qualitative research methods in geography

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Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography

Qualitative research is the collection of information about human behaviour and perception. It is about focusing in depth to find out why and how certain activities and events occur.

In research we aim to be rigorous in the scientific processes, which means aiming to be thorough, exhaustive and accurate. This requires ensuring that a study is replicable, by being transparent about the steps that were taken to obtain the findings that are presented. It also means being able to justify why you took each step in your research. Triangulation is a technique used to instill rigour. Triangulation is the use of multiple research methods for data collection to reveal insight about a specific topic.

Key Considerations

Positionality:  Who you are, where you are, and how you ask your questions will influence the responses you elicit from participants in your study.

Reflexivity:  This is a process of considering your own positionality and the effects that your positionality will have on your research. It entails throughly considering the benefits and drawbacks of your positionality, and how this in turn can benefit or hinder your research.

S ample: A sample is a set of data. In the case of qualitative data methods covered in this section, your sample is composed of those who are taking part in your study. The number of people who participate will be your sample size. When you reach a point of saturation, it means that you are starting to collect the same ideas over and over from your sample.

Interview:  An interview is a method of inquiry in which you ask your participants a set of questions.  It can be semi-structured or and structured and can use different mediums (e.g., phone, email, in-person). A semi-structured interview is one in which you have an idea about the types of questions you ask but the order and way you ask the question may vary.  A structured interview is a specified set of questions that is asked in the same order using the same words during each interview.

Focus group:  This is a method in which you have a heterogeneous population come together in one room to discuss a certain topic of interest. Typically a facilitator organizes the focus group and will guide the conversation to keep the topic of conversation on track. The strength of this method is the opportunity for free flow of conversation; comments tend to stimulate new ideas and discussion topics. The challenge associated with this method is that it is possible for a few assertive people to dominate the conversation.

Participant observation:  This refers to when a researcher embeds him- or herself in the research context by becoming an active participant.

S urvey:  This method uses a set of written questions that the participants then answer directly on paper or online.

Oral history:  This is the process of gathering and listening to people tell their stories and share knowledge. Traditionally oral histories were passed down through generations, building the knowledge bases of communities. Oral histories are often recorded so that both the information, as well as the voices and character of the story telling, can be preserved.

Participatory mapping:  Sometimes called sketch mapping, this is asking a set of questions and having the participants draw how they view the world in a map form. It is typically done using a piece of paper, but could be done using digital free drawing applications.

Journaling:  When a researcher or a participant documents his or her thoughts feelings or ideas on a topic on a regular basis, it is referred to as journaling. Journaling is a free-flow writing exercise.

Content analysis:  This method collects content in multimedia formats from the media, policy documents and other outlets and then codes the material for common themes and ideas.

Qualitative data analysis: Qualitative data is collected via the methods described above and then is often transcribed and thematically coded. This means a researcher will read the transcript to identify common themes. There are multiple strategies to code qualitative data, either by formulating codes prior to collection it and reading transcripts, or by the researcher identifying common themes that emerge from the data.

Obtaining informed consent:  Ethically, researchers are required to inform the participants of what data they are collecting, why, and how the data will be used and shared. Depending on the study, researchers may wish to maintain anonymity of the participants; however, in some studies they may wish to have their real names be used.

Further resources

• Iain Hay (2000) Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography

British Columbia in a Global Context Copyright © 2014 by Geography Open Textbook Collective is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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T1 - Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography

AU - Hay, Iain

AU - Cope, Meghan

PY - 2021/3/25

Y1 - 2021/3/25

N2 - Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography is a practical, in-depth guide to understanding and conducting qualitative research in human geography. Reflecting both established and modern methods and written by some of the most authoritative voices in the discipline, the text teaches students how to plan, execute, interpret, and effectively communicate qualitative research. Organized into three parts, the fifth edition is a comprehensive, engaging resource for both students and new researchers in the field. The new edition brings on Meghan Cope as co-editor and has been revised to maintain its twenty-chapter length while also retaining its comprehensive but succinct coverage of the field. All revised chapters have been carefully updated with fresh references and a look at new issues and technologies in the field that have arisen in the past five years. Several chapters have been revised significantly by a new, invigorated group of authors, and features a wholly new addition on solicited journals and narrative maps. All seven of the new authors in this edition are women and/or scholars of colour, and there is rich topical diversity in their work, particularly an emphasis on social justice, Indigenous issues, and matters of race/racism.

AB - Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography is a practical, in-depth guide to understanding and conducting qualitative research in human geography. Reflecting both established and modern methods and written by some of the most authoritative voices in the discipline, the text teaches students how to plan, execute, interpret, and effectively communicate qualitative research. Organized into three parts, the fifth edition is a comprehensive, engaging resource for both students and new researchers in the field. The new edition brings on Meghan Cope as co-editor and has been revised to maintain its twenty-chapter length while also retaining its comprehensive but succinct coverage of the field. All revised chapters have been carefully updated with fresh references and a look at new issues and technologies in the field that have arisen in the past five years. Several chapters have been revised significantly by a new, invigorated group of authors, and features a wholly new addition on solicited journals and narrative maps. All seven of the new authors in this edition are women and/or scholars of colour, and there is rich topical diversity in their work, particularly an emphasis on social justice, Indigenous issues, and matters of race/racism.

