writing a report university assignment

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Report writing

What is a report and how does it differ from writing an essay? Reports are concise and have a formal structure. They are often used to communicate the results or findings of a project.

Essays by contrast are often used to show a tutor what you think about a topic. They are discursive and the structure can be left to the discretion of the writer.

Who and what is the report for?

Before you write a report, you need to be clear about who you are writing the report for and why the report has been commissioned.

Keep the audience in mind as you write your report, think about what they need to know. For example, the report could be for:

• the general public
• academic staff
• senior management
• a customer/client.

Reports are usually assessed on content, structure, layout, language, and referencing. You should consider the focus of your report, for example:

• Are you reporting on an experiment?
• Is the purpose to provide background information?
• Should you be making recommendations for action?

Language of report writing

Reports use clear and concise language, which can differ considerably from essay writing.

They are often broken down in to sections, which each have their own headings and sub-headings. These sections may include bullet points or numbering as well as more structured sentences. Paragraphs are usually shorter in a report than in an essay.

Both essays and reports are examples of academic writing. You are expected to use grammatically correct sentence structure, vocabulary and punctuation.

Academic writing is formal so you should avoid using apostrophes and contractions such as “it’s” and "couldn't". Instead, use “it is” and “could not”.

Structure and organisation

Reports are much more structured than essays. They are divided in to sections and sub-sections that are formatted using bullet points or numbering.

Report structures do vary among disciplines, but the most common structures include the following:

The title page needs to be informative and descriptive, concisely stating the topic of the report.

Abstract (or Executive Summary in business reports)

The abstract is a brief summary of the context, methods, findings and conclusions of the report. It is intended to give the reader an overview of the report before they continue reading, so it is a good idea to write this section last.

An executive summary should outline the key problem and objectives, and then cover the main findings and key recommendations.

Table of contents

Readers will use this table of contents to identify which sections are most relevant to them. You must make sure your contents page correctly represents the structure of your report.

Take a look at this sample contents page.

Introduction

In your introduction you should include information about the background to your research, and what its aims and objectives are. You can also refer to the literature in this section; reporting what is already known about your question/topic, and if there are any gaps. Some reports are also expected to include a section called ‘Terms of references’, where you identify who asked for the report, what is covers, and what its limitations are.

Methodology

If your report involved research activity, you should state what that was, for example you may have interviewed clients, organised some focus groups, or done a literature review. The methodology section should provide an accurate description of the material and procedures used so that others could replicate the experiment you conducted.

Results/findings

The results/findings section should be an objective summary of your findings, which can use tables, graphs, or figures to describe the most important results and trends. You do not need to attempt to provide reasons for your results (this will happen in the discussion section).

In the discussion you are expected to critically evaluate your findings. You may need to re-state what your report was aiming to prove and whether this has been achieved. You should also assess the accuracy and significance of your findings, and show how it fits in the context of previous research.

Conclusion/recommendations

Your conclusion should summarise the outcomes of your report and make suggestions for further research or action to be taken. You may also need to include a list of specific recommendations as a result of your study.

The references are a list of any sources you have used in your report. Your report should use the standard referencing style preferred by your school or department eg Harvard, Numeric, OSCOLA etc.

You should use appendices to expand on points referred to in the main body of the report. If you only have one item it is an appendix, if you have more than one they are called appendices. You can use appendices to provide backup information, usually data or statistics, but it is important that the information contained is directly relevant to the content of the report.

Appendices can be given alphabetical or numerical headings, for example Appendix A, or Appendix 1. The order they appear at the back of your report is determined by the order that they are mentioned in the body of your report. You should refer to your appendices within the text of your report, for example ‘see Appendix B for a breakdown of the questionnaire results’. Don’t forget to list the appendices in your contents page.

Presentation and layout

Reports are written in several sections and may also include visual data such as figures and tables. The layout and presentation is therefore very important.

Your tutor or your module handbook will state how the report should be presented in terms of font sizes, margins, text alignment etc.

You will need good IT skills to manipulate graphical data and work with columns and tables. If you need to improve these skills, try the following online resources:

• Microsoft online training through Linkedin Learning
• Engage web resource on using tables and figures in reports

Related topics

• Critical thinking
• Finding information
• Understanding assessments
• Note-taking
• Time management
• Paraphrasing and quoting
• Referencing and avoiding plagiarism

See all available workshops .

Short on time? Watch a video on:

• Essay writing – 6:28
• Paraphrasing and quoting – 22:22
• Using active and passive voice – 9:58
• Editing your work – 5:12

Have any questions? 

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Writing your assignment

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The purpose of a report is to investigate an issue and 'report back' findings which allow people to make decisions or take action and depending on your course.  The report may require you to record, to inform, to instruct, to analyse, to persuade, or to make specific recommendations, so it is important to check your task instructions and identify the approach you are required to take.  Your completed report should consist of clear sections which are labelled with headings and sub-headings, and are logically sequenced, well developed and supported with reliable evidence . In this section you will learn more about writing a report, including process, structure and language use.  The report writing checklist at the end of this section can help you finalise your report.

• The main purpose of a report is usually to investigate an issue and report back with suggestions or recommendations to allow people to make decisions or take action.
• You will need to find information on the issue by reading through course materials and doing further research via the UniSA Library and relevant databases.
• Report writing requires you to plan and think, so give yourself enough time to draft and redraft, and search for more information before you complete the final version.
• The report is typically structured with an introduction, body paragraphs, a conclusion and a reference list.
• It usually has headings and subheadings to organise the information and help the reader understand  the issue being investigated, the analysis of the findings and the recommendations or implications that relate directly to those findings.
• A report can also include dot points or visuals such as graphs, tables or images to effectively present information.
• Always check the task instructions and feedback form as there might very specific requirements for the report structure.

Locate the task instructions in your course outline and/or on your course site, and use this activity to plan your approach.

• Reports overview  (pdf)
• Using headings in your writing  (pdf)
• Abstracts and introductions  (pdf)
• Writing introductions  (pdf)
• Writing paragraphs  (pdf)
• Literature reviews (pdf)
• Writing conclusions  (pdf) 
• Constructing graphs, tables and diagrams  (pdf)
• Psychology example report  (pdf)
• More example reports  (link)

Click through the slides below to learn about the key characteristics of academic writing. 

• Academic vocabulary and phrases  (pdf)
• Expressing yourself clearly and concisely  (pdf)
• Tentative language  (pdf)
• Writing objectively  (pdf)
• Academic phrasebank  - Courtesy: Uni of Manchester (link)

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How to write a report

This brief, easy-to-follow video takes you through the key elements of writing a professional report and looks at what each of the sections of the report should include. 

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This resource was provided by University of Wales Trinity Saint David​  and is part of the University Ready hub .

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• Originally published: Tuesday, 6 April 2021
• Body text - Used with permission: University of Wales Trinity Saint David
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Report writing

Reports are informative writing that present the results of an experiment or investigation to a specific audience in a structured way. Reports are broken up into sections using headings, and can often include diagrams, pictures, and bullet-point lists. They are used widely in science, social science, and business contexts. 

Scroll down for our recommended strategies and resources. 

