you will be assigned many tasks on cultural diversity , especially if you study in the US (which is one of the most multicultural countries). They teach you to appreciate that society consists of many ethnic groups . Their interests, needs, and social skills differ. Moreover, their religious beliefs and sexual orientations can vary as well, and you should respect that.

Sociology, cultural studies, psychology , anthropology, and human geography deals with sociology and multiculturalism. You will write a cultural diversity essay for one of these subjects.

A multicultural society requires its members to have the following skills and behaviors:

• respect the differences;
• appreciate what other cultures offer and encourage their contributions;
• acknowledge the importance of various cultural expressions ;
• empower ethnic minorities to reveal their maximum potential;
• be critical to one’s own biases and barriers;
• tolerate and celebrate the differences to create unity through diversity.

Cultural Diversity: Key Benefits

• Learning to be open-minded. It teaches us to get rid of stereotypes and understand other people and their backgrounds. Education in a multicultural group gives you an excellent opportunity to learn outside the curriculum.
• Opportunities to grow. It makes you more confident. You are not as afraid to leave your comfort zone as in a monocultural group.
• Getting ready for the future. Most modern companies are multicultural . Studying at a culturally diverse institution prepares you for your future workplace.
• Empathy and tolerance. Interactions with people whose beliefs and life experiences are different train you to “feel” their problems and needs. And although you will never understand what it is like to walk in their shoes, you learn to listen and understand.

Multiculturalism Theories

There are two theories of multiculturalism that describe how different cultures coexist in the same society. Their names are metaphoric .

• The Salad Bowl Theory Salad’s ingredients never merge. Still, their combination creates a single dish with its unique flavor. This theory claims that people of different cultures always retain some of their traditional characteristics. Chinatown and Little India in New York are the best examples of a salad bowl community. According to this theory, people should not reject their cultural heritage to become full-fledged members of the predominant population group. But this opinion has its negative side. Encouraging cultural differences divides the community and leads to discrimination .
• The Melting Pot Theory When iron and carbon are heated in a melting pot, they create a stronger metal. This theory states that cultures will “melt together” and abandon their traditions over time. They assimilate according to the rules of the dominant population. The best example is the life of immigrants in the United States.  This model also has its drawbacks. It disregards the wishes of ethnic minorities and has to be politically enforced. It also reduces diversity. Current globalization is an excellent example of the melting pot theory. Nations lose their traditional lifestyles and heritages to form a new homogenous society.

Kenneth Prewitt, the US Census Bureau senior advisor, once said that “we’re on our way to becoming the first country in history that is literally made up of every part of the world.” Indeed, the US is the most multicultural place on Earth .

But at a deeper level, if there is the first such country, there will be more. The US is a role model for many other nations in organizational practices of cultural identities. Almost everything that becomes a norm here will come to reality elsewhere.

Since the Europeans colonized it several centuries ago , millions of people immigrated and settled in the US. Their cultural backgrounds and ethnicities merged. Being the third-largest country in area and population, America has formed its subcultures. They are geographically distributed among the four regions.

💡 78 Cultural Diversity Essay Topics

We have prepared the most compelling list of topics for a cultural diversity essay of any length and subject. Combine them to generate your own ideas!

• Family changes in American and African cultures .
• How is cultural diversity related to multiculturalism?
• Multicultural vs. citizenship education .
• American culture reflection in sport .
• Why is it important to support ancient traditions?
• What Is cultural pluralism ?
• Describe the cultural diversity in your native country.
• Education theories across cultures .
• Cross-cultural management problems .
• Why do we call America “the Land of Opportunity?”
• South Korea: Culture, government, and development .
• How does dialect influence the local culture?
• Popular music in the modern culture .
• Cultural competence in multicultural environment .
• Why is it essential to preserve cultural diversity?
• Canadian political culture .
• Women in politics: Is multiculturalism bad for women ?
• The history of multiculturalism in China .
• Anthropology: The culture of the people of the River Front .
• The new ideas I learned from cultural diversity in my college.
• Verbal and non-verbal communication in effective cross-cultural communication .
• Novel professions in culturally diverse societies.
• Culture, globalization, and intercultural adaptation .
• Intercultural communication and staff in tourism .
• What is multicultural awareness?
• Feminism in the hip-hop culture.
• Which theory of multiculturalism do you support?
• Future American cultural, racial, ethnic diversity.
• Differences between the Brazilian and American cultures .
• How many multicultural metaphors do you know?
• Multicultural psychology, its history and importance.
• The concept of cultural diversity and its meanings.
• Intercultural and nonverbal communication challenges.
• The effects of diverse culture on a business in UAE .
•  What is the effect of cultural diversity in schools : An essay.
• Intercultural communication breakdown.
• Teaching culturally and ethnically diverse learners in the science classroom .
• Cultural exception: Culture is not a commercial product.
• Impact of culture on the American family system and structure.
• Multiculturally competent psychotherapy .
• Compare cultural diversity in society to biodiversity in nature .
• Culture, cultural identity and related phenomena.
• Describe the ways of measuring cultural diversity.
• Polygamy in the Muslim culture context .
• Intercultural interactions: Verbal and non-verbal communication challenges .
• Poverty is not cultural diversity.
• Music, media and culture influence on behavior.
• Unethical religious practices : A contribution to cultural diversity?
• Cultural diversity and inclusion in society.
• Culturally and linguistically diverse families .
• How does the mass media ruin the individuality of cultures ?
• The challenges of contemporary cultural diversity in criminal justice .
• Why are Western Balkan countries so diverse?
• The Parisian culture: European and Islamic cultures.
• Perspectives and attitudes of multicultural English language teachers .
• Cultural footprints in my city.
• Building cross cultural competence.
• Does multiculturalism hinder social cohesion?
• Foreignism, media, imperialism influence on culture.
• Different cultural practices in healthcare .
• The distinctive nature of cultural diversity in nursing: An essay.
• Cultural relativism, its strengths and weaknesses .
• How does homogenous culture ensure shared emotions of the population?
• Hip-hop in Japan and cultural globalization.
• James Banks and multicultural education .
• The problem of a sense of belonging in a multicultural group.
• Multiculturalism in forensic psychology practice .
• Can we protect endangered languages ?
• Heritage and culture in African American literature.
• Evangelism in a cross-cultural environment .
• Can you see the reality through the eyes of another person?
• Gender differences in communication.
• Does multiculturalism favor gender equality?
• Analysis of cultures: Deaf culture, white culture, and black culture .
• Globalization, multiculturalism, and Muslims .
• Different rites of different cultures: An essay.
• Cross-cultural communication issues.
• Customer relationship in a cross-cultural context .

Haven’t found anything suitable in the list above? Please use our free essay topic generator to get more ideas.

✍️ 10 Writing Tips for an Essay on Different Cultures

• Choose a topic that has an emotional load for you. You are free to use one of the questions above or combine any of them to brainstorm your own topic. The main thing is to make sure that the problem raised there is engaging for you. To check it, ask yourself: would I enjoy discussing the issue with a friend over a cup of coffee? If yes, you’ve made the right choice.
• Take a non-trivial point of view. Everybody argues that cultural diversity is a positive phenomenon. You can hardly invent something new here. Search for its drawbacks! Analyze the American culture as if it is homogenous (surprisingly, you will find traits typical of all Americans).
• Write about things you know well. Do you like Mexican or Japanese cuisine ? Describe cultural diversity in culinary art. Are you interested in philosophical issues? Compare the different worldviews of several cultures.
• Use the available theoretical base. Is America a melting pot or a salad bowl? If you analyze a different country, which metaphor would best describe its multiculturalism? Browse the web for other theories and available research and construct your essay on their bases. It will add reliability to your writing.
• Avoid using too much statistics. An essay should express your opinion on a problem. It is not a compilation of available knowledge on the topic. Make it slightly personal and not too academic.
• Step aside from conflict issues. If your topic does not explicitly require you to argue your opinion about traditional family values in various cultures, it is better to choose another subject.
• Be specific. An essay about cultural diversity in New York City would be more exciting than a paper about multiculturalism in America as a whole. Narrow down your research to add value to your work.
• Don’t shy away from taking sides. Cultural diversity is a relatively new sphere of knowledge. Many of its findings are controversial. In cases where several opinions coexist, be sure to highlight the one you support.
• We need to preserve cultural diversity because it teaches us to accept other people’s differences.
• Cultural diversity is essential in the modern world because without it, we would become the characters of Orwell’s 1984 .
• Use the samples below to understand what you should write.

Sometimes it is better to see how someone else does the work than to read dozens of pages of explanation. The two samples illustrate what is expected from you in a short persuasive or argumentative essay on cultural diversity.

📝 Cultural Diversity Essay Examples

Below you’ll find two short cultural diversity essay examples. Both follow a standard 5-paragraph essay structure. Use them for inspiration and reference!

Cultural Diversity in Nursing Essay

Everybody needs nurses, regardless of their ethnicity, religion, gender, and sexual orientation . Nurses are just a part of the population that helps other members recover after injuries, operations, and diseases. This essay intends to prove that cultural diversity in nursing is often more critical than bare professionalism.

First, nursing is about trust. The representatives of some cultures may show resistance to care due to their negative experiences with the field. But if such patients see that some of their nurses relate to the same culture, they will develop more trust in their actions.

