phd in australia in law

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Law

Undertake a phd in law at flinders.

The power to change

Understand the legal issues of today to influence change and impact lives in the future by undertaking independent research in an area of law that can make a difference. Develop your legal expertise and gain essential transferable skills, such as competency in advanced research, critical thinking, legal writing, communication, and project management. You will be part of a vibrant academic community that values both established and emerging areas of legal research.

Research supervisors 

How to apply 

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Doctor of Philosophy (Law)

Duration: 4 years

Delivery mode: In Person

Location: Bedford Park

CRICOS code:  011339D

Annual fees: 2024: $36,300

Further information on fees listed

Why undertake a PhD in Law at Flinders

• Work with supervisors who are global experts in their field
• Collaborate with industry partners
• Explore possibilities for interdisciplinary research
• Establish links with world-class overseas universities
• Make a difference in the world – your research has the potential to change people’s lives

Your career

A PhD in Law can open the door to a career both inside the courtroom and out. With in-depth knowledge in a legal specialty you will be attractive to both national and international government and non-governmental organisations, in areas of legal practice, business, diplomacy, social justice, and human rights.

Potential occupations include:

• Legal advisor
• Practicing lawyer
• Civil servant
• Legal/Human rights advocate
• Government analyst
• Academic/Researcher

Potential employers include:

• Research Institutes/Think Tanks
• National and international corporations
• Universities

Top up scholarships available

Top up scholarships are available for newly enrolled high-achieving domestic or international PhD students in the College of Business, Government and Law on the basis of academic merit and research potential.

The six scholarships available are valued at $5,000 per annum for the duration of a PhD degree (maximum 3 years, with a possible 6-month extension).  

Find out more

Potential research supervisors

Flinders Law academic staff are recognised as leaders in their fields both in Australia and around the world. Our academics draw on their extensive knowledge to undertake research that makes a difference to people's lives.

Professor Margaret Davies

Associate Professor Hossein Esmaeili

Associate Professor Vivienne Brand

Associate Professor Marinella Marmo

Learn what to prepare before approaching a potential research supervisor.

Ready to find the perfect supervisor for your research journey? Explore Research @ Flinders.

Find a supervisor

How to apply

Review the course rule

Check your eligibility

Find a research supervisor

Find out about scholarships and fees

Prepare your application

Meet our PhD students

Thomas Jupe

Thesis title : The accountability of State crime: An exploration into the human rights violations concerning the Rohingya of Myanmar Supervisors : Dr Sanzhuan Guo , Associate Professor Marinella Marmo

This project explores the ongoing ‘genocidal violence’ committed against the Rohingya ethnic population of Myanmar by government forces, in an attempt to bring to light the legal and political factors that allow nation states to continue to carry out serious violations of human rights, with no immediate intervention from international law.

Enquire now

If you have a question about how to apply, please review our Frequently Asked Questions before submitting an enquiry.

For all other course enquiries complete the enquiry form.

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PhD and research degrees

• Macquarie Law School, Michael Kirby Building
• 17 Wally's Walk, Wallumattagal Campus
• Macquarie University NSW 2109
• T: +61 (2) 9850 8585

More about our research degrees

For more information about research degree candidature visit

Our centres and projects

Information on our research centres, projects & partnerships

Coutelle and Joint PhD programs

Learn about Macquarie’s Cotutelle and Joint PhD programs

A vibrant and collaborative research environment

Develop your research expertise in a vibrant research environment that encourages collaborative excellence.

Macquarie Law School is a recognised leader in interdisciplinary and intradisciplinary legal education and research. Our ethos focuses us on purpose and justice to create innovative and action-orientated research in a vibrant and collaborative environment.

We encourage deep research engagement, and our international and diverse cohort of postgraduate research students from Australia and around the world, are supported by our strong global links with the legal profession and the wider legal and policy communities.

Our programs

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Master of Laws (Research) program (MRes) at Macquarie Law School stimulate careers in a broad range of sectors including academia, research, policy, the legal professions, government, and NGOs, by equipping our students with cutting-edge research skills and expertise.