Difference between reports and essays

Essays and reports are both common types of university assignments. Whilst an essay is usually a continuous piece of writing, a report is divided into sections. See this overview for more on the differences between reports and essays:

Features of reports (University of Reading)

Reports have an expected structure with set sections so information is easy to find. Science reports may have methods and results sections, but business reports may only have a discussion and recommendations section. Always check what type of structure is needed for each report assignment as they may change. See this overview of different types of report structures:

Sample report structures (RMIT University)

Finding your own headings

Sometimes you are given the choice of how to name your sub-headings and structure the main body of your report. This is common in business where the structure has to fit the needs of the information and the client. See this short video on how to find meaningful sub-headings:

Finding your own report structure [video] (University of Reading)

Purpose of each section

Each section of a report has a different role to play and contains different types of information. See this brief overview of what goes where and how to number the sections:

What goes into each section (University of Hull)

Writing style

As well as having a different purpose, each report section is written in a different way and they don’t have to be written in order. See these guides on the style and order for writing a report and on the features of scientific writing:

Writing up your report (University of Reading)

Scientific writing (University of Leeds)

Tables and figures

Reports commonly use graphs and tables to show data more effectively. Always ensure any visual information in your report has a purpose and is referred to in the text. See this introductory guide to presenting data:

Using figures and charts (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

Further resources

If you’d like to read more about the structure and style of reports, see this resource and book list created by Brookes Library:

Writing essays, reports and other assignments reading list

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Report writing

• Features of good reports
• Types of Report

Introduction

Organising your information, abstract / executive summary, literature review, results / data / findings, reference list / bibliography.

• Writing up your report

Useful links for report writing

• Study Advice Helping students to achieve study success with guides, video tutorials, seminars and appointments.
• Maths Support A guide to Maths Support resources which may help if you're finding any mathematical or statistical topic difficult during the transition to University study.

• Academic Phrasebank Use this site for examples of linking phrases and ways to refer to sources.
• Academic writing LibGuide Expert guidance on punctuation, grammar, writing style and proof-reading.
• Reading and notemaking LibGuide Expert guidance on managing your reading and making effective notes.
• Guide to citing references Includes guidance on why, when and how to use references correctly in your academic writing.

The structure of a report has a key role to play in communicating information and enabling the reader to find the information they want quickly and easily. Each section of a report has a different role to play and a writing style suited to that role. Therefore, it is important to understand what your audience is expecting in each section of a report and put the appropriate information in the appropriate sections.

The guidance on this page explains the job each section does and the style in which it is written. Note that all reports are different so you must pay close attention to what you are being asked to include in your assignment brief. For instance, your report may need all of these sections, or only some, or you may be asked to combine sections (e.g. introduction and literature review, or results and discussion). The video tutorial on structuring reports below will also be helpful, especially if you are asked to decide on your own structure.

• Finding a structure for your report (video) Watch this brief video tutorial for more on the topic.
• Finding a structure for your report (transcript) Read the transcript.

• When writing an essay, you need to place your information  to make a strong argument
• When writing a report, you need to place your information  in the appropriate section

Consider the role each item will play in communicating information or ideas to the reader, and place it in the section where it will best perform that role. For instance:

• Does it provide background to your research? ( Introduction  or  Literature Review )
• Does it describe the types of activity you used to collect evidence? ( Methods )
• Does it present factual data? ( Results )
• Does it place evidence in the context of background? ( Discussion )
• Does it make recommendations for action? ( Conclusion )

• the purpose of the work
• methods used for research
• main conclusions reached
• any recommendations

The introduction … should explain the rationale for undertaking the work reported on, and the way you decided to do it. Include what you have been asked (or chosen) to do and the reasons for doing it.

- State what the report is about. What is the question you are trying to answer? If it is a brief for a specific reader (e.g. a feasibility report on a construction project for a client), say who they are.

- Describe your starting point and the background to the subject: e.g., what research has already been done (if you have to include a Literature Review, this will only be a brief survey); what are the relevant themes and issues; why are you being asked to investigate it now?

- Explain how you are going to go about responding to the brief. If you are going to test a hypothesis in your research, include this at the end of your introduction. Include a brief outline of your method of enquiry. State the limits of your research and reasons for them, e.g.

Introduce your review by explaining how you went about finding your materials, and any clear trends in research that have emerged. Group your texts in themes. Write about each theme as a separate section, giving a critical summary of each piece of work, and showing its relevance to your research. Conclude with how the review has informed your research (things you'll be building on, gaps you'll be filling etc).

• Literature reviews LibGuide Guide on starting, writing and developing literature reviews.
• Doing your literature review (video) Watch this brief video tutorial for more on the topic.
• Doing your literature review (transcript) Read the transcript.

The methods  should be written in such a way that a reader could replicate the research you have done. State clearly how you carried out your investigation. Explain why you chose this particular method (questionnaires, focus group, experimental procedure etc). Include techniques and any equipment you used. If there were participants in your research, who were they? How many? How were they selected?

Write this section  concisely  but  thoroughly  – Go through what you did step by step, including everything that is relevant. You know what you did, but could a reader follow your description?

Label your graphs and tables clearly. Give each figure a title and describe in words what the figure demonstrates. Save your interpretation of the results for the Discussion section.

The discussion ...is probably the longest section. It brings everything together, showing how your findings respond to the brief you explained in your introduction and the previous research you surveyed in your literature review. This is the place to mention if there were any problems (e.g. your results were different from expectations, you couldn't find important data, or you had to change your method or participants) and how they were, or could have been, solved.

• Writing up your report page More information on how to write your discussion and other sections.

The conclusions ...should be a short section with no new arguments or evidence. This section should give a feeling of closure and completion to your report. Sum up the main points of your research. How do they answer the original brief for the work reported on? This section may also include:

• Recommendations for action
• Suggestions for further research

If you're unsure about how to cite a particular text, ask at the Study Advice Desk on the Ground Floor of the Library or contact your Academic Liaison Librarian for help.

• Contact your Academic Liaison Librarian

The appendices ...include any additional information that may help the reader but is not essential to the report's main findings. The report should be able to stand alone without the appendices. An appendix can include for instance: interview questions; questionnaires; surveys; raw data; figures; tables; maps; charts; graphs; a glossary of terms used.

• A separate appendix should be used for each distinct topic or set of data.
• Order your appendices in the order in which you refer to the content in the text.
• Start each appendix on a separate page and label sequentially with letters or numbers e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B,…
• Give each Appendix a meaningful title e.g. Appendix A: Turnover of Tesco PLC 2017-2021.
• Refer to the relevant appendix where appropriate in the main text e.g. 'See Appendix A for an example questionnaire'.
• If an appendix contains multiple figures which you will refer to individually then label each one using the Appendix letter and a running number e.g. Table B1, Table B2. Do not continue the numbering of any figures in your text, as your text should be able to stand alone without the appendices.
• If your appendices draw on information from other sources you should include a citation and add the full details into your list of references (follow the rules for the referencing style you are using).

For more guidance see the following site:

• Appendices guidance from University of Southern California Detailed guidance on using appendices. Part of the USC's guide to Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper.
• << Previous: Types of Report
• Next: Writing up your report >>
• Last Updated: Jun 21, 2024 10:30 AM
• URL: https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/reports

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Report writing

Report writing is an essential skill in many disciplines. Master it now at university and writing reports in the workplace will be easier.

A report aims to inform and sometimes to persuade. They should be written as clearly and succinctly as possible with evidence about a topic, problem or situation.