Second, nursing should heal, not test the validity of patients’ words. Many people of color prefer addressing black physicians. Why so? Because a white doctor might think they are exaggerating their symptoms. Furthermore, black people often have to travel long distances to meet the specialist of their culture because of unpleasant experiences of mistrust they had in the past. But medical assistance is an urgent thing. People should feel free to address the nearest healthcare institution.

Third, culturally competent nurses are more stress-resistant. According to an NIH study, nurses that lack understanding of cultural differences experience frustration when working with culturally different patients more often than their culturally competent colleagues. And a stressed medical worker becomes inefficient and can make the wrong decisions.

In conclusion, I am sure that healthcare managers should intentionally employ caring and competent minority nurses. It would raise the trust for their institutions among patients of all cultures. Lack of cultural diversity in nursing can cost lives, as people seek someone capable of understanding them without judging. Finally, cultural competence in nurses is an enormous asset since the lack of it can cause unnecessary stress and lower their professionalism.

Cultural Diversity in Schools Essay

Teaching diversity prepares students to interact with different cultural and social groups. By doing so, they are expected to become better citizens. But are there any drawbacks of educating cultural diversity in people? This essay analyzes whether cultural awareness is beneficial or not in the classroom and in the long-term perspective.

Schools aim to raise empathy, open-mindedness, and tolerance in their students by teaching them cultural diversity. Indeed, promoting awareness and establishing personal connections with other cultures at school can prevent children from prejudices later in life. It shows them how to empathize with people who are different while they become aware of the problems other cultural groups face daily.

Cultural diversity also gives students a better understanding of themselves. Moreover, it brings them confidence and a feeling of safety. Each of us is different in such or another way. When we live in a multicultural society, we perceive such differences as a norm, not a sin.

Some people point out the downside of cultural diversity in schools: bullying and higher levels of stress. Students may unite in cultural groups and confront each other. But I believe that such confrontations make us stronger. They show that there is also a better option than the opposition.

The learning environment should illustrate cultural inclusion and diversity to all students with all cultural backgrounds. Even the problems that arise out of multiculturalism are temporary and will disappear in some decades. They make us stronger and more attentive to other people.

We hope that now writing a cultural diversity essay will be much easier for you. However, preparing a text in this field might require studying a large number of sources. If you want to do this quickly, try our summarizer . This tool is able to automatically condense any article or paper.

❓ Cultural Diversity FAQ

Cultural diversity, what is it.

Cultural diversity legitimizes cultural differences between different groups of people. It acknowledges the coexistence and interaction of cultures within one geographical area. Knowledge exchange enriches the cultural capital of a country or region. This concept involves contact between languages, ethnic groups, religions, artistic expressions, values, gastronomy, and worldviews.

What Are the Dimensions of Cultural Diversity?

The dimensions are as numerous as human life is. In particular, they comprise: • Religious beliefs and rites • Gender • Race and ethnicity • Education • Mental and physical skills • Sexual orientation • Geographic location and language • Views on warfare

Why Cultural Diversity Matters?

Culture improves the quality of life, concentrates the social experience of many generations, and accumulates knowledge about the world. Peoples are proud of their cultural heritage. They preserve it while trying to integrate it into public life. In such a way, they develop spiritually and open-mindedness.

What Does the Bible Say about Cultural Diversity?

Verse 7:9 of Revelation describes the endless number of people who have trusted in Jesus. They are the representatives of people groups, tribes, nations, and languages. This verse reminds us that all people are necessary for God. Moreover, no ethnicity and race should be deprived of His love (Galatians 3:28).

🔗 References

• Cultural diversity – Unesco
• World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
• multiculturalism | Definition, Impact, Challenges, & Facts
• Multiculturalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
• Multicultural Education: Definition & Approaches – Study.com
• Rethinking Multiculturalism: Toward a Balanced Approach – jstor
• History of Cultural Diversity in the United States | Study.com

How to Write an Essay About Cultural Differences

How to Write Research Papers From Start to Finish

Starting your cultural differences essay can be a challenging undertaking. After all, the traditions and social expectations of any culture are so broad that it can be difficult to find a starting point. Choosing a specific aspect of two cultures to research narrows down the topic, leaving you one or two issues to focus on in detail.

Pick Your Topic

When writing an essay on cultural differences, the first question to address is which cultures to write about. The assignment you are given may ask you to compare and contrast two different cultures, or to compare your own culture to a culture with which you are unfamiliar. Pick a culture you are interested in, within the constraints of your assignment. This could be a culture that exists side by side with yours in your town or city, or a culture that exists on the other side of the world. If you are already partially familiar with that culture, pick an aspect of the culture you would like to know more about to ensure that you are engaged in your research.

Conduct Your Research

An encyclopedia may be a good place to begin your search. While an encyclopedia does not go in-depth into the particulars of a culture, it provides a general picture of topics you might want to investigate. These reference books often direct you to more specific references on your topic of interest, such as books, journal articles and online sources. You are likely to find, for example, a variety of sources about different levels of formality expectations in two cultures.

While doing your research, try to note whenever an aspect of a culture strikes you as strange, and ask yourself whether it is a bias based on your own assumptions. This is especially important if you are writing about the differences between your culture and another culture; you do not want your biases to creep into your writing. If possible, interview a member of the culture you are studying to get input on perceived differences.

Structure Your Paper

The next step is writing a thesis statement -- a sentence that expresses the argument of your paper. Since you are writing about a cultural difference, your thesis statement should mention what difference you want to highlight or explain in your paper. For example, if you are an American comparing your social norms of privacy to those of British culture, your thesis statement might go like this:

"The differences in British and Americans standards of privacy are evident in each culture's approach to personal openness and humor."

Once you have your thesis statement, you can plan out the rest of your paper. Outline paragraphs that compare and contrast the two cultures in regard to the issues stated in your thesis. Describe and explore similarities and differences. If possible, provide an explanation for what about the two cultures causes the differences to exist.

Write Your Paper

Begin your paper with an introduction paragraph that includes your thesis statement and additional sentences that define specific topics your paper addresses. Think of your introduction as a way of letting your reader know the topics your paper will cover. Following a well-argued body with strong supporting examples, end your essay with a conclusion paragraph that restates your thesis and the most important points of your cultural comparisons. Ensure that you cite your sources according to the style guide requested by your instructor.

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Jon Zamboni began writing professionally in 2010. He has previously written for The Spiritual Herald, an urban health care and religious issues newspaper based in New York City, and online music magazine eBurban. Zamboni has a Bachelor of Arts in religious studies from Wesleyan University.

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Conclusion: Making the Most of Culture Understanding

• Published: April 2020
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Management sciences have long ignored the cultural embedding of organizations. They consider that economic globalization brings a powerful dynamic of standardization that marginalizes cultural differences in the business world. Sometimes, these differences are seen as being reduced to habits and customs that affect the life of firms or international organizations only on minor points such as respecting punctuality in appointments or expressing straightforward criticism. They consider that the core of management—organizing activities to best serve the interests of stakeholders—will not be affected. Sometimes, too, these differences are perceived as survivors of traditions that will have to be eradicated if modernity and efficiency are to finally triumph. Consequently, best practices, presumably universal, should be established throughout the world. However, in real life, cultures resist.

Established Theories are Inadequate

A great deal of the research carried out over the past forty years has led to a change of perspective and to taking this resistance of cultures seriously. It has mainly sought to characterize each culture by a few scores as more or less hierarchical, individualistic, masculine, and open to uncertainty, as was done by Geert Hofstede (1980), whose research represented a decisive breakthrough. These first studies (Hampden-Turner et al, 1993; Schwartz, 1994; Trompenaars et al., 2011) were very valuable in showing the business world that it is unrealistic to ignore cultural diversity. However, their contributions show limits that cannot be overcome by simply enriching the set of indexes that are used. That approach is both misleading and enlightening. It tends to suggest that there is a mechanical link between the cultural context and people’s ways of acting. It does not illuminate the processes through which culture deeply influences these ways of acting without determining them. At the same time, the attempt to reduce cultures to a few scores leads you to imagine that comparing the respective scores of these cultures makes it possible to understand the relationships between those who have different cultural references. Here again, it is highly tempting to see these relationships as shaped by a kind of fatality, ignoring the room for manoeuvre from which the protagonists can draw to find appropriate operating modes.

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May 8, 2023

Celebrating Our Differences: Inspiring Essays on Diversity and Inclusion

Ready to celebrate diversity and inclusion? Discover how to craft an exceptional essay on this important topic with our expert tips and real-world examples. Join us as we explore the power of diversity and its impact on individuals and communities alike.

Imagine yourself walking into a room full of people, each with their own stories to tell. What makes your story stand out? What makes your voice unique? This is the essence of a good diversity essay .

In your essay, you have the opportunity to show the admissions committee how your life experiences have shaped your perspective, identity, and aspirations. Through sharing personal stories, you can paint a picture of who you are and how you will contribute to the vibrant tapestry of the campus community.

Maybe it's growing up in a multicultural household that has taught you to value different perspectives and ways of life. Or, perhaps it's overcoming adversity and facing challenges that have made you a more empathetic and resilient person. Whatever your story may be, your diversity essay is a chance to showcase the richness and depth of your lived experiences.