Macquarie Law School’s research environment helps our students thrive, and in completing their research theses, make a substantial research contribution to their area of study.

Our graduate researchers

Our inspiring cohort of graduate researchers play an active role in Macquarie Law School’s research culture.

The graduate research community hail from diverse research backgrounds and jurisdictions to undertake their research studies at Macquarie Law School. They receive support through:

• our monthly research skill seminars
• active seminar program, and
• the Graduate Research Academy .

We welcome students with a passion for research, a commitment to collaborative excellence, and with research interests aligned with our research clusters at Macquarie Law School.

• Search our list of Macquarie Law School postgraduate research supervisors and familiarise yourself with our research degrees , research centres and labs, and subject experts.
• All applicants must apply online with the Graduate Research Academy for entry into the Macquarie Law School PhD or Master of Laws (Research) program.
• Lean more about how and when to apply, admission requirements and more.

Learn about our current graduate researchers , and their theses.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at Macquarie Law School requires applicants to meet these minimum requirements .

You must also demonstrate your suitability for entry to the program by providing evidence of the required level of English language proficiency. Macquarie Law School requires an IELTS score of 7.0 overall, and a minimum of 6.5 in any category.

Program structure

The PhD requires a minimum of three and a maximum of four years full-time study and submission of a research thesis, usually not exceeding 100,000 words. You'll be supervised by experts in your chosen area, who will help you develop insights and critical legal research skills in a supportive and stimulating environment.

Compulsory coursework includes research ethics, research methods and data management.

Learn more about the PhD program structure .

Thesis by publication

Thesis by publication is another important avenue, particularly for legal practitioners to obtain a PhD award. Find out more about thesis by publication .

Confirmation of candidature

Ongoing enrolment in the doctoral program requires confirmation of candidature six months full time equivalent into your PhD.

The purpose of confirmation of candidature is to provide PhD and MPhil Candidates with an early peer review and substantial feedback on their progress, in a supportive environment. Learn more about the the Faculty of Arts confirmation of candidature .

More information:

• discover graduate research scholarships
• review fees and costs .

Master of Research

The Master of Research (MRes) is Macquarie University's two-year (equivalent full-time) research training pathway program to a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) or Master of Philosophy (MPhil).

Learn more about the MRes Year 1 (BPhil) and MRes Year 2 program .

MRes Year 2

If you hold an Australian Bachelor (Honours) degree, or a Masters degree with research training, you may be eligible to apply for direct entry to the MRes Year 2 Program. Visit the How to Apply page to learn more.

There are three major assessments in Year 2 of the MRes:

• literature review (confirmation of candidature) – 5%
• RF2 conference presentation (10 minutes + 5 min Q&A) – 5%
• thesis – 90%.

MRes applications should be accompanied by a brief research proposal (1 - 5 pages) identifying:

• the research topic
• research questions
• methodology
• literature review.

All applicants must  apply online for entry into the Macquarie Law School MRes program. Additional information for Law students interested in undertaking an MRes can be found at the Faculty of Arts MRes page .

Scholarships, funding, internships, and cotutelle applications 

We offer a number of local and international postgraduate research scholarships , including partnerships with other organisations.

If you intend to apply for a scholarship, we recommend visiting Graduate Research Scholarships .

Please check this list of important dates for information on scholarship and application deadlines.

Indigenous graduate research scholarships

Macquarie Law School also offered PhD bundle scholarships will provide the opportunity for Indigenous candidates to complete both a Master of Research degree (MRes Year 2) and a PhD in Macquarie Law School. Find out more about Indigenous graduate research scholarships .

Cotutelle and joint PhD

Entry requirements for cotutelle and joint PhD are the same as for the Doctor of Philosophy.

Macquarie Law School has an excellent track record of Cotutelle and Joint PhDs and is committed to providing the highest quality research, training, supervision and support.

Learn more about our core strategic partners for cotutelle and joint PhDs.

Industry collaboration

Internship opportunities

The Graduate Research Academy also supports graduate researchers to undertake internships with external stakeholders. Learn more about graduate research industry engagement .