Here are some general guidelines but check with your lecturer for more detailed information about what is expected.

What is a report?

Differences between a report and an essay, a report is similar to an essay in that both need:.

• to be written in a formal style.
• an introduction, body and conclusion
• analytical thinking
• extensive researching for information and evidence to support a conclusion
• careful proofreading and neat presentation.

A report is different to an essay in that a report:

• is a presentation of facts and information, rather than a discussion of various opinions
• is often written for a very specific audience (e.g. an organisation that has commissioned a report)
• is structured so that it may be scanned quickly by the reader
• uses numbered headings and subheadings (e.g. 2.1 executive summary)
• uses short, concise paragraphs and dot points where applicable
• uses graphics wherever possible (tables, graphs, illustrations)
• may need an abstract (sometimes called an executive summary)
• makes recommendations
• does not always need references and a bibliography
• often has appendices.

How to write a report

Plan to write your report.

Ask some questions first:

• Who has requested the report?
• Why have they asked for a report?
• What do they need to know?
• How will the report be used?
• Who is/are my audience or audiences? (e.g. clients, lecturers, assessors, managers etc.)

Analyse your task

Analysing your task is very important. Here are some questions to explore:

• What type of report is needed? (e.g. experimental report, technical design proposal, business report)
• How long does your report need to be?
• What is required in the report?
• What is the problem/question to be solved?
• What is the aim of the report?
• What key points or issues need to be addressed?
• What information do you need to collect?

Types of reports for university

For all reports, you have to ensure that the conclusions that you draw are supported by the evidence that you find. At university, you will mostly be writing business, experimental/laboratory or technical reports.

Business report

A business report aims to:

• examine how an organisation can achieve an objective
• highlight a problem and suggest a solution
• offer information, interpretation (e.g. product surveys), analysis and recommendations.

Experimental/Laboratory report

An experimental report aims to report on:

• an experiment or research
• what was achieved during the course of the experiment?
• what was concluded and how this compares with previous published results?

Technical design report

A technical design report aims to:

• solve a problem
• recommend a design.

Typical format of a report

Layout of the report

Lay out the report for easy reading and comprehension. Many managers will only read the recommendations but will dip into the report for the details which they want to find quickly and easily. Use this checklist:

Further resources

• Bogg, D 2012, Report writing , MacGrawHill/Open University, Maidenhead, UK.
• Eunson, B 2012, Communicating in the 21st century, 3rd edn , Wiley, Sydney.
• Kuiper, S 2007, Contemporary business report writing , Thompson, Mason.
• Writing reports
• A resource on report writing from the University of Canberra.
• An overview on reports from UOW Learning Co-Op
• Writing laboratory reports
• University of NSW writing laboratory reports resource
• Writing business reports
• A resource on business reports from UOW
• Writing technical reports
• A resource on technical reports from Monash university

Book an appointment with a language and learning adviser; or First Nations students can book with the First Nations academic support links

• Book an appointment
• First Nations Academic Support bookings
• Email First Nations Academic Support

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How to Write a Report for an Assignment

Academic assignments are very unpredictable. There are various fields, for example, Computer Programming or MBA, that you can be tested on, and one of them is writing a report. Whereas writing an essay is rather general, when report writing, you have to concentrate on factual information while taking any scientific and technical courses. Want to know how to write a report for a university assignment?

This article contains the instructions and guidelines concerning report writing, its target audience, and the problems to be addressed while completing the task.

If you’re a student struggling with a report writing assignment, you might wonder, “ Who can write my assignment for me ?” It’s understandable to feel overwhelmed and seek assistance when faced with a challenging academic task. Fortunately, many online writing services can help you complete your report writing assignment. These services offer professional writers who are experts in various fields and can provide high-quality, original content within your deadline. Before choosing a writing service, research and read reviews to ensure that you select a reputable and trustworthy company. With the right assistance, you can successfully complete your report writing assignment and achieve academic success.

How to Write a Report-Type Assignment: 9 Key Elements to Consider

A report is a short, well-planned, concise document written to address a specific purpose (to analyze a situation or issue) and audience (educators, a chief, subordinates, etc.) When writing a report, you should ensure that you address the highlighted issue adequately, providing evidence for each and every fact you mention. However, if you struggle with any of these steps or don’t have the time to complete the assignment, you may consider using a homework writing service . If you ask, “How to write my report?” the following points will be useful for you:

• Title Page. Every paper should have the name given to a particular type of work. You can learn how to write academic-style titles from Mark Fullmer, a teacher of English writing 101/102. If we are speaking about a report, you should state it in the title. Other details that you may need to include are your name, the university, and the date of submission if you are a student. And if you’re a worker who prepares a report for a chief, don’t forget to mention the organization’s name.

Have a look at the example.

• Executive summary report. A good report should have a summary that is approximately ½ of a page. The main details that should be included are a briefing on the main ideas discussed in the report, the analysis methods used, findings, and conclusions/recommendations, if any. It is important to clarify this so that your tutor/chief understands what you are doing right from the start of the report.
• Table of content. There should be a page of your report where a list of chapters/subsections with headlines and the page numbers are presented. Make this guide useful for your readers as they will easily find what they will be interested in, whether the findings or research methods chapters.
• List of abbreviations and symbols. If you are writing, for example, a technical report, there should be a separate list of the abbreviations used in your report. The technical language can be comprehensible for you and your professor, but others will struggle with most technical terms . Moreover, if you use some formulas for calculating, provide these symbols in this list as well.
• Introduction. The first chapter of your report should introduce the topic under discussion, some known information, and your approaches to the topic and how they relate to the other works.
• The main body. A good report, the topic of which is well-researched, should have 3 sections in the main part – methods, results, and discussion. In this part, you should include the research methods that are used and procedures that are followed to achieve the results of your analysis, then, you are also required to discuss your findings.
• Conclusions and recommendations. The concluding chapter should include an overview of the main ideas discussed in the report. Highlight your most central findings without including new ideas. Additionally, you can make suggestions for further research in the field you report on.
• Reference list. Every academic paper should have references, and there is no exemption when writing a report. Even if you are supposed to consider a particular subject on your own, you can’t escape from someone’s findings or ideas. Provide a list of the sources you consulted when conducting your research. Details to be included in the reference list are the data of all books, papers, reports, etc., you refer to in the text. In general, all sources are listed in alphabetical order by the surname of the author.
• Appendices. This section comprises all derivations, details, schemes, and listings that make your research/analysis in-depth. You may ask why it is necessary to separate this section. Can you imagine how boring it will be to read your report when there are tables, tables, and schemes on its pages? There is such a page for that purpose, but it is not always obligatory to have it in reports.

How to Make a Good Report: 5 Skills Needed

You may think that you need just a pen and a piece of paper to write a report. Indeed, you must have a set of skills to complete this assignment successfully. What are they?