As you craft your essay, think about how your unique background has informed your actions, beliefs, and goals. Share specific examples and anecdotes that bring your story to life, and make sure to emphasize how you will use your diverse perspective to contribute positively to the campus community. With a well-written diversity essay, you can show the admissions committee that you are more than just a set of grades and test scores - you are a unique and valuable addition to their community.

We have provided a guide as well as some essay examples to assist you in writing your essay about diversity. If you need inspiration for an essay, read them till last. But before we dig into the specifics, a basic understanding of diversity is necessary.

What is Diversity in actuality?

institutions. By recognizing and celebrating the unique experiences, viewpoints, and identities of students from diverse backgrounds, schools can create a more inclusive and welcoming environment that benefits everyone. Through diversity essays, students have the opportunity to showcase the strength of diversity and how it can contribute to the greater community. 

Scholarship options designed for historically underserved communities also demonstrate the importance of diversity in leveling the playing field and creating opportunities for all. Therefore, embracing diversity can lead to a stronger and more vibrant academic community.

What is Inclusion?

Inclusion is the practice of making a place where everyone, despite their differences, is treated with dignity and respect . It's the act of making sure nobody is held back from contributing to a group or community because of their identity or background.

Each person's race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, financial background, ability, religion, and other characteristics are valued and celebrated through the practice of inclusion. It's not enough to just tolerate differences; we need to celebrate them and foster communities where everyone can feel safe and included.

To advance social justice and equity, inclusion is crucial. It allows people from all walks of life to meet one another, learn from one another, and work together towards a shared objective. Positive results for individuals and communities can result from their inclusion in more open, welcoming, and supportive settings.

Step-by-Step guide on how to write an essay on diversity and inclusion

Writing an essay on diversity and inclusion is an important task that requires careful planning and execution. In this step-by-step guide, we will provide you with a roadmap on how to write a compelling essay on this topic.

Here are seven suggestions to consider as you write your diversity statement.

Tell your story

Highlight any challenges you had to overcome while writing an essay. Tell the world about how you used to have to lug two 20-pound sacks of rice uphill to school every day. Recognize your privilege if you were born into affluence. Either way, you can utilize your experience to demonstrate your ability to empathize with kids who struggle to complete their education.

Focus on commonly accepted understandings of diversity and inclusiveness

Issues of race, gender, class, and sexual orientation should be given special attention. Don't try to soften your stance by mentioning, for example, how challenging it is to be a Kansan in Missouri. Write about racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, ableism, or another form of oppression that is well-known instead.

Avoid false parallels

When writing a diversity essay, it is important to avoid false parallels. False parallels are when two things appear to be similar, but in reality, they are different. To avoid false parallels, you must carefully examine the similarities and differences between the two things you are comparing. This will help you to make accurate and meaningful comparisons, which will ultimately strengthen your diversity essay.

Write about specific things you have done to help students from underrepresented backgrounds succeed

If you've never helped anybody before, now is the time to start. Become involved as a tutor at a low-performing school, help Habitat for Humanity construct homes, or adopt an antiracist pedagogical approach in your classroom. Not only will you gain valuable experience, but you can also use it to strengthen your diversity statement.

Highlight any programs for underrepresented students you’ve participated in

If you have participated in any programs for underrepresented students, be sure to highlight them in your essay on diversity. This could include programs focused on increasing access to education for students from disadvantaged backgrounds, mentorship or internship programs for underrepresented groups, or community service initiatives aimed at promoting diversity and inclusion.

By highlighting these programs, you can showcase your commitment to diversity and demonstrate how you have taken active steps to promote equity and inclusion in your community.

Write about your commitment to working toward achieving equity and enhancing diversity

Provide details on what you can bring to the table. You might express your desire to help existing programmes on campus or to start something brand new inspired by what you've seen elsewhere.

Modify your statement based on where you are sending it

When writing an essay on diversity, it's important to tailor your statement to the specific institution or audience you are addressing. Modifying your statement based on where you are sending it shows that you have taken the time to research the institution and understand its values and priorities. This can increase the likelihood of your statement resonating with the reader and ultimately being successful in achieving your goals.

3 Example essays on Diversity and Inclusion

The importance of diversity workforce, introduction.

Workforce diversity is a critical aspect of modern-day organizations. It involves hiring individuals from different backgrounds, cultures, ethnicities, genders, and ages. The concept of workforce diversity is gaining prominence as organizations are increasingly recognizing the benefits of having a diverse workforce. In this essay, we will explore the importance of workforce diversity, the challenges associated with it, and the benefits it offers.

Encourages Innovation and Creativity

Diversity brings together a wide range of perspectives and ideas that can help drive innovation and creativity. When people from diverse backgrounds come together, they can offer different viewpoints and ideas, leading to new solutions to problems.

Enhances Employee Engagement and Retention

Employees who feel included and valued are more engaged and motivated, leading to higher retention rates. When employees feel they belong and are appreciated, they are more likely to stay with the organization, reducing turnover costs.

Increases Global Competitiveness

Diversity in the workforce is crucial for organizations looking to expand globally. Organizations with a diverse workforce are better equipped to understand and navigate the cultural nuances of different countries and regions, making them more competitive in the global marketplace.

Promotes a Positive Image

Organizations that embrace diversity are viewed positively by the public, customers, and employees. A diverse workforce demonstrates that the organization values and respects individuals from all backgrounds, contributing to a positive brand image.

Resistance to Change

Implementing diversity initiatives can be met with resistance, particularly from those who believe that the traditional way of doing things is the best. It is essential to educate and raise awareness about the benefits of diversity to overcome this challenge.

Communication Barriers

When individuals from different backgrounds come together, there may be communication barriers due to language or cultural differences. It is essential to provide training and resources to overcome these barriers and foster effective communication.

Stereotyping and Bias

Stereotyping and bias can negatively impact diversity initiatives. It is essential to establish a culture of inclusivity and respect, where individuals feel valued and appreciated for their unique contributions.

Improved Decision-Making

A diverse workforce can provide a range of perspectives, leading to better decision-making. When individuals with different backgrounds come together, they can offer different viewpoints, leading to a more comprehensive and well-rounded decision-making process.

Increased Creativity and Innovation

Diversity can lead to new ideas and perspectives that can drive innovation and creativity. A diverse workforce can bring together different viewpoints and experiences, leading to new solutions to problems.

Enhanced Reputation

Improved Employee Engagement and Retention

When employees feel included and valued, they are more engaged and motivated, leading to higher retention rates. A diverse workforce can help create a sense of belonging, leading to improved employee engagement and retention.

Workforce diversity is crucial for modern-day organizations. It can lead to improved decision-making, increased creativity and innovation, and enhanced reputation. However, diversity initiatives can be met with resistance, communication barriers, stereotyping, and bias. It is essential to establish a culture of inclusivity and respect, where individuals feel valued and appreciated for their unique contributions. By embracing diversity, organizations can create a more productive, engaged, and innovative workforce.

2. The challenges of diversity in different institutions

Diversity is a term that describes the differences among people, whether they are cultural, ethnic, racial, linguistic, gender, or sexual orientation differences. While diversity is often celebrated, it can also pose challenges, especially in institutions such as schools, workplaces, and governments. This essay will explore the challenges of diversity in different institutions and how they can be addressed.

Challenges of Diversity in Schools

Schools are meant to be places where students can learn and grow, but diversity can sometimes be a challenge. Students who come from different backgrounds may face discrimination and exclusion from their peers, which can affect their ability to learn and thrive.

Teachers may also struggle to provide a curriculum that is inclusive of all students experiences and perspectives. Addressing these challenges requires a commitment to creating an inclusive environment where all students feel valued and respected.

Challenges of Diversity in the Workplace

Workplaces are becoming increasingly diverse, but this diversity can pose challenges. Employees from different cultural backgrounds may struggle to communicate effectively or may feel excluded from the workplace culture. Discrimination and bias can also be a problem, as can the assumption that everyone shares the same experiences and perspectives. To address these challenges, employers need to be proactive in creating a workplace culture that values diversity and promotes inclusivity. This can involve training and education for employees, as well as policies and procedures that support diversity and inclusion.

Challenges of Diversity in Government

Governments are responsible for serving diverse populations, but this can be a challenge. Members of different cultural and linguistic groups may have different needs and expectations from their government, and some groups may face discrimination or exclusion. 

To address these challenges, governments need to be proactive in engaging with diverse communities and ensuring that their policies and programs are inclusive. This can involve outreach and consultation with community groups, as well as the development of policies that reflect the needs and perspectives of diverse communities.

Ways to Address the Challenges of Diversity

Addressing the challenges of diversity requires a commitment to creating inclusive environments where all individuals feel valued and respected. This can involve several strategies, including education and training, policies and procedures, and community engagement.

Education and training can help individuals better understand the experiences and perspectives of those from different backgrounds. This can involve training programs for employees or professional development opportunities for teachers. It can also involve curriculum changes in schools that better reflect the experiences and perspectives of diverse students.

Policies and procedures can also play a role in promoting diversity and inclusion. This can involve policies that prohibit discrimination and harassment in the workplace or schools. It can also involve policies that promote diversity in hiring or that ensure that government programs and services are inclusive of all members of the community.