Industry collaboration and engagement

We facilitate collaboration between our graduate researchers, expert supervisors and leading strategic partners. Learn more about industry collaborations with Macquarie University .

Research support funds

Graduate researchers have access to grants and funding at Macquarie University to cover expenses relating to the conduct of their HDR research or fieldwork.

There are two levels of funding available to graduate researchers:

• Macquarie University  Postgraduate Research Fund (offered for activities that add value to a research project).
• Faculty administered funding (offered for other research-based expenses).

See more information about HDR grants and funding and the Graduate Research Academy .

See some of the Law School’s current graduate researchers, and learn about their thesis.

Our research community

You’ll have access to a dynamic and inclusive community while undertaking your research degree.

Our Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Master of Philosophy (MPhil) programs are designed for those looking to become leading experts in their field and make a significant contribution through original research under expert supervision.

As Australia's national law school, the ANU College of Law has an enviable research profile in Australia and abroad.

Working under the supervision of some of Australia's best known legal minds, higher degree research (HDR) students in the ANU College of Law enjoy a vibrant research culture, and are provided with the support, guidance and opportunity to deeply engage with law, and explore the impact and influence it has in our world.

With particular strengths in a number of key legal areas - including international law , international security law , environmental law , administrative law , constitutional law , and government and regulation - the ANU College of Law offers diverse options for students seeking to undertake higher degree research.

In addition to being supervised by leading scholars - many regarded as among the best in their field - HDR students benefit from the College's considerable international networks and opportunities to work closely with visitors, researchers and academics from some of the world's leading law schools.

The ANU College of Law is a magnet for visiting academics and speakers from around the world, giving you unique access to the best of the global legal fraternity.

In consultation with your supervisor, you can tailor your focus of study and make a significant contribution to research in the field of law with the potential to create positive change in society.

Offered to students seeking an opportunity to engage in high quality, independent research, the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) requires submission of a thesis that makes a substantial contribution to learning in the field of law.

Allowing you to gain a research degree in 12 to 24 months, the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) requires completion of a thesis that makes an original and important contribution to human knowledge, research and development.

Meet our HDR students

Alice Taylor

Amy Constable

Amy Hamilton

Andrew Henderson

Benjamin Ettinger

Damian Copeland

David Healey

Dr Bal Kama

Dr Szabina Horvath

Emma Graham

Gemmo Fernandez

Isaiah Okorie

James Gaetani

Joshua Liddy

Justine Poon

Lee-Anne Sim

Mr Abdul Mu’iz Abdul Razak

Mr Gareth Downing

Mr Joseph Lee

Personalise your experience

Graduate Research

Doctor of Philosophy - Law

• Course code:   DR-PHILLAW

How to apply

Selection round deadlines.

• Calendar Round 2 28 June 2024
• Calendar Round 3 4 October 2024

Applications considered in three rounds

Please note: Applications for 2024 have closed! Applications are currently being considered for commencement in 2025.

Melbourne Law School aims to admit outstanding graduates from a wide variety of countries and to provide them with a world class experience in undertaking a graduate research degree.

Graduate research degree places at Melbourne Law School are very competitive and only approximately 15 applicants are accepted each year.

Applications will be assessed in three rounds for entry into the 2024 program. Applicants may apply for selection in one round only each calendar year.

• Completed applications* must be received by the 23rd of February 2024
• We aim to release outcomes by the 20th of May 2024
• Completed applications must be received by the 28th of June 2024
• We aim to release outcomes by the 20th of September 2024.
• Completed applications must be received by the 4th October 2024
• We aim to release outcomes by the 20th of December 2024.

*Completed applications contain all relevant material and information, including grades from recent studies and the outcome of any submissions of publications or proposals to journals or publishers. Please submit your application at least 2 weeks prior to an admission round deadline to ensure that you can provide any additional documentation requested by the University and to permit your referees to submit their reports as soon as possible prior to the closing date. Incomplete applications may be held over for assessment in the next round.

Application Process:

Step 1: ensure you meet the minimum entry requirements.