• The skill to estimate adequately the time needed to complete the assignment. Usually, a student may procrastinate till the last minute as he/she is sure that it is a very easy task to write a report. Or vice versa – he/she believes this work requires much time. As a result, they spend a week or even weeks entirely on writing a report. What happens, then? Demotivation in studying and a ‘jumpy’ eye are guaranteed to you. As you understand, you should apply all essential time management skills to boost your productivity.
• The skill to define the scope of the study. A full understanding of the field of study is very important, but it plays into your hands when you know all the points that should be covered in the research project. So, it has to be defined at a preliminary stage of writing a report to arrive at more logical findings/conclusions. Outline the limitations of your study and the data specifications for your research paper.
• The researching skills. The research process involves finding out more about the topic under the question. What does it include in researching? Firstly, using effective tools to collect information. Secondly, refining search queries to obtain better research results. Thirdly, evaluate information found in different sources based on accuracy, validity, and appropriateness for your report. If you have all these skills, you are close to professional report writing.

But what if you don’t have the time or the skills to complete the assignment? In this case, you can use a “do my homework” service to help you with your report. These services can provide expert assistance with research, analysis, and writing to help you produce a high-quality report that meets your requirements and deadlines. Be sure to choose a reputable service that provides original and plagiarism-free work. With the help of a “ do my assignment ” service, you can save time and get the grades you need.

• The skill to plan and structure a piece of writing. According to CogniFit , the skill to plan forms our executive functions. It is a process that allows us to choose what needs to be done and what doesn’t. If you can create a framework for your paper writing, it will help you be excellent at it. Even short pieces require planning to be concise and to the point. Your report should fulfill its purpose to answer the assignment question according to a specific structure.
• Proofreading and editing skills. You probably want to present your report in the best possible light. Without any doubt, you are tired when finishing the assignment. Without proofreading your work, you might submit a paper with numerous grammar errors, unpunctuated sentences, or spelling mistakes. Moreover, you should remember what style you are required to use – whether it is an APA, MLA, or Harvard. All of them have peculiarities you should pay attention to while producing a report.

After reading this article, don’t just sit and enjoy the victory over report writing. The battle has not started and has not even been won yet. Let today be the day when you know how to write good academic reports. Subsequently, you’ll start writing reports as required. Practice makes perfect!

However, even with practice, some students may still struggle with report writing for various reasons, such as a lack of time or poor writing skills. In such cases, an assignment writing service can come in handy. These services provide professional assistance with report writing, ensuring that you receive a well-structured and well-written report that meets your academic requirements. These services employ experienced writers with the necessary skills and knowledge to handle different reports.

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How to Write a Report Assignment For College

Table of Contents

What Is A Report For An Assignment?

The types of reports, how to write an assignment report for your college paper, helpful assignment report writing tips, structure matters.

Contrary to a popular belief, a report for an assignment is not a simple outline. It is a deep analytical work that must be done. It is often approached as the list of things that are usually included in a typical paper draft but it is the content that always differs. It means that even though you may have to provide an abstract, objectives, and the list of sources that you have used for some research project, your structure must be there with a bit of relevant analysis to plan assignment properly.

Another important aspect that must be considered is editing and proofreading . It is paramount for writing a good report regardless of what subject you might be dealing with. As you write a report for an assignment, you must think about your objectives and see what kind of formatting must be used to fit within your particular paper type.

As a college or university student, you will encounter at least four different types of reports that require specific rules and conventions to represent an assignment in report format.

– Informative or descriptive reports. It all comes down to purpose, which means that if you have to provide information, use an explanatory tone. Regarding descriptive paper reports, these must offer examples or statistical information. Writing a report, such data must be reflected in your outline. It is considered one of the simplest forms of report writing. Do not forget about your grading rubric as it may already provide a helpful structure you should refer to.

– Case study reports or research projects. These are based on specific case study cases or research objectives . Since you already have a prompt, it makes it easier to compose your outline where you implement either compare-and-contrast or reflective writing style.

– Math / Engineering reports. Such kinds of assignment report writing implement numbers for the most part with engineering reports of objectives and solutions that have proved as helpful.

– Science reports. Also known as “academic reporting”, these follow an abstract, introduction, body paragraphs, conclusion, and bibliography sections that most students are familiar with. The major difference here is that every idea must be properly referenced and supported with reliable sources.

Learning how to start an assignment , always define your purpose, and learn more about your audience. You must provide a list of objectives related to your research work and offer some evidence or statistical examples that support your research methods or analysis approach.

Breaking things down into sections, your assignment report must include:

• Title Page. It goes as the basic university title page.
• Executive Summary Report. It should include analysis methods, reports, various analysis approaches, and so on.
• Table of Content. It should list all important chapters and subsections.
• List of Abbreviations & Symbols. It is obligatory for technical and engineering reports.
• Introduction. It should represent basic information about your subject with a thesis statement.
• The Main Body. As you learn how to write an assignment report, you should use topic sentences (at the beginning of each body paragraph) and support your arguments with a piece of clear evidence.
• Conclusions & Recommendations. It should highlight your main findings and state information in bullet points if applicable.
• Reference List. Include every source that has been used for referencing or citation purposes to avoid plagiarism issues.
• Appendices. It should include all schemes, software reports, a deeper analysis, and various additions that will have tables, schemes, and infographics among other things.

In certain cases, it may be necessary to write an abstract for an assignment that will look like dissertation writing or APA format regarding various style aspects.

Writing a good assignment report may sound like a challenging task, which is only partially true. Those students who follow these simple tips get on by much easier.

Here are some things to consider:

• Estimate your writing and objectives first.
• Define the limitations of your subject.
• Research information beyond your textbook.
• Outline each essential element of your report.
• Structure your paper from stronger to weaker elements.
• Do not ignore proofreading and editing aspects.

The most important in report writing is final editing where you check whether you could address the objectives of your paper with clear explanations and sources that support your idea. Your report must be like a short conversation where you explain what you could achieve in simple terms and how exactly.

As the final measure, always check your structure before you submit your report or learn about what must be included in each.

• Your title must be explanatory and relevant to your subject. It aims to attract the attention of the readers. It should also act as the hook to inspire for reading further.
• Your summary part must be brief as you discuss all the essential points of your report and why it is being written.
• Table of contents must be there by reflecting each paragraph word-by-word.
• An introduction part must talk about what is being investigated and how exactly. It is usually up to 250 words.
• Your report’s body parts must present the results of your analysis with good examples and your own interpretation of the findings.
• The final part of your paper must once again analyse ideas in your report and make possible suggestions for additional research.

Essentially, as a writer, you must ask yourself whether your structure talks about what must be done and how exactly. It will help you to report things correctly regardless of your subject or an available prompt.

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5 tips on writing better university assignments

Lecturer in Student Learning and Communication Development, University of Sydney

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Alexandra Garcia does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

University of Sydney provides funding as a member of The Conversation AU.

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University life comes with its share of challenges. One of these is writing longer assignments that require higher information, communication and critical thinking skills than what you might have been used to in high school. Here are five tips to help you get ahead.

1. Use all available sources of information

Beyond instructions and deadlines, lecturers make available an increasing number of resources. But students often overlook these.

For example, to understand how your assignment will be graded, you can examine the rubric . This is a chart indicating what you need to do to obtain a high distinction, a credit or a pass, as well as the course objectives – also known as “learning outcomes”.

Other resources include lecture recordings, reading lists, sample assignments and discussion boards. All this information is usually put together in an online platform called a learning management system (LMS). Examples include Blackboard , Moodle , Canvas and iLearn . Research shows students who use their LMS more frequently tend to obtain higher final grades.

If after scrolling through your LMS you still have questions about your assignment, you can check your lecturer’s consultation hours.