Community engagement is also an important strategy for promoting diversity and inclusion. This can involve outreach to community groups and the development of partnerships with organizations that serve diverse communities. It can also involve the creation of advisory committees or other mechanisms for engaging with diverse populations.

In conclusion, diversity is an important aspect of our society, but it can also pose challenges in different institutions. Schools, workplaces, and governments need to be proactive in creating inclusive environments where all individuals feel valued and respected. This requires a commitment to education and training, policies and procedures that promote diversity and inclusion, and community engagement. By addressing the challenges of diversity, we can create a more equitable and inclusive society for all.

3. Ideas on how to Reduce Discrimination in Society

Racial discrimination is a pervasive issue that has plagued society for centuries. It is a problem that continues to affect individuals and communities around the world. Discrimination is an act that denies individuals equal rights, opportunities, and treatment based on their race or ethnicity. The impacts of racism are far-reaching, and it affects individuals' economic, social, and emotional well-being. Therefore, there is a need for collective efforts to reduce racial discrimination and promote social justice. This essay discusses some of the best ways to reduce racial discrimination in society.

Education and Awareness

Education is a powerful tool that can help reduce racial discrimination. Education is essential in teaching individuals about diversity, equity, and inclusion. When people understand the impact of racism, they are more likely to become allies and advocates for change. Education can take many forms, such as books, documentaries, and workshops. 

Institutions can also incorporate cultural competency training into their curriculum to educate students and faculty members about the impact of discrimination. It is essential to recognize the different forms of discrimination, including implicit bias, microaggressions, and institutional racism, to address them appropriately.

Political Action

Political action is another way to reduce racial discrimination in society. Leaders at the local, state, and federal levels can enact policies that promote equality and diversity. Policies such as affirmative action and diversity initiatives can promote inclusion in the workforce and educational institutions. 

Politicians can also pass laws that make racial discrimination illegal and provide support to victims of discrimination. It is essential to recognize that racism is a systemic issue that requires political action to address.

Community Engagement

Community engagement is an important way to reduce racial discrimination. Building strong communities that are inclusive and diverse can help reduce racism. Communities can engage in activities that promote diversity, such as cultural festivals, food fairs, and art exhibits. 

These events can help build bridges between different communities and promote understanding. Community members can also engage in conversations about racism and work together to address it. This can create a sense of belonging and unity that can help reduce discrimination.

Diversity in Institutions

Institutions play a significant role in reducing racial discrimination. Institutions such as schools, businesses, and government agencies can promote diversity by recruiting and retaining individuals from diverse backgrounds. A diverse workforce or student body can help reduce discrimination by promoting inclusion and understanding. 

Institutions can also create policies that promote equality and diversity, such as flexible work arrangements, diversity training, and bias reporting systems. It is important to ensure that institutions are representative of the communities they serve to reduce discrimination.

In conclusion, reducing racial discrimination requires a collective effort from individuals, institutions, and political leaders. Education and awareness, political action, community engagement, and diversity in institutions are all effective ways to address discrimination. It is important to recognize that reducing discrimination is a long-term effort that requires commitment and perseverance. By working together, we can create a more inclusive and equitable society that values diversity and promotes social justice.

Final Words

In conclusion, embracing diversity and inclusion is crucial for creating a more equitable and harmonious society. Whether it's through recognizing and celebrating racial diversity and cultural diversity, fostering a sense of belonging for all individuals, or actively working to combat discrimination and prejudice, we must prioritize these values in all aspects of our lives. By championing diversity and inclusion, we can cultivate a richer, more vibrant world that values the unique perspectives and experiences of all people. By embracing diversity and inclusion, we can build a better future for ourselves and for generations to come.

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Cultural Identity Essay

27 August, 2020

12 minutes read

Author:  Elizabeth Brown

No matter where you study, composing essays of any type and complexity is a critical component in any studying program. Most likely, you have already been assigned the task to write a cultural identity essay, which is an essay that has to do a lot with your personality and cultural background. In essence, writing a cultural identity essay is fundamental for providing the reader with an understanding of who you are and which outlook you have. This may include the topics of religion, traditions, ethnicity, race, and so on. So, what shall you do to compose a winning cultural identity essay?

Cultural Identity Paper: Definitions, Goals & Topics 

Before starting off with a cultural identity essay, it is fundamental to uncover what is particular about this type of paper. First and foremost, it will be rather logical to begin with giving a general and straightforward definition of a cultural identity essay. In essence, cultural identity essay implies outlining the role of the culture in defining your outlook, shaping your personality, points of view regarding a multitude of matters, and forming your qualities and beliefs. Given a simpler definition, a cultural identity essay requires you to write about how culture has influenced your personality and yourself in general. So in this kind of essay you as a narrator need to give an understanding of who you are, which strengths you have, and what your solid life position is.

Yet, the goal of a cultural identity essay is not strictly limited to describing who you are and merely outlining your biography. Instead, this type of essay pursues specific objectives, achieving which is a perfect indicator of how high-quality your essay is. Initially, the primary goal implies outlining your cultural focus and why it makes you peculiar. For instance, if you are a french adolescent living in Canada, you may describe what is so special about it: traditions of the community, beliefs, opinions, approaches. Basically, you may talk about the principles of the society as well as its beliefs that made you become the person you are today.

So far, cultural identity is a rather broad topic, so you will likely have a multitude of fascinating ideas for your paper. For instance, some of the most attention-grabbing topics for a personal cultural identity essay are:

• Memorable traditions of your community
• A cultural event that has influenced your personality 
• Influential people in your community
• Locations and places that tell a lot about your culture and identity

Cultural Identity Essay Structure

As you might have already guessed, composing an essay on cultural identity might turn out to be fascinating but somewhat challenging. Even though the spectrum of topics is rather broad, the question of how to create the most appropriate and appealing structure remains open.

Like any other kind of an academic essay, a cultural identity essay must compose of three parts: introduction, body, and concluding remarks. Let’s take a more detailed look at each of the components:

Introduction 

Starting to write an essay is most likely one of the most time-consuming and mind-challenging procedures. Therefore, you can postpone writing your introduction and approach it right after you finish body paragraphs. Nevertheless, you should think of a suitable topic as well as come up with an explicit thesis. At the beginning of the introduction section, give some hints regarding the matter you are going to discuss. You have to mention your thesis statement after you have briefly guided the reader through the topic. You can also think of indicating some vital information about yourself, which is, of course, relevant to the topic you selected.

Your main body should reveal your ideas and arguments. Most likely, it will consist of 3-5 paragraphs that are more or less equal in size. What you have to keep in mind to compose a sound ‘my cultural identity essay’ is the argumentation. In particular, always remember to reveal an argument and back it up with evidence in each body paragraph. And, of course, try to stick to the topic and make sure that you answer the overall question that you stated in your topic. Besides, always keep your thesis statement in mind: make sure that none of its components is left without your attention and argumentation.

Conclusion 

Finally, after you are all finished with body paragraphs and introduction, briefly summarize all the points in your final remarks section. Paraphrase what you have already revealed in the main body, and make sure you logically lead the reader to the overall argument. Indicate your cultural identity once again and draw a bottom line regarding how your culture has influenced your personality.

Best Tips For Writing Cultural Identity Essay

Writing a ‘cultural identity essay about myself’ might be somewhat challenging at first. However, you will no longer struggle if you take a couple of plain tips into consideration. Following the tips below will give you some sound and reasonable cultural identity essay ideas as well as make the writing process much more pleasant:

• Start off by creating an outline. The reason why most students struggle with creating a cultural identity essay lies behind a weak structure. The best way to organize your ideas and let them flow logically is to come up with a helpful outline. Having a reference to build on is incredibly useful, and it allows your essay to look polished.
• Remember to write about yourself. The task of a cultural identity essay implies not focusing on your culture per se, but to talk about how it shaped your personality. So, switch your focus to describing who you are and what your attitudes and positions are. 
• Think of the most fundamental cultural aspects. Needless to say, you first need to come up with a couple of ideas to be based upon in your paper. So, brainstorm all the possible ideas and try to decide which of them deserve the most attention. In essence, try to determine which of the aspects affected your personality the most.
• Edit and proofread before submitting your paper. Of course, the content and the coherence of your essay’s structure play a crucial role. But the grammatical correctness matters a lot too. Even if you are a native speaker, you may still make accidental errors in the text. To avoid the situation when unintentional mistakes spoil the impression from your essay, always double check your cultural identity essay. 

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Home — Essay Samples — Social Issues — Cultural Diversity — Aspects Of Cultural Diversity

Aspects of Cultural Diversity

• Categories: Cultural Diversity Social Cohesion

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Published: Mar 19, 2024

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Table of contents

What is cultural diversity, the role of cultural diversity in identity formation, promoting social cohesion and understanding, challenges and solutions, cultural diversity as a catalyst for creativity and innovation, in conclusion.

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Research: How Cultural Differences Can Impact Global Teams

• Vasyl Taras,
• Dan Caprar,
• Alfredo Jiménez,
• Fabian Froese

And what managers can do to help their international teams succeed.