All applications for graduate research at Melbourne Law School must comply with the University's Graduate Research Degree Entry Requirements including English language requirements . In addition, selection will be based on factors including:

• Academic record (particularly tertiary grades and class ranking)
• Relevant research experience (e.g. dissertation) and professional experience
• Relevant scholarly publications, if any
• Academic references
• Development of an original research proposal reflecting knowledge and understanding of the relevant field and providing a feasible framework for the thesis
• Availability and support of appropriate supervisors
• Capacity to complete the degree, including residency requirements and hours available to devote to the degree
• Significance and relevance of the graduate research study proposed in relation to the overall career goals or aspirations of the applicant.

Step 2: Complete the Research Proposal Form

Please complete the Research Proposal form, which is available to download here .

Your research proposal will assist the Graduate Research Selection Committee to make a qualitative assessment amongst the many applications received for available places. It will also enable the selection committee to ensure that appropriate expert supervision is available, as well as the resources necessary to facilitate your proposed research. The selection committee recognises that it is common for research proposals to go through different stages of development, and your proposal is considered indicative, rather than binding, in all details.

Step 3: Submit your application

Once you have completed the Research Proposal form, please attached it to the University of Melbourne Application Form.

• (Course code: DR-PHILLAw) Complete the University of Melbourne Application Form

Supervision

PhD-Law applicants are not required to find a supervisor prior to submitting an application. As part of the application process, Melbourne Law School assesses the application, research proposal, feasibility of the project, and availability of supervisors. However, applicants may wish to discuss their research interests with a potential supervisor prior to submitting an application. The MLS Staff Research Expertise web page may assist in this.

Referee Reports

The referees you nominate in your application will be contacted directly by the University of Melbourne only upon submission of your application. Please submit your application at least 2 weeks prior to an admission round deadline to ensure that you can provide any additional documentation requested by the University and to permit your referees to submit their reports as soon as possible prior to the closing date. Any delay in the referee report submission by your referees will delay the application assessment process.

Ungraded Master’s thesis

If you have completed, or are competing a master’s thesis, which will not receive a numeric mark on your transcript or your thesis component will not appear on your transcript, you must include this detail in your online application or attach a separate statement to your application which explains this. You must attach a copy of your thesis and examiners’ reports (if relevant). We recommend that you nominate an academic referee who can comment directly on your thesis. They should provide as much information as possible about your thesis by completing all relevant sections of the academic referee report and may also choose to attach a separate letter.

Scholarship applications

To apply for the Graduate Research Scholarships no separate application is required. You will be automatically considered for these scholarships if you have met the requirements by the application closing date. For all other scholarships please follow the relevant application instructions and complete the scholarship application section in the online form.

Orientation and Commencement

Melbourne Law School encourages all graduate research candidates to commence in Semester 1, between Monday the 24th of February 2025 and Friday the 28th of February 2025.

All commencing students are invited to Melbourne Law School’s Orientation week activities between Monday the 17th of February 2025 and Friday 21st of February 2025. At these sessions you will meet coordinators and peers from your program and learn about our facilities and services.

All Enquiries

Office for Research Melbourne Law School The University of Melbourne Email: [email protected]

Phone: +61 3 8344 8946

Before you apply

• Complete Melbourne Law School Research Proposal

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Develop advanced research skills that will prepare you for a career in which systematic and critical analytical skills are highly valued.

You're viewing program information for local students.

RMIT considers you a local student if you are:

• a citizen or permanent resident of Australia, or
• a New Zealand citizen, or
• a person seeking asylum who holds either a: Temporary Protection Visa (TPV), or Safe Haven Enterprise Visa (SHEV) or Bridging Visa E or Humanitarian Stay (Temporary) visa or Temporary Humanitarian Concern Visa.

Asylum seekers who reside in Australia and study onshore are required to pay international onshore tuition fees for higher education courses.

If you are unsure or hold a different visa type, please contact  Study@RMIT for more information.

Not a local student?

You're viewing program information for international students..

RMIT considers you an international student if you are:

• intending to study on a student visa, or
• not a citizen or permanent resident of Australia, or
• not a New Zealand citizen, or
• not a a person seeking asylum who holds either a: Temporary Protection Visa (TPV), or Safe Haven