2. Take referencing seriously

Plagiarism – using somebody else’s words or ideas without attribution – is a serious offence at university. It is a form of cheating.

In many cases, though, students are unaware they have cheated. They are simply not familiar with referencing styles – such as APA , Harvard , Vancouver , Chicago , etc – or lack the skills to put the information from their sources into their own words.

To avoid making this mistake, you may approach your university’s library, which is likely to offer face-to-face workshops or online resources on referencing. Academic support units may also help with paraphrasing.

You can also use referencing management software, such as EndNote or Mendeley . You can then store your sources, retrieve citations and create reference lists with only a few clicks. For undergraduate students, Zotero has been recommended as it seems to be more user-friendly.

Using this kind of software will certainly save you time searching for and formatting references. However, you still need to become familiar with the citation style in your discipline and revise the formatting accordingly.

3. Plan before you write

If you were to build a house, you wouldn’t start by laying bricks at random. You’d start with a blueprint. Likewise, writing an academic paper requires careful planning: you need to decide the number of sections, their organisation, and the information and sources you will include in each.

Research shows students who prepare detailed outlines produce higher-quality texts. Planning will not only help you get better grades, but will also reduce the time you spend staring blankly at the screen thinking about what to write next.

During the planning stage, using programs like OneNote from Microsoft Office or Outline for Mac can make the task easier as they allow you to organise information in tabs. These bits of information can be easily rearranged for later drafting. Navigating through the tabs is also easier than scrolling through a long Word file.

4. Choose the right words

Which of these sentences is more appropriate for an assignment?

a. “This paper talks about why the planet is getting hotter”, or b. “This paper examines the causes of climate change”.

The written language used at university is more formal and technical than the language you normally use in social media or while chatting with your friends. Academic words tend to be longer and their meaning is also more precise. “Climate change” implies more than just the planet “getting hotter”.

To find the right words, you can use SkELL , which shows you the words that appear more frequently, with your search entry categorised grammatically. For example, if you enter “paper”, it will tell you it is often the subject of verbs such as “present”, “describe”, “examine” and “discuss”.

Another option is the Writefull app, which does a similar job without having to use an online browser.

5. Edit and proofread

If you’re typing the last paragraph of the assignment ten minutes before the deadline, you will be missing a very important step in the writing process: editing and proofreading your text. A 2018 study found a group of university students did significantly better in a test after incorporating the process of planning, drafting and editing in their writing.

You probably already know to check the spelling of a word if it appears underlined in red. You may even use a grammar checker such as Grammarly . However, no software to date can detect every error and it is not uncommon to be given inaccurate suggestions.

So, in addition to your choice of proofreader, you need to improve and expand your grammar knowledge. Check with the academic support services at your university if they offer any relevant courses.

Written communication is a skill that requires effort and dedication. That’s why universities are investing in support services – face-to-face workshops, individual consultations, and online courses – to help students in this process. You can also take advantage of a wide range of web-based resources such as spell checkers, vocabulary tools and referencing software – many of them free.

Improving your written communication will help you succeed at university and beyond.

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How to write a Report for University Assignment

Many university assignments require a ‘report’ instead of an essay, and students are sometimes unclear as to what this entails. The writing tone, the style to choose, the length of the report, and other considerations all cause confusion. Do you need help writing a report for a university assignment? This write-up seeks to clarify all these confusions and provide you with some key features for writing a good report. Don’t worry if you’re not sure how to write a report for a university assignment. Because you can receive university assignment help from Assignment Studio, one of the world’s leading Assignment Writing Services UK.

Table of Contents

What is the definition of a report?

A report is essentially a brief and concise document created for a specific purpose and audience. It usually lays out and analyses a scenario or problem, with ideas for future recommendations frequently included. It’s a fact-based paper that needs to be well-organized and concise.

Reports and essays have some overlap in academics, and the two terms are occasionally used interchangeably. Reports are more commonly used in business, science, and technology, as well as in the workplace. On the other hand, an essay focuses on arguments and reasoning, whereas a report focuses on facts.

What is the Best Way to Write a Report for University Assignment?

You may believe that all you need to write a report is a pen and a piece of paper. To perform this task successfully, you must possess a set of abilities. A report’s format is critical for leading the reader through your thought process to a course of action or decision. It’s worthwhile to spend some time planning ahead of time.

Step 1: Understand your brief

First and foremost, carefully consider your brief, ensuring that you understand who the report is for (who it is supposed to be written for), why you’re writing it, and what you want the reader to do after reading it: perhaps make a decision or agree on a recommendation.

Step 2: Keep your brief in mind while writing a report

All of your thoughts must be concentrated on your brief, which may necessitate critical reading and thinking. Anything that isn’t necessary should be discarded. Try to organize your reading and research into sections by theme, as if you were writing a literature review. Keep track of your references, especially if you’re doing academic work. Although reference is less crucial in the business reports, it is still important to be able to back up any claims you make, so keeping track of your sources of information is beneficial.

A report is a document in which you provide the results of your study and analysis of data or an issue, as well as recommendations and proposals. Always keep the reader in mind when producing a report. Use a recognizable framework and be clear, concise, and accurate.

Writing a Report for a University Assignment: The Basic Structure

A title page, summary, table of contents, introduction, main body, conclusion and recommendations, references, and appendices are all common steps of reports. Read the brief descriptions below to better understand these stages.

• The Title Page

The title of the report should briefly define what it is about. Clear, concise, and content-related.

An excellent report should have a summary that is around a page and a half long. The primary features that should be included in a summary are the report’s core ideas, the analysis methodologies utilized, findings, and conclusions/recommendations. It’s critical to make this section clear from the start of the report so that your teacher understands what you’re doing.

• Table of Contents 

A list of chapters/subsections with headlines and page numbers should be displayed on a page of your report. Make this guide beneficial for your readers by allowing them to quickly discover what they’re looking for, whether it’s the findings or the research methodology chapters.

• An Introduction

The introduction defines the report’s purpose and scope. This section provides important background information to help the reader grasp the report’s context. It concentrates on, and perhaps defines, any essential keywords. It should also describe the report’s structure.

• The Main Body

The main body contains the description and relevant data. The primary body of a report should be split into parts under headings such as Discussion, Methods, Results, Data, and Findings, and should include all related material needed to fulfil the report’s goal. Subheadings are a possibility. Normally, you’ll have to come up with your own headings that are relevant to your report. Evidence and examples should be utilized to back up your claims where possible.

• Conclusions And Recommendations

The conclusion summarizes the report’s main points in a few sentences. The purpose of the report, as indicated in the introduction, should be referenced in the conclusion. At this point, no additional information should be introduced.

• References/Bibliography

Any sources that have influenced your response should be cited. References for an open university (OU) tutor-marked assignments (TMA) must include references to course content as well as any external sources used.

Appendices may be requested to supplement your response. Appendices should be referenced in the main body of the text; otherwise, it will be unclear why they are included.

Some details may vary depending on the type of report you’re writing. It could be a study report, a construction report, or a laboratory report. As a result, double-check your assignment guidelines and learning objectives. If you’re still unsure, get help from Assignment studio’s Assignments Writing Service UK . 