Diversity can be both a benefit and a challenge to virtual teams, especially those which are global. The authors unpack their recent research on how diversity works in remote teams, concluding that benefits and drawbacks can be explained by how teams manage the two facets of diversity: personal and contextual. They find that contextual diversity is key to aiding creativity, decision-making, and problem-solving, while personal diversity does not. In their study, teams with higher contextual diversity produced higher-quality consulting reports, and their solutions were more creative and innovative. When it comes to the quality of work, teams that were higher on contextual diversity performed better. Therefore, the potential challenges caused by personal diversity should be anticipated and managed, but the benefits of contextual diversity are likely to outweigh such challenges.

A recent survey of employees from 90 countries found that 89 percent of white-collar workers “at least occasionally” complete projects in global virtual teams (GVTs), where team members are dispersed around the planet and rely on online tools for communication. This is not surprising. In a globalized — not to mention socially distanced — world, online collaboration is indispensable for bringing people together.

• VT Vasyl Taras is an associate professor and the Director of the Master’s or Science in International Business program at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro, USA. He is an associate editor of the Journal of International Management and the International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, and a founder of the X-Culture, an international business competition.
• DB Dan Baack is an expert in international marketing. Dan’s work focuses on how the processing of information or cultural models influences international business. He recently published the 2nd edition of his textbook, International Marketing, with Sage Publications. Beyond academic success, he is an active consultant and expert witness. He has testified at the state and federal level regarding marketing ethics.
• DC Dan Caprar is an Associate Professor at the University of Sydney Business School. His research, teaching, and consulting are focused on culture, identity, and leadership. Before completing his MBA and PhD as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Iowa (USA), Dan worked in a range of consulting and managerial roles in business, NGOs, and government organizations in Romania, the UK, and the US.
• AJ Alfredo Jiménez is Associate Professor at KEDGE Business School (France). His research interests include internationalization, political risk, corruption, culture, and global virtual teams. He is a senior editor at the European Journal of International Management.
• FF Fabian Froese is Chair Professor of Human Resource Management and Asian Business at the University of Göttingen, Germany, and Editor-in-Chief of Asian Business & Management. He obtained a doctorate in International Management from the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and another doctorate in Sociology from Waseda University, Japan. His research interests lie in international human resource management and cross-cultural management.

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Quality Education pp 1–10 Cite as

Understanding Cultural Diversity and Diverse Identities

• Cong Lin 7  
• Living reference work entry
• First Online: 10 November 2019

1803 Accesses

6 Citations

1 Altmetric

Part of the book series: Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals ((ENUNSDG))

Cross-cultural communication ; Dialogue ; Multiculturalism ; Pluralism

Definitions

Cultural diversity is a debatable, open-ended term, which generally refers to a reality of coexistence of diverse knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, religions, languages, abilities and disabilities, genders, ethnicities, races, nationalities, sexual orientations, etc., of human beings. It could extend to the way people react to this reality and the way people choose to live together with this reality.

Cultural Diversity and Identity

Introduction.

People are divided by several factitious categories and partitions, such as identity politics, around the world where all cultural groups feel their members are to some extent being attacked, bullied, persecuted, and discriminated against. Whether people admit it or not, and whether government hide it or not, it is a fact that people are full of diversity in terms of gender, social class, ethnicity, race, language, abilities and disabilities,...

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International Centre for Thriving, University of Chester, Chester, UK

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Lin, C. (2019). Understanding Cultural Diversity and Diverse Identities. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P., Wall, T. (eds) Quality Education. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69902-8_37-1

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Beyond Intractability

The Hyper-Polarization Challenge to the Conflict Resolution Field: A Joint BI/CRQ Discussion BI and the Conflict Resolution Quarterly invite you to participate in an online exploration of what those with conflict and peacebuilding expertise can do to help defend liberal democracies and encourage them live up to their ideals.

Follow BI and the Hyper-Polarization Discussion on BI's New Substack Newsletter .

Hyper-Polarization, COVID, Racism, and the Constructive Conflict Initiative Read about (and contribute to) the  Constructive Conflict Initiative  and its associated Blog —our effort to assemble what we collectively know about how to move beyond our hyperpolarized politics and start solving society's problems. 

By Michelle LeBaron

July 2003  

Culture is an essential part of conflict and conflict resolution. Cultures are like underground rivers that run through our lives and relationships, giving us messages that shape our perceptions, attributions, judgments, and ideas of self and other. Though cultures are powerful, they are often unconscious, influencing conflict and attempts to resolve conflict in imperceptible ways.

Cultures are more than language, dress, and food customs. Cultural groups may share race, ethnicity, or nationality, but they also arise from cleavages of generation, socioeconomic class, sexual orientation, ability and disability, political and religious affiliation, language, and gender -- to name only a few.

Two things are essential to remember about cultures: they are always changing, and they relate to the symbolic dimension of life. The symbolic dimension is the place where we are constantly making meaning and enacting our identities. Cultural messages from the groups we belong to give us information about what is meaningful or important, and who we are in the world and in relation to others -- our identities.

Cultural messages, simply, are what everyone in a group knows that outsiders do not know. They are the water fish swim in, unaware of its effect on their vision. They are a series of lenses that shape what we see and don't see, how we perceive and interpret, and where we draw boundaries. In shaping our values, cultures contain starting points and currencies[1]. Starting points are those places it is natural to begin, whether with individual or group concerns, with the big picture or particularities. Currencies are those things we care about that influence and shape our interactions with others.

How Cultures Work

Though largely below the surface, cultures are a shifting, dynamic set of starting points that orient us in particular ways and away from other directions. Each of us belongs to multiple cultures that give us messages about what is normal, appropriate, and expected. When others do not meet our expectations, it is often a cue that our cultural expectations are different. We may mistake differences between others and us for evidence of bad faith or lack of common sense on the part of others, not realizing that common sense is also cultural. What is common to one group may seem strange, counterintuitive, or wrong to another.

Cultural messages shape our understandings of relationships, and of how to deal with the conflict and harmony that are always present whenever two or more people come together. Writing about or working across cultures is complicated, but not impossible. Here are some complications in working with cultural dimensions of conflict, and the implications that flow from them:

Culture is multi-layered -- what you see on the surface may mask differences below the surface.

Therefore, cultural generalizations are not the whole story, and there is no substitute for building relationships and sharing experiences, coming to know others more deeply over time.

Culture is constantly in flux -- as conditions change, cultural groups adapt in dynamic and sometimes unpredictable ways.

Therefore, no comprehensive description can ever be formulated about a particular group. Any attempt to understand a group must take the dimensions of time, context, and individual differences into account.

Culture is elastic -- knowing the cultural norms of a given group does not predict the behavior of a member of that group, who may not conform to norms for individual or contextual reasons.

Therefore, taxonomies (e.g. "Italians think this way," or "Buddhists prefer that") have limited use, and can lead to error if not checked with experience.

Culture is largely below the surface, influencing identities and meaning-making, or who we believe ourselves to be and what we care about -- it is not easy to access these symbolic levels since they are largely outside our awareness.

Therefore, it is important to use many ways of learning about the cultural dimensions of those involved in a conflict, especially indirect ways, including stories, metaphors, and rituals.

Cultural influences and identities become important depending on context. When an aspect of cultural identity is threatened or misunderstood, it may become relatively more important than other cultural identities and this fixed, narrow identity may become the focus of stereotyping , negative projection, and conflict. This is a very common situation in intractable conflicts.

Therefore, it is useful for people in conflict to have interactive experiences that help them see each other as broadly as possible, experiences that foster the recognition of shared identities as well as those that are different.

Since culture is so closely related to our identities (who we think we are), and the ways we make meaning (what is important to us and how), it is always a factor in conflict. Cultural awareness leads us to apply the Platinum Rule in place of the Golden Rule. Rather than the maxim "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," the Platinum Rule advises: "Do unto others as they would have you do unto them."

Culture and Conflict: Connections

Cultures are embedded in every conflict because conflicts arise in human relationships. Cultures affect the ways we name, frame, blame, and attempt to tame conflicts. Whether a conflict exists at all is a cultural question. In an interview conducted in Canada, an elderly Chinese man indicated he had experienced no conflict at all for the previous 40 years.[2] Among the possible reasons for his denial was a cultural preference to see the world through lenses of harmony rather than conflict, as encouraged by his Confucian upbringing. Labeling some of our interactions as conflicts and analyzing them into smaller component parts is a distinctly Western approach that may obscure other aspects of relationships.

Culture is always a factor in conflict, whether it plays a central role or influences it subtly and gently. For any conflict that touches us where it matters, where we make meaning and hold our identities, there is always a cultural component. Intractable conflicts like the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or the India-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir are not just about territorial, boundary, and sovereignty issues -- they are also about acknowledgement, representation, and legitimization of different identities and ways of living, being, and making meaning.

Conflicts between teenagers and parents are shaped by generational culture, and conflicts between spouses or partners are influenced by gender culture. In organizations, conflicts arising from different disciplinary cultures escalate tensions between co-workers, creating strained or inaccurate communication and stressed relationships. Culture permeates conflict no matter what -- sometimes pushing forth with intensity, other times quietly snaking along, hardly announcing its presence until surprised people nearly stumble on it.

Culture is inextricable from conflict, though it does not cause it. When differences surface in families, organizations, or communities, culture is always present, shaping perceptions, attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes.