SN - 9780199034215

BT - Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Geographic Methods: Interviews

Introduction, general overviews.

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• Practice, Rigor, and Responsibility
• Ethics, Morality, and Integrity
• Positionality and (Self-)Reflexivity
• Power and Elites
• Family and “Paired” Interviews
• Emplacing Interviews
• Mobility and Movement
• Innovation in Interview Design

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Geographic Methods: Interviews by Mark Holton LAST REVIEWED: 03 May 2021 LAST MODIFIED: 27 June 2017 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0164

Interview skills have been a fundamental component of the qualitative researcher’s toolkit for decades. Since the cultural turn in the social sciences in the 1990s, researchers have sought to recognize the delicate subjectivities attached to people’s lived experiences that challenge (and reject) the objectivist and constructivist ideologies that form the basis for quantitative scientific approaches. Importantly, interview skills constantly evolve, and, for decades, qualitative researchers have interrogated the power imbalances and positionalities involved in the production of knowledge. Here, questions arise as to the interplay between researcher(s) and participant(s); the affective complexities of interpreting speech, gestures, and body language; and the difficulty of representing (and articulating) received knowledge in a responsible and credible manner. Crucially, as with much of the qualitative methodological canon, interviews cannot be positioned as discrete, disembodied entities—indeed, to exercise a well-worn phrase, “geography matters” when conducting interviews. Following work on emplacing the interview, researchers have taken seriously the implications for the symbiotic coproduction of spaces, places, and people. Acknowledging these relationships develops more-critical understandings of the ways in which knowledge is produced and shaped by environments and locations. In geography, modern contemporary research has examined the interplay between place and mobility in informing such knowledge to determine how interactions between subject, researcher, place, and activity may (re)configure during research encounters. This exposes, quite literally, the relationships between what people say and where they say it. More-recent research has begun to interrogate these geographies further through the use of technology in interview encounters. While voice and video recording are ubiquitous in most interview scenarios, researchers are increasingly augmenting their interview research design with innovative techniques that capture multiple (and often affective) aspects that just recording may miss. Global positioning system (GPS) technologies, for example, have transformed our ability to research “on the move,” capturing experiences “in place” and maintaining rigor in research. Likewise, lightweight video cameras (e.g., GoPro’s) and smartphone technology provide researchers with opportunities to become part of experiences that they would not normally be privy to. Finally, innovations in video communication (e.g., Skype, Viber, and Zoom) and social media (e.g., Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook) have enabled researchers to gain access to interview participants over vast distances that may previously have been costly or difficult to arrange. Recognizing the geographies of the interview encounter therefore affords researchers more-holistic (and critical) understandings of people’s everyday lives and the spaces in and through which they experience them.

Numerous “how-to” guides exist that can assist researchers with designing, conducting, analyzing, and disseminating qualitative interviews. Valentine 2005 provides one of the most accessible texts on interviewing, and this straightforward, step-by-step guidance is particularly informative for those teaching undergraduate methods, as well as for their students. Likewise, Robson and McCartan 2016 includes fantastic cross-disciplinary advice for those learning how to develop projects, and advises investigators on how to recognize and avoid certain pitfalls in the research process. For more-detailed guidance regarding research design, Bennett 2002 , Maynard and Schaeffer 2006 , Dunn 2016 , and Longhurst 2016 offer illuminating and highly detailed advice concerning the methodological, ethical, and practical considerations involved in interview research. For more insight into the philosophical and epistemological dimensions of interviewing, Holstein and Gubrium 2003 , Miller and Glassner 2016 (cited under Positionality and (Self-)Reflexivity ), and McDowell 2010 provide substantial guidance on power, positionality, and representation that will assist both novice and established researchers with designing projects. Finally, Crang 2002 and Dowling, et al. 2016 provide useful critical overviews of some of the more complex approaches—such as utilizing technologies in interview encounters—that are both direct and instructive.

Bennett, Katy. “Interviews and Focus Groups.” In Doing Cultural Geography . Edited by Pamela Shurmer-Smith, 151–164. Doing Human Geography. London: SAGE, 2002.

Bennett’s informative and practical guide is good preparation for students and novice researchers seeking to utilize qualitative interviews in their projects. Bennett accompanies the reader through the conceptual, methodological, and epistemological practicalities of designing and conducting interviews.

Crang, Mike. “Qualitative Methods: The New Orthodoxy?” Progress in Human Geography 26.5 (2002): 647–655.