Linguistic Usage in Writing a Report for a University Assignment

Writing style

In a report, the word “I” should be replaced by “we” or “one.” Make sure your sentences aren’t too long. It’s easy to read short sentences. Many clauses and double denials should be avoided because they induce confusion. Make use of punctuation marks correctly.

Avoid spelling, linguistic, and typing problems when preparing the report. Before submitting the report, run it through a spell checker and read it well. Only use official spelling, and if in a doubt, use a dictionary.

Get Assignment Help UK from Assignment Studio

On the internet, there are several Assignment Writing Services UK. Their goal is to provide university students with reliable, authentic, and high-quality Assignment Help UK. Students who use these services have poor writing skills, which is why they hire Assignment Writing Services UK to help them get top grades. As a top-notch assignment writing website, Assignment Studio has a number of outstanding features.

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How to Write an Assignment Report for University

An academic report provides a descriptive analysis of research, experiment, or survey. The report discusses the results in detail following a specific academic report structure. A report is different from an essay because the writer of an essay can add their thoughts or opinions about a topic.

A student is required to do thorough planning, which might include a proposal. After this, they must begin the research, experiment, or survey. The final step is to provide a detailed report of the findings.

When you are given a task to write a report for university assignment, you might feel overwhelmed. The process of writing a report can be tedious but with the right information, you will realize it is an easy process. It requires you to understand the question correctly and to follow the instructions closely.

Our team of experienced writers has written this  assignment writing guide  to help you understand the process. The guide gives details on the writing style and structure. You will learn what makes a good report, things to avoid, and the skills required. After reading this guide, you will be able to write a university report correctly.

What Is Assignment Report

Writing an assignment report is part of a student’s university tasks. Many students fear writing reports but they are not difficult. They require the right approach and good organization. The process requires thorough research and understanding of the requestion.

A university report answers a research, experiment, or study question. It describes in detail what you observed or found. Included in the report should be the methods, tools, or apparatus used. Its outline must be clear. You will benefit from quality university report if you use  assignment help  from professional writers.

How to Structure a Report for University Assignment?

A lot of information on how to structure a report is available online. You must ensure you understand the structure correctly. When you get it right, it will be easy to write your report. The structure of a university report is similar to an essay structure. It has an introduction, body, and conclusion.

However, since a university report serves a different purpose, it has a lot of differences with an essay structure. Your instructor may ask you to include a few things. You may add a table of content appendices or recommendations.

The report might also include a title page, glossary, and an executive summary. The report writing structure should include the following.

1. The title page

On the title page, include the following details

• Name of your instructor
• Student number

2. The table of content

Your assignment report must have a table of contents that includes the following.

• Page numbers of the main sections
• Page numbers of the subsections

The report is written using a numbered list. The headings and subheadings are differentiated using different heading styles.

3. Any abbreviations used

This part contains any abbreviations used in the report. It also contains the technical words or acronyms used.

4. The executive summary

The executive summary gives a short overview of what the entire report is about. A reader first reads the executive summary to have an idea of what to expect in the report. The summary should not exceed one paragraph.

5. Introduction

When preparing to write a report introduction, focus on several things. The introduction orientates your audience to the topic. It explains why the report is important. In the introduction, explain the context of your report. Explain briefly any important point that can be useful to the reader. Give a short breakdown of the structure.

6. The report’s main body

In the assignment report format, the main body is the core. It presents an account of the issues under review. The content in the main body is analysis-based. It is never a suggestion or opinion.

Due to this, you should not use the phrases like ‘I think, feel, guess,’’ etc. Every idea is supported with concrete evidence or a logical argument. The evidence helps to substantiate your assertions. You must use a specific report assignment example or evidence to build a logical argument.

The report’s main body is divided into several sections. It has headings, subheadings, and paragraphs. If possible, use diagrams or images to help the reader understand better. Introduce each main point in the first lines of the paragraph. After giving your strong evidence, conclude the point within the paragraph.

In summary, the report’s main body should feature the following main points.

• Analyze the main features
• Define the problem
• Explain the phases
• Propose other ways to approach/manage the problem

7. Report conclusion

The conclusion gives a summary of the entire report. It is different from the results section. The conclusion draws to attention what has been discussed. It doesn’t introduce new information. You will confuse the reader by introducing fresh information. Make the conclusion short but do not leave out the main points.

8. Report recommendations

Recommendations give suggestions of actions that you feel are important. Do not give a recommendation that is outside the discussions. Give recommendations based on priorities. Start with the most important recommendation and end with the least important one.

9. References

The references section gives a list of all sources used in your report. Depending on the report writing style you have used, use the right reference structure. Your references section can have:

• The writer/editor
• Date published

10. The report appendices

The report appendices include any additional information you might have. It should not be part of the word count. It must be included in the references list. Any information that is not referenced should not appear in the appendices. Depending on the instructor, the appendices can sometimes be used in the report grading.

>Assignment Report Format

A university report presents the facts about a problem. It is an analysis of the problem and a suggestion of solutions. You should divide the report into sections. For the best flow, use numbered headings and subheadings. This makes the information logical and easy to understand.

The report sections include the following:

• Contents table
• Executive summary
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodologies
• Recommendations

The file format you choose is important. Although the university might be specific on the file format, the widely accepted formats are PDF and Word. Some reports are presented in PowerPoint slides.

You may include images or page background color to make your report presentable. In the grading process, the report structure/format is given a percentage. The format also helps you to ensure there is nothing you left out in the writing process.

Report Writing Style 

Your university report can be formal or informal. Their main distinguishing factor is their length. An informal report is shorter, although you cannot expressly pinpoint its page limitation. You can think about an informal report in terms of 10 pages and below. In this type of report, use informal language. There should be a limit on the language. Do not make it too informal lest it loses quality.

A formal university report focusses on formal language. You must limit yourself within the official language. This type of report is usually longer in terms of pages or words. The report focuses on complex topics that require detailed background information. The writer must research widely to give a detailed discussion.

What Makes a Good Report for a University Assignment

If you want to write a good report, you must focus on its qualities. You must focus on presenting the facts based on relevant evidence. The facts presented must be related to the problem or question of the report topic. A good report must acknowledge every source used. It must follow the preferred style by the university or department. These are the qualities of a good university report.

• It must be simple

By simplicity, it means the report should be easy to read. The language used should be easy to understand. Avoid complex scientific language/terms. Unless you are presenting it before a scientific team, use a language that everyone will understand.

• It must be consistent

Your report must be consistent from the title page to the conclusion. The message must not conflict at any phase of the report. Remember, there could be other reports on the same topic done by other writers.

• It must be accurate

You must learn how to write a report university and the need for accuracy. The report provides information from an experiment, survey, or research work. Make sure the information is accurate and precise. Present it in a way that someone else can replace it and get the exact results.

Things to Avoid in Assignment Report Writing

A report is written to provide a record of actions taken and results received. It should not be confusing. Avoid the following mistakes.

• Avoid using jargon and buzz words because they will only make your report difficult to understand.
• Avoid missing the deadline – Your hard work might go to waste if you submit your report late.
• Avoid a too lengthy report. When the report is too long, it becomes complicated. The reader will take too long to read. They might abandon reading your report in the middle.
• Avoid working alone. Gather information from people. Listen to their opinions or advice to create the best quality report.
• Do not forget to edit your report. If you desire your report to be the best, take time to edit. Read your report and use editing tools to help you achieve the best quality. Things like typing errors, improper grammar, and wrong spelling will lower your report quality.
• Do not forget to cite your report. If you do not cite your report, it will the counted as a plagiarized report. Cite in the correct citation style.