When the cultural groups we belong to are a large majority in our community or nation, we are less likely to be aware of the content of the messages they send us. Cultures shared by dominant groups often seem to be "natural," "normal" -- "the way things are done." We only notice the effect of cultures that are different from our own, attending to behaviors that we label exotic or strange.

Though culture is intertwined with conflict, some approaches to conflict resolution minimize cultural issues and influences. Since culture is like an iceberg -- largely submerged -- it is important to include it in our analyses and interventions. Icebergs unacknowledged can be dangerous, and it is impossible to make choices about them if we don't know their size or place. Acknowledging culture and bringing cultural fluency to conflicts can help all kinds of people make more intentional, adaptive choices.

Culture and Conflict: How to Respond

Given culture's important role in conflicts, what should be done to keep it in mind and include it in response plans? Cultures may act like temperamental children: complicated, elusive, and difficult to predict. Unless we develop comfort with culture as an integral part of conflict, we may find ourselves tangled in its net of complexity, limited by our own cultural lenses. Cultural fluency is a key tool for disentangling and managing multilayered, cultural conflicts.

Cultural fluency means familiarity with cultures: their natures, how they work, and ways they intertwine with our relationships in times of conflict and harmony. Cultural fluency means awareness of several dimensions of culture, including

• Communication,
• Ways of naming, framing, and taming conflict,
• Approaches to meaning making,
• Identities and roles.

Each of these is described in more detail below.

Communication refers to different starting points about how to relate to and with others. There are many variations on these starting points, and they are outlined in detail in the topic Communication, Culture, and Conflict . Some of the major variations relate to the division between high- and low-context communications, a classification devised by Edward T. Hall.[3]

In high-context communication, most of a message is conveyed by the context surrounding it, rather than being named explicitly in words. The physical setting, the way things are said, and shared understandings are relied upon to give communication meaning. Interactions feature formalized and stylized rituals, telegraphing ideas without spelling them out. Nonverbal cues and signals are essential to comprehension of the message. The context is trusted to communicate in the absence of verbal expressions, or sometimes in addition to them. High-context communication may help save face because it is less direct than low-context communication, but it may increase the possibilities of miscommunication because much of the intended message is unstated.

Low-context communication emphasizes directness rather than relying on the context to communicate. From this starting point, verbal communication is specific and literal, and less is conveyed in implied, indirect signals. Low-context communicators tend to "say what they mean and mean what they say." Low-context communication may help prevent misunderstandings , but it can also escalate conflict because it is more confrontational than high-context communication.

As people communicate, they move along a continuum between high- and low-context. Depending on the kind of relationship, the context, and the purpose of communication, they may be more or less explicit and direct. In close relationships, communication shorthand is often used, which makes communication opaque to outsiders but perfectly clear to the parties. With strangers, the same people may choose low-context communication.

Low- and high-context communication refers not only to individual communication strategies, but may be used to understand cultural groups. Generally, Western cultures tend to gravitate toward low-context starting points, while Eastern and Southern cultures tend to high-context communication. Within these huge categories, there are important differences and many variations. Where high-context communication tends to be featured, it is useful to pay specific attention to nonverbal cues and the behavior of others who may know more of the unstated rules governing the communication. Where low-context communication is the norm, directness is likely to be expected in return.

There are many other ways that communication varies across cultures. High- and low-context communication and several other dimensions are explored in Communication, Culture, and Conflict .

Ways of naming, framing, and taming conflict vary across cultural boundaries. As the example of the elderly Chinese interviewee illustrates, not everyone agrees on what constitutes a conflict. For those accustomed to subdued, calm discussion, an emotional exchange among family members may seem a threatening conflict. The family members themselves may look at their exchange as a normal and desirable airing of differing views. Intractable conflicts are also subject to different interpretations. Is an event a skirmish, a provocation, an escalation, or a mere trifle, hardly worth noticing? The answer depends on perspective, context, and how identity relates to the situation.

Just as there is no consensus across cultures or situations on what constitutes a conflict or how events in the interaction should be framed, so there are many different ways of thinking about how to tame it. Should those involved meet face to face, sharing their perspectives and stories with or without the help of an outside mediator? Or should a trusted friend talk with each of those involved and try to help smooth the waters? Should a third party be known to the parties or a stranger to those involved?

John Paul Lederach, in his book Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Cultures, identifies two third-party roles that exist in U.S. and Somali settings, respectively -- the formal mediator and the traditional elder.[4] The formal mediator is generally not known to those involved, and he or she tries to act without favoritism or investment in any particular outcome. Traditional elders are revered for their local knowledge and relationships, and are relied upon for direction and advice, as well as for their skills in helping parties communicate with each other. The roles of insider partial (someone known to the parties who is familiar with the history of the situation and the webs of relationships) and outsider neutral (someone unknown to the parties who has no stake in the outcome or continuing relationship with the parties) appear in a range of cultural contexts. Generally, insider partials tend to be preferred in traditional, high-context settings, while outside neutrals are more common in low-context settings.

These are just some of the ways that taming conflict varies across cultures. Third parties may use different strategies with quite different goals, depending on their cultural sense of what is needed. In multicultural contexts, parties' expectations of how conflict should be addressed may vary, further escalating an existing conflict.

Approaches to meaning-making also vary across cultures. Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars suggest that people have a range of starting points for making sense of their lives, including:

• universalist (favoring rules, laws, and generalizations) and particularist (favoring exceptions, relations, and contextual evaluation)
• specificity (preferring explicit definitions, breaking down wholes into component parts, and measurable results) and diffuseness (focusing on patterns, the big picture, and process over outcome)
• inner direction (sees virtue in individuals who strive to realize their conscious purpose) and outer direction (where virtue is outside each of us in natural rhythms, nature, beauty, and relationships)
• synchronous time (cyclical and spiraling) and sequential time (linear and unidirectional).[5]

When we don't understand that others may have quite different starting points, conflict is more likely to occur and to escalate. Even though the starting points themselves are neutral, negative motives are easily attributed to someone who begins from a different end of the continuum.[6]

For example, when First Nations people sit down with government representatives to negotiate land claims in Canada or Australia, different ideas of time may make it difficult to establish rapport and make progress. First Nations people tend to see time as stretching forward and back, binding them in relationship with seven generations in both directions. Their actions and choices in the present are thus relevant to history and to their progeny. Government negotiators acculturated to Western European ideas of time may find the telling of historical tales and the consideration of projections generations into the future tedious and irrelevant unless they understand the variations in the way time is understood by First Nations people.

Of course, this example draws on generalizations that may or may not apply in a particular situation. There are many different Aboriginal peoples in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and elsewhere. Each has a distinct culture, and these cultures have different relationships to time, different ideas about negotiation, and unique identities. Government negotiators may also have a range of ethno cultural identities, and may not fit the stereotype of the woman or man in a hurry, with a measured, pressured orientation toward time.

Examples can also be drawn from the other three dimensions identified by Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars. When an intractable conflict has been ongoing for years or even generations, should there be recourse to international standards and interveners, or local rules and practices? Those favoring a universalist starting point are more likely to prefer international intervention and the setting of international standards. Particularlists will be more comfortable with a tailor-made, home-grown approach than with the imposition of general rules that may or may not fit their needs and context.

Specificity and diffuseness also lead to conflict and conflict escalation in many instances. People, who speak in specifics, looking for practical solutions to challenges that can be implemented and measured, may find those who focus on process, feelings, and the big picture obstructionist and frustrating. On the other hand, those whose starting points are diffuse are more apt to catch the flaw in the sum that is not easy to detect by looking at the component parts, and to see the context into which specific ideas must fit.

Inner-directed people tend to feel confident that they can affect change, believing that they are "the masters of their fate, the captains of their souls."[7] They focus more on product than process. Imagine their frustration when faced with outer-directed people, whose attention goes to nurturing relationships, living in harmony with nature, going with the flow, and paying attention to processes rather than products. As with each of the above sets of starting points, neither is right or wrong; they are simply different. A focus on process is helpful, but not if it completely fails to ignore outcomes. A focus on outcomes is useful, but it is also important to monitor the tone and direction of the process. Cultural fluency means being aware of different sets of starting points, and having a way to speak in both dialects, helping translate between them when they are making conflict worse.

These continua are not absolute, nor do they explain human relations broadly. They are clues to what might be happening when people are in conflict over long periods of time. We are meaning-making creatures, telling stories and creating understandings that preserve our sense of self and relate to our purpose. As we come to realize this, we can look into the process of meaning making for those in a conflict and find ways to help them make their meaning-making processes and conclusions more apparent to each other.

This can be done by storytelling and by the creation of shared stories, stories that are co-constructed to make room for multiple points of view within them. Often, people in conflict tell stories that sound as though both cannot be true. Narrative conflict-resolution approaches help them leave their concern with truth and being right on the sideline for a time, turning their attention instead to stories in which they can both see themselves.

Another way to explore meaning making is through metaphors. Metaphors are compact, tightly packaged word pictures that convey a great deal of information in shorthand form. For example, in exploring how a conflict began, one side may talk about its origins being buried in the mists of time before there were boundaries and roads and written laws. The other may see it as the offspring of a vexatious lawsuit begun in 1946. Neither is wrong -- the issue may well have deep roots, and the lawsuit was surely a part of the evolution of the conflict. As the two sides talk about their metaphors, the more diffuse starting point wrapped up in the mists of time meets the more specific one, attached to a particular legal action. As the two talk, they deepen their understanding of each other in context, and learn more about their respective roles and identities.