DOI: 10.1191/0309132502ph392pr

In this critical reflection of qualitative research methods, Crang examines the staple method of the qualitative interview to question its potential to be reinvigorated by accounting for place, position, and power within interview contexts.

Dowling, Robyn, Kate Lloyd, and Sandie Suchet-Pearson. “Qualitative Methods 1: Enriching the Interview.” Progress in Human Geography 40.5 (2016): 679–686.

DOI: 10.1177/0309132515596880

This review paper scrutinizes the embellishment of modern interview techniques (through diaries, photographs, video, etc.) and how additional elements might supplement or enhance the interview encounter, building more-dynamic and flexible methodological techniques.

Dunn, Kevin. “Interviewing.” In Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography . 4th ed. Edited by Iain Hay, 149–188. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Dunn’s highly accessible and comprehensive guide for interview techniques provides new researchers with excellent practical advice for developing interview-led research projects.

Holstein, James A., and Jaber F. Gubrium, eds. Inside Interviewing: New Lenses, New Concerns . London: SAGE, 2003.

This edited collection cleverly unpacks the complex moral and ethical subjectivities involved in interview practices that critique the relationality between interviewer and subject.

Longhurst, Robyn. “Semi-structured Interviews and Focus Groups.” In Key Methods in Geography . 3d ed. Edited by Nicholas Clifford, Meghan Cope, Thomas Gillespie, and Shaun French, 143–156. London: SAGE, 2016.

Longhurst’s chapter on semistructured interviews and focus groups provides an accessible entry point for new researchers considering employing interview techniques in their projects. This comprehensively guides the reader through the practicalities of designing, conducting, and transcribing an interview event.

Maynard, Douglas W., and Nora Cate Schaeffer. “Standardization-in-Interaction: The Survey Interview.” In Talk and Interaction in Social Research Methods . Edited by Paul Drew, Geoffrey Raymond, and Darin Weinberg, 9–27. SAGE Research Methods. London: SAGE, 2006.

Maynard and Schaeffer’s chapter highlights how the subjectivity involved in what are classically defined as standardized survey interviews challenges recognized notions of replication and rigor.

McDowell, Linda. “Interviewing: Fear and Liking in the Field.” In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography . Edited by Dydia DeLyser, Steve Herbert, Stuart Aitken, Mike Crang, and Linda McDowell, 156–171. London: SAGE, 2010.

DOI: 10.4135/9780857021090.n11

An excellent starting point for novice qualitative researchers, McDowell’s chapter sets out a practical and philosophical framework for conducting interviews that incorporates the interactive, interpretive, and representative questions that are likely to be posed when preparing, conducting, and disseminating interviews.

Robson, Colin, and Kieran McCartan. Real World Research . 4th ed. London: John Wiley, 2016.

This textbook contains a comprehensive guide for designing and conducting interview techniques, including preparing questions, developing interview schedules, and exploring different interview situations.

Valentine, Gill. “Tell Me about . . . : Using Interviews as a Research Methodology.” In Methods in Human Geography: A Guide for Students Doing a Research Project . 2d ed. Edited by Robin Flowerdew and David Martin, 110–127. Harlow, UK: Prentice Hall, 2005.

Valentine’s chapter is simply the “go-to” guide for undergraduate students who are considering the use of interview techniques in their dissertations. This text provides context on the practical, political, and ethical issues surrounding interviewing, in a highly accessible format.

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The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography

• Dydia DeLyser - California State University, Fullerton, USA
• Steve Herbert - University of Washington, USA
• Stuart Aitken - San Diego State University, USA
• Mike Crang - University of Durham, UK
• Linda McDowell - University of Oxford, UK
• Description
• Part I: Openings engages the history of qualitative geography, and details the ways that research, and the researcher's place within it, are conceptualized within broader academic, political, and social currents.
• Part II: Encounters and Collaborations describes the different strategies of inquiry that qualitative geographers use, and the tools and techniques that address the challenges that arise in the research process.
• Part III: Making Sense explores the issues and processes of interpretation, and the ways researchers communicate their results.

Retrospective as well as prospective in its approach, this is geography's first peer-to-peer engagement with qualitative research detailing how to conceive, carry out and communicate qualitative research in the twenty-first century. Suitable for postgraduate students, academics, and practitioners alike, this is the methods resource for researchers in human geography.

[The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography] demystifies the complexities that surround qualitative work in the field and is an important addition on the shelves of geography books. This timely publication is indicative of the maturity of qualitative research within the community of geographers. By assembling the work of leading geographers who have chosen qualitative methods as a key means to accomplish their research, this volume also forwards dialogue between geographers and their colleagues in the humanities and other social sciences. It is a high-level, interesting and well-read book that will benefit graduates students, academics and practitioners. It is highly recommended for scholars in the various fields of human geography Orna Blumen Geography Research Forum

In its comprehensive coverage, accessible text, and range of illustrative studies, past and present, the Handbook has established an impressive new standard in presenting qualitative methods to geographers David Ley University of British Columbia

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