Skills Required to Write a Good Report

You require several abilities that will help you write a professional report. These are general abilities that every report writer should have, although there are other specialized abilities that you can gain later.

• Research skills

Every university report must be detailed. You need to research widely to get the best points. Research skills help you understand the best places to get information. The sources you use must be credible. Having good research skills will help you get the right information.

• Planning skills

Planning means organizing your report so that the information flows well. Your report will have a topic, executive summary, introduction, body, and conclusion. Planning skills are useful so that each component of your report will fall to where it should be.

• Writing skills

Writing skills helps you communicate effectively with written words. It is the ability to write a well-flowing report. Writing skills focuses on the use of correct grammar, sentence, and paragraphs flow. A good report structure example uses a coherent sentence structure.

We hope this university report writing guide has helped you understand the right procedures to follow. You might need help with writing your report, or you might have limited time to research and write. You can hire our assignment writing service  to save time and get a quality report.

Written by Frank Dehoyos

Publish Date: Mar 18, 2022

Frank Dehoyos

Related posts, essay referencing guide, how long does it take to write different types of assignments, criminology dissertation ideas, please, login.

Types of Assignment

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• Academic poster
• Annotated bibliography
• Project Proposal
• Dissertation or final year project
• Literature review
• Critical Assessment - Assessing Academic Journal Articles
• Systematic Review (Postgraduate resource)
• Presentation
• Reports in Microsoft Word

Type of Assignment: Report

A report is a formal document that presents information, findings, or analysis on a particular topic, issue, or event. It typically includes an introduction, body, and conclusion, and may contain sections such as; summary, methodology, results, discussion, and recommendations. Reports are often used to communicate research findings, evaluate projects or initiatives, inform decision-making, or provide updates on progress. They are commonly used in academic, business, government, and professional contexts.

In University various formats are used to present information and learning. A report assignment is asking you to present the information using a certain format (Headings and sub-headings are common). Understanding the assignment task includes understanding the formatting required and the digital elements.

Check out our guide on breaking down the assignment task: Starting an Assignment.

For support with Word and the digital skills required to create a report contact the TILE team.

Report: Things you need to know...

Reports are like burgers, they have a top and bottom (Introduction and a conclusion) but what goes in-between can vary greatly depending on the writer and the purpose of the report. Typically, at University reports are used to evidence learning and to segment different topics for easier reader understanding (though it can also help the writer too as it helps in the creation of the content as well).

Reports are usually written to record the methodology, results and conclusions of an investigation (this may be as a result of primary research (often practical and undertaken by you) or secondary (analysis of current literature and evidence).

They are written for easy reading and discussion so headings, sub-headings, numbering, bullet points, images, tables and graphs can all be used.  Use concise, business-like language so that the reader of your report can easily understand.

Reports can be written in a variety of ways, there is not just one correct way (check assignment guidelines). A report may consist of sections such as:

• Title  - be specific.
• Introduction - aim(s), objectives and why this is an important area for investigation?
• Methodology – what you did to investigate and/or research this subject?
• Findings and discussion – what you found out and what the findings mean?
• Conclusions – what conclusions you made? 
• Recommendations - if needed.
• Title page  - be specific.
• Executive summary  - highlights and key points from the report
• Table of contents
• Introduction  – aim(s), objectives and why this is an important topic
• The main body portion  – what you found out and what the findings mean?
• Conclusion  – what conclusions you made? 
• Recommendations  - if needed.

An appendix comprises supplementary and extra content that is not crucial to the main body of the text, yet it can aid in offering a more comprehensive comprehension of the research problem or provide information that is too extensive to be incorporated within the main paper.

The appendix provides the reader with information needed to understand or clarify an element discussed within the main body e.g. the questions used in a survey.

• Report structure What sections to include when writing a formal academic report.
• Make a selected page Landscape

Need to know more...

Try doing an advanced search, for example "report writing" + business in order to find resources appropriate to your subject area..

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Liberal justices say Trump immunity decision 'will have disastrous consequences' for the U.S.

WASHINGTON — The Supreme Court's liberal bloc issued blistering dissents Monday in the Trump immunity ruling , arguing that it "reshapes the institution of the presidency" and "makes a mockery" of the constitutional principle that no man is above the law.

Justice Sonia Sotomayor, reading her dissent from the bench, said that "relying on little more than its own misguided wisdom ... the Court gives former President Trump all the immunity he asked for and more."

She added that "because our Constitution does not shield a former President from answering for criminal and treasonous acts, I dissent."

The Supreme Court ruled 6-3 on ideological lines that former President Donald Trump has immunity for some of his conduct as president but not unofficial acts in the federal election interference case. The court did not determine what constitutes an "official" act in this case, leaving that to the lower court.

Follow live updates on the Trump immunity hearing

The decision adds another hurdle and further delay to special counsel Jack Smith's prosecution of the former president. Trump was indicted last year on charges he conspired to "overturn the legitimate results of the 2020 presidential election."

Sotomayor said that the majority opinion, written by Chief Justice John Roberts, invents "an atextual, ahistorical, and unjustifiable immunity that puts the President above the law."

Their ruling, she went on, makes three moves that she said "completely insulate Presidents from criminal liability." Sotomayor said the court creates absolute immunity for the president's exercise of "core constitutional powers," creates "expansive immunity for all 'official acts,'" and "declares that evidence concerning acts for which the President is immune can play no role in any criminal prosecution against him."

Sotomayor warned that the ruling "will have disastrous consequences for the Presidency and for our democracy" and that it sends the message: “Let the President violate the law, let him exploit the trappings of his office for personal gain, let him use his official power for evil ends.”

She added, “Even if these nightmare scenarios never play out, and I pray they never do, the damage has been done. The relationship between the President and the people he serves has shifted irrevocably. In every use of official power, the President is now a king above the law.”

In her own written dissent, Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson said that the majority's ruling "breaks new and dangerous ground."

"Departing from the traditional model of individual accountability, the majority has concocted something entirely different: a Presidential accountability model that creates immunity—an exemption from criminal law — applicable only to the most powerful official in our Government," she wrote.

Jackson warned that under the majority's "new Presidential accountability mode," a hypothetical president "who admits to having ordered the assassinations of his political rivals or critics...or one who indisputably instigates an unsuccessful coup...has a fair shot at getting immunity."

The chief justice dismissed the dissents, suggesting that his three liberal colleagues had misinterpreted the majority's opinion and were engaging in "fear mongering." Roberts argued that they "strike a tone of chilling doom that is wholly disproportionate to what the Court actually does today." He wrote that "like everyone else, the President is subject to prosecution in his unofficial capacity."

He also appeared to scoff at Sotomayor for what she included in her dissent, saying that her "most compelling piece of evidence consists of excerpted statements of Charles Pinckney from an 1800 Senate debate." He continued, "But those statements reflect only the now-discredited argument that any immunity not expressly mentioned in the Constitution must not exist."

Justice Amy Coney Barrett wrote in a concurring opinion that she agreed with some of the majority opinion but not all of it. Notably, she said she agreed with Sotomayor that Trump’s immune conduct should still be allowed to be used as evidence in his trial.