Identities and roles refer to conceptions of the self. Am I an individual unit, autonomous, a free agent, ultimately responsible for myself? Or am I first and foremost a member of a group, weighing choices and actions by how the group will perceive them and be affected by them? Those who see themselves as separate individuals likely come from societies anthropologists call individualist. Those for whom group allegiance is primary usually come from settings anthropologists call collectivist, or communitarian.

In collectivist settings, the following values tend to be privileged:

• cooperation
• filial piety (respect for and deference toward elders)
• participation in shared progress
• reputation of the group
• interdependence

In individualist settings, the following values tend to be privileged:

• competition
• independence
• individual achievement
• personal growth and fulfillment
• self-reliance

When individualist and communitarian starting points influence those on either side of a conflict, escalation may result. Individualists may see no problem with "no holds barred" confrontation, while communitarian counterparts shrink from bringing dishonor or face-loss to their group by behaving in unseemly ways. Individualists may expect to make agreements with communitarians, and may feel betrayed when the latter indicate that they have to take their understandings back to a larger public or group before they can come to closure. In the end, one should remember that, as with other patterns described, most people are not purely individualist or communitarian. Rather, people tend to have individualist or communitarian starting points, depending on one's upbringing, experience, and the context of the situation.

There is no one-size-fits-all approach to conflict resolution, since culture is always a factor. Cultural fluency is therefore a core competency for those who intervene in conflicts or simply want to function more effectively in their own lives and situations. Cultural fluency involves recognizing and acting respectfully from the knowledge that communication, ways of naming, framing, and taming conflict, approaches to meaning-making, and identities and roles vary across cultures.

[1] See also the essays on Cultural and Worldview Frames and Communication Tools for Understanding Cultural Differences .

[2] LeBaron, Michelle and Bruce Grundison. 1993. Conflict and Culture: Research in Five Communities in British Columbia, Canada . Victoria, British Columbia: University of Victoria Institute for Dispute Resolution.

[3] Hall, Edward T. 1976. Beyond Culture . Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

[4] Lederach, John Paul. 1995. Preparing for Peace. Conflict Transformation Across Cultures . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, pp. 94.

[5] Hampden-Turner, Charles and Fons Trompenaars. 2000. Building Cross Cultural Competence. How to Create Wealth from Conflicting Values. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

[6] There is also the set of essays on framing which is closely related to the idea of meaning making.

[7] Ibid., 244.

Use the following to cite this article: LeBaron, Michelle. "Culture and Conflict." Beyond Intractability . Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: July 2003 < http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/culture-conflict >.

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Egypt Culture Vs American Culture

This essay about Egyptian and American cultures explores the differences and similarities between the two societies across various cultural dimensions. It examines family structures, with Egyptians prioritizing extended family and community, contrasting with the American focus on individualism and nuclear families. Communication styles also differ, with Egyptians preferring indirect methods in line with their high-context culture, whereas Americans are more direct, reflecting their low-context communication preferences. Additionally, the essay discusses the significant role of religion in Egypt compared to a more secular public life in the U.S., and varying perceptions of time management and workplace culture in both countries. Finally, it contrasts the types of celebrations prevalent in each culture, highlighting Egypt’s religious and national celebrations against America’s civic-oriented holidays. The essay concludes that understanding these cultural nuances fosters greater intercultural respect and communication.

How it works

Comparing the cultures of Egypt and the United States reveals a fascinating tapestry of differences and similarities that reflect the unique historical, social, and geographical contexts of each country. Both cultures offer rich traditions and modern influences that shape their societies’ values, behaviors, and lifestyles. This essay explores several key cultural dimensions where Egyptian and American cultures diverge and where they sometimes unexpectedly converge.

**Family and Social Structure** In Egypt, the family is the cornerstone of social life and often influences individuals’ decisions about career, marriage, and even day-to-day choices.

Extended families frequently live close together or in the same household, reflecting a community-oriented approach. In contrast, American culture places a higher value on individualism. The typical American family model is more nuclear, and there is a stronger emphasis on personal independence and self-reliance. However, both cultures share a deep appreciation for family gatherings and the importance of family in providing support and guidance.

**Communication Styles** Egyptians generally employ a more indirect communication style, which is reflective of a broader high-context culture. This style relies heavily on non-verbal cues and the context of the conversation to convey meaning, often to maintain politeness and harmony. Americans, on the other hand, are known for their low-context and direct communication style. Clarity and efficiency are prioritized, and messages are often expressed explicitly to ensure there is no room for ambiguity. This difference can sometimes lead to misunderstandings in interactions between the two cultures.

**Religious Influence** Religion plays a more integral role in everyday Egyptian life than in American life. In Egypt, Islam is a major component of both public and private life, influencing social norms, laws, and daily routines such as prayer times. Public expressions of faith are common, and religious festivals and practices are widely observed. In the United States, while religious freedom is a core value and many people are religious, there is a greater emphasis on secularism in public life. The diversity of religious beliefs in the U.S. also means that there is less uniformity in religious practices across the country.

**Attitudes Toward Time** Time perception significantly differs between the two cultures. In Egypt, time is treated more fluidly. There is a cultural emphasis on relationships and interactions rather than strict adherence to schedules. This flexible approach to time is sometimes referred to as ‘Egyptian time,’ where events start and finish according to the nature of the occasion rather than the clock. Conversely, in the U.S., time is seen as a precious resource to be managed. The American approach is more schedule-oriented, with a focus on punctuality and efficiency. This cultural difference is evident in business practices and daily life, where Americans tend to value quick decision-making and short-term goals.

**Workplace Culture** The workplace in Egypt is often an extension of the broader social culture, with a strong emphasis on relationships. Decision-making can be hierarchical, and respect for authority is paramount. In contrast, American workplace culture is more egalitarian, where individual achievement and innovation are encouraged. Feedback is direct and management is typically less formal than in Egypt. However, in both cultures, there is a growing emphasis on work-life balance, though the approach to achieving it can be culturally specific.

**Cultural Celebrations** Both Egyptian and American societies love to celebrate, but the style and type of celebrations often differ. Major Egyptian celebrations are deeply rooted in religious and national traditions, such as Ramadan, Eid, and Sham el-Nessim, which mark seasonal and historical events. American holidays like Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July, meanwhile, reflect the country’s historical and cultural heritage but are less influenced by religion and more by civic pride.

In conclusion, while Egyptian and American cultures differ in family dynamics, communication styles, religious influences, perceptions of time, and workplace norms, they both show a deep respect for cultural traditions and a growing adaptability to global influences. Understanding these differences and similarities enhances mutual respect and improves intercultural communication between these two rich and diverse societies.

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Cultures around the World Descriptive Essay

Culture is the way of life of a given people. It entails how people behave and perceive different life issues. It includes aspects like religion, customs, language, beliefs, food among others. Culture varies from one place to the other depending on the circumstances surrounding a place such as climate and environment and how people perceive things.

The difference between cultures brings about the issue of culture shock. Culture shock is experienced differently by various people and is believed to be temporary. In this assignment, I will give my experience and how culture shock affected me.

It was last year when I decided to have a change of environment; after having a very tight school schedule. I held the idea that spending my summer on a farm far away from the busy city life would be a relief to me. Since childhood, I had spent my life in the city and hence I was used to city life and all the attributes that go along with it. This made the countryside look so different for me in regard to various aspects including the environment, the customs, the food taken, the values and beliefs among other things.

The first thing that gave me problems was the environment and climate in the new place. Initially, I found it interesting due to the fact that it was free from congestion and pollution and everything seemed cool.

It was however very cold, which made me to clad in warm clothing so as to put up with the weather. Communication is another concept that was so different. Unlike in the city, respect in the countryside was a key issue especially when interacting with people who are much older. I had to be taught the words I would use when addressing older people.

Although it sounded awkward, I had no choice but to learn. Shaking hands was also important since you had to show concern to the other person. People had to engage in lengthy conversations whenever they met differing to the city life where they just say hello and leave. Food and how meals were taken was also amazing. Most of the food offered to me was very unfamiliar; some tasting okay while others were just unbearable. Meals were taken many times a day and people took time together.

This is unlike in the city where everyone is rushing and taking a meal together as a family is rare. Some customs in the countryside also seemed unbearable, for instance, having to work hard for specified duration of time and having resting hours. It is a relaxed experience compared to the busy lifestyle in the city. Generally, some of the feelings that I experienced as a result of culture shock include feeling out and misunderstood, frustration, anxiety, homesickness and worse still developing a negative attitude towards the new culture.

It is evident that culture shock is a reality that people have to face from time to time as they encounter different cultures that are markedly different from theirs. This is mainly because of the differences that exist in regard to values and beliefs. All in all, culture shock is temporary and requires just some time before one adjusts and thus move away from the confusion.

• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2023, October 31). Cultures around the World. https://ivypanda.com/essays/cultures-around-the-world/

"Cultures around the World." IvyPanda , 31 Oct. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/cultures-around-the-world/.