“The Constitution does not require blinding juries to the circumstances surrounding conduct for which Presidents can be held liable,” she said.

Soon after the court issued the ruling, Trump celebrated the decision on his Truth Social account, writing in all caps: "Big win for our Constitution and democracy. Proud to be an American!"

A Biden campaign adviser, on the other hand, said that the ruling doesn't change what happened on Jan. 6, 2021.

"Donald Trump snapped after he lost the 2020 election and encouraged a mob to overthrow the results of a free and fair election," the adviser said. "Trump is already running for president as a convicted felon for the very same reason he sat idly by while the mob violently attacked the Capitol: he thinks he’s above the law and is willing to do anything to gain and hold onto power for himself."

Rebecca Shabad is a politics reporter for NBC News based in Washington.

APOL 987 Dissertation Writing in Applied Apologetics I

• Course Description

In this course, the doctoral candidate will compose the early chapters of a dissertation based on the candidate’s research and organization of content.

For information regarding prerequisites for this course, please refer to the  Academic Course Catalog .

Course Guide

View this course’s outcomes, policies, schedule, and more.*

Requires a student login to access.

*The information contained in our Course Guides is provided as a sample. Specific course curriculum and requirements for each course are provided by individual instructors each semester. Students should not use Course Guides to find and complete assignments, class prerequisites, or order books.

APOL 987 is the transitional course that assesses competency from PhD in Applied Apologetics course work and prepares the PhD candidate for dissertation writing. This is accomplished through the successful completion of a comprehensive field exam, prospectus development and approval, and pairing the candidate with an appropriate dissertation mentor. All these tasks are necessary before dissertation writing can formally commence.

Course Assignment

No details available.

After reading the Course Syllabus and Student Expectations, the student will complete the related checklist found in the Course Overview.

The student’s final comprehensive exam requires him or her to write an article related to his or her intended research dissertation topic. The article functions as something of a “field essay” and does two things: (1) it establishes that the student has “read yourself into the field” sufficient to demonstrate mastery of the issues and literature appropriate to the PhD level of research, and (2) it establishes that the student has a viable proposed research topic in the field. In preparation for the exam, the student will write a brief proposal (two-page maximum) to be submitted to the professor for approval in the form of this Journal Article Proposal. 

Once the student’s Comprehensive Exam 4: Journal Article Proposal Assignment has been approved by the instructor of APOL 987, the student will prepare and submit a publishable article on an approved topic relevant to his or her dissertation that explores a gap in the literature. This exam must demonstrate that the student has a mastery of the field, a grasp of the literature, and an ability to integrate information and themes developed in his or her PhD in Applied Apologetics coursework. 

A PhD dissertation prospectus is an essential preparatory element in the beginning stages of writing a dissertation. The prospectus provides a “roadmap” of sorts for what you intend to do, say, and support in the student’s dissertation. Based on an approved topic, the prospectus provides the detail necessary to transition from broad-based and often vague intentions to the content of a sharply focused, well-crafted dissertation. In this assignment, the student will compose a first draft of such a prospectus. 

A PhD dissertation prospectus is an essential preparatory element in the beginning stages of writing a dissertation. Following the first draft submission, and based on faculty feedback and guidance, the student will take the necessary steps to augment, revise, and build upon the first draft prospectus. The final draft prospectus is a detailed “roadmap” for the student’s dissertation and will include a chapter-by-chapter synopsis projecting the content of the dissertation. The final draft prospectus is not the first chapter of the dissertation; it is a document that stands separate from the dissertation.

The student will complete a critical analysis of Chatraw and Allen’s The Augustinian Way. Doing so will require that the student both summarize the major highlights of this work and critically interact with its unique academic contribution. The aim of this assignment is for the student to glean a better understanding of how apologetics can be applied in today’s academic milieu as he or she begins to consider making his or her own contribution in his or her dissertation.  

In an effort to produce honest, reliable, and sustainable research results, it is critical to develop a cogent and appropriate research methodology. This assignment will help the student confirm that his or her research methodology related to the coming dissertation is sound and can result in reliable, sustainable, and defensible conclusions. 

Quizzes will be given in the assigned Modules that cover information related to “Read” and “Watch” materials in their respective Modules. The quizzes will be open-book/open-notes, contain varying number of true/false questions, and have a time limit of 15-minutes. 

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Northern michigan university launches the northern shores storytime writing project site.

18 hours ago Featured , Local News , News Comments Off on Northern Michigan University Launches the Northern Shores Storytime Writing Project Site 120 Views

Northern Michigan University launches a new initiative to support teachers in developing writing skills and teaching practices. On Tuesday Northern Michigan University announced it has launched the Northern Shores Storytime Writing Project Site to support teachers developing writing and teaching skills, with the greater purpose of enhancing student achievement across the Upper Great Lakes region. The initiative will fall under the national writing project network. Through a range of programs, the Northern Shores Storytime Writing Project Site will provide opportunities to participate in professional workshops, summer institutes, writing marathons, and scholastic art and writing awards. Northern Michigan English Professor Kel Sassi and Native American studies professor April Lindala will act as co-directors on the program. Those interested in learning more about Northern Michigan University’s Northern Shores Storytime Writing Project Site with the National Writing Project can find more details here.

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Development co-operation

The OECD designs international standards and guidelines for development co-operation, based on best practices, and monitors their implementation by its members. It works closely with member and partner countries, and other stakeholders (such as the United Nations and other multilateral entities) to help them implement their development commitments. It also invites developing country governments to take an active part in policy dialogue.

• Development Co-operation Report
• Official development assistance (ODA)

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Key messages, charting development co-operation trends and challenges.

The OECD keeps track of key trends and challenges for development co-operation providers and offers practical guidance. It draws from the knowledge and experience of Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and partners, as well as from independent expertise, with the ultimate goal of advancing reforms in the sector, and achieving impact. Using data, evidence, and peer learning, this work is captured in publications and online tools that are made publicly available.

Making development co-operation more effective and impactful

The OECD works with governments, civil society organisations, multilateral organisations, and others to improve the quality of development co-operation. Through peer reviews and evaluations, it periodically assesses aid programmes and co-operation policies, and offers recommendations to improve their efficiency. The OECD also brings together multiple stakeholders to share good and innovative practices and discuss progress.

Strengthening development co-operation evaluation practices and systems

The OECD helps development co-operation providers evaluate their actions both to better learn from experience and to improve transparency and accountability. Innovative approaches, such as using smart and big data, digital technology and remote sensing, help gather evidence and inform policy decisions. With in-depth analysis and guidance, the Organisation helps providers manage for results by building multi-stakeholder partnerships and adapting to changing contexts and crisis situations. 

Civil society engagement in development co-operation

National and international civil society organisations (CSOs) are key partners in monitoring development co-operation policies and programmes. Development co-operation can also be channelled to or through CSOs: 

Aid is characterized as going to CSOs when it is in the form of core contributions and contributions to programmes, with the funds programmed by the CSOs. 

Aid is characterized as going through CSOs when funds are channeled through these organisations to implement donor-initiated projects. This is also known as earmarked funding.

Development co-operation TIPs - Tools, Insights, Practices

TIPs is a searchable peer learning platform that offers insights into making policies, systems and partnerships more effective. 

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