IvyPanda . (2023) 'Cultures around the World'. 31 October.

IvyPanda . 2023. "Cultures around the World." October 31, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/cultures-around-the-world/.

1. IvyPanda . "Cultures around the World." October 31, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/cultures-around-the-world/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Cultures around the World." October 31, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/cultures-around-the-world/.

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How Cultural Differences Impact Different Aspects of Adolescent Development

Introduction.

Development during adolescence is characterized by rapid growth and various mental and social implications. However, youth follows a unique trajectory in different parts of the world due to cultural variations leading to variations in cognitive, socio-emotional, and behavioral changes. This essay explores and critiques the significance of cross-cultural influence on adolescent development through multi-dimensions. This paper will explore how the cultural context shapes adolescents’ identity development, cognitive orientation, and socio-emotional dynamics.

Cognitive Development: The Role of Cultural Differences

The significance of cultural factors in shaping adolescents’ cognitive development must be considered. According to Smith and Schwartz (2020), cognitive development is powerfully shaped by culture, language, or the education system. In some cultures, adolescents develop an autonomic or independent cognitive thinking style as they become more independent in making decisions. On the contrary, in some cultures, their respect for authority and obedience is emphasized, influencing their problem-solving strategies among their peers and their choices within their cultural contexts as children.

Cultural values are equally crucial in molding adolescents’ cognitive processes. The process of cognitive development is directly linked to other cultural values like individualism and collectivistic orientation. Cognition of the process that involves making decisions also varies depending on individualistic or collectivist cultures. In the latter case, adolescents prefer self-expression and creative thinking, whereas, in the former, there is a focus on social peace and family expectations. Finally, language plays a significant role in cognitive development (Babakr et al., 2019). This is because each language has its internal structure and way of expressing it, which determines how teens analyze things, influencing cognitive processing and the way of thinking.

Socio-Emotional Development

Adolescent cultural differences also affect sociological and emotional growth. Socio-emotional development is primarily influenced by culture regarding emotional expressions, family roles, and interpersonal relations (Bakir et al., 2020). For instance, in collectivist cultures such as Asia or India, where there is a strong emphasis on familial ties and interdependence, the development of emotional intelligence and social skills among teens might happen at a slower pace than seen in cultures like America where more focus on the individual self is placed

Behavioral Development

Culture also plays a significant role in shaping behavior in adolescents. Different cultures manifest diversity in social standards of behavior and norms among adolescents. Cultural notions of risk-taking behaviors, peer relations, and masculinity influence adolescents’ actions. Adolescents’ behavioral paths may be determined by socio-cultural expectations of, for example, academic achievements, dating, and substance abuse. Educational practices in diverse cultural settings significantly impact adolescents’ cognitive development. Differences in educational systems between cultures could mirror different ideologies and aspirations, affecting teens’ mental processing or intelligence (Bakir et al., 2020). The interconnections between language, value system, education, and culture show that complex cultural differences influence adolescents’ cognitive development, emphasizing that it demands culturally oriented educational provision.

Lastly, this influence is reflected in the cognitive domain regarding the perception of life, character identity establishment, and personal behavior. Considering the impact of cultural contexts on the healthy development of adolescents from different cultures. Therefore, culturally responsive practices in educational institutions, mental health services, and social support systems must be developed to promote an embracing ambiance beyond borders. Comprehension of how culture connects with development in adolescence will help generate helpful environments for every teen’s needs. Consequently, adopting a culturally sensitive approach becomes indispensable to fostering adolescents’ total growth and welfare.

Babakr, Z., Mohamedamin, P., & Kakamad, K. (2019). Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory: Critical review. Education Quarterly Reviews, 2(3). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3437574

Bakir, A., Gentina, E., & de Araújo Gil, L. (2020). What shapes adolescents’ attitudes toward luxury brands? The role of self-worth, self-construal, gender, and national culture. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102208. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698919311671

Lewis-Smith, I., Pass, L., & Reynolds, S. (2021). How adolescents understand their values: A qualitative study. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 26(1), 231-242. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1359104520964506

Qu, Y., Jorgensen, N. A., & Telzer, E. H. (2021). A call for greater attention to culture in the study of brain and development.  Perspectives on Psychological Science ,  16 (2), 275-293.

Schwartz, S. J., Szabó, Á., Meca, A., Ward, C., Martinez Jr, C. R., Cobb, C. L., … & Pantea, N. (2020). The convergence between cultural psychology and developmental science: Acculturation as an exemplar.  Frontiers in Psychology ,  11 , 887. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00887/full

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While applying to EPIK this year, I had to write personal statements on teaching as well as encountering cultural differences. Below are my teaching philosophy and thoughts on cultural differences (2 of the 3 EPIK essay prompts).

*But as EPIK essay prompts may change, be sure to always check their official website !

Prompt #1: My Teaching Philosophy (on TEFL)

*TEFL is “Teaching English as a Foreign Language.”

Duties of the Student

Learning cannot be accomplished without the effort of the teacher as well as the students themselves. While teachers provide the necessary tools, tips, and methods of studying, this must be met with the efforts of the students to bring about results. The key to mastering a new language is repetition and memorization. So, students should memorize terms learned in class until they become so accustomed to the words that they can remember them in situations that require them. While students can practice memorizing by themselves, they can’t with conversations. Therefore, teachers should focus on conversations in the classroom, having the students practice amongst themselves and also providing materials with which they can practice listening.

Duties of the Teacher

It is the teacher’s duty to create a learning environment where students feel safe to make mistakes. The most important thing when learning a new language is to not feel bad about making mistakes. So, it is crucial for the teacher to make the class a friendly learning environment. It should not, cannot be a place of immediate mastery and perfection. Such pressure discourages students from answering questions; they become shy, unwilling to share with the class. This should be prevented, as participation plays a big part in students’ absorption and application of new materials. Students should be comfortable about making mistakes as well as asking questions when they do not understand a lesson.

Not Just a Subject

Most importantly, since English is a language, an everyday method used to communicate, EFL teachers should remind the students that while it is a subject to study, English is also something approachable in our daily lives. Showing the students that studying English doesn’t always require studying, that it can be fun in the forms of watching movies and shows in English, listening to pop songs, or even playing games using English will help the students have less burden, less repulse of studying another language and actually enjoy learning to speak the invaluable, universal language.

Prompt #2: On Encountering Cultural Differences

Encountering cultural differences in today’s world is inevitable as well as ubiquitous, as the world has become closely connected through the technological advancements of the past centuries. And more often than not, encountering something that is different from what one is accustomed to is unpleasant or weird. But cultural differences can be understood and respected if the cultures involved communicate and share the history and reasons behind their practices. (And if the cultures learn how and why their traditions can be viewed in different ways than they perceive them.) If cultures communicate and understand one another, then cultural differences won’t divide different peoples or lead to hatred and stereotypes.

This is why I want to teach English to South Korean students. So that they, too, can learn the language of the world to communicate with the rest of the world. That when they encounter different cultures, they may understand others as well as be understood. That they may become cosmopolitan individuals that share, work, and live with others around the world. 

Advice to EPIK Applicants

Like how I did, you will need to answer the following EPIK essay prompts:

• Answer both why you want to teach EFL AND why you want to teach in Korea.
• Explain your teaching philosophy briefly. How will you connect your background skills and experiences to teaching English in your classroom? How do you plan to further develop your teaching skills?
• Share your thoughts on encountering cultural differences. How do you plan to adapt to Korean school life and culture?

I hope my essay/personal statements give you some ideas and thoughts to write about. But I highly discourage plagiarizing or using my thoughts word-for-word since…

#1: The EPIK team already read my essays and know the contents.

#2: Plagiarism is against the law.

Good luck applying to EPIK!

P.S. To read about my EPIK experience, check out my post HERE .

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• Essay on Culture

Cultural Differences Essay Examples

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Culture , Development , Human , Evaluation , People , Progress , Wish , Superiority

Published: 01/06/2020

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It is true to argue that we usually do not accept human differences without judging them as to whether they are bad or good. There are factors that have contributed to our strong believes. In the first place, the level of development of our states is what has facilitated this. Our state is a superpower and hence has made progress in many sectors. It has produced the most qualified personnel in terms of education, innovations, and athletics and in many other fields. This has made us to believe that all what comes from us is the best. Therefore this has made us to view others as lesser human beings who cannot be compared to us.

The fact that our state has recorded great progress as compared to other nations makes us believe that the other people should actually copy us. We tend to believe that it is our actions, culture and efforts have made us be ahead of the others. Many of us therefore wish that the others copy us so that they can progress as we have done. Due to these strong believes, we do not try to evaluate the beliefs and culture of the other people and therefore we have never appreciated the diversity between human beings. Failure to appreciate that there are differences between people is what has made us believe that we should accept nothing from the others.

As we struggle to show other races that we are superior, we continue to ignore the differences between us. Instead of accepting the differences, we continue to emphasize on our superiority. We believe that we should show the others that we are more civilized than them and we have no time trying to evaluate the differences between our values and theirs. With the urge to demonstrate superiority, we end up not understanding the differences between us. Actually, we do not wish to show that we are equal with any other people of the world. The pride in us due to the achievement economically, politically and socially has led to the problem.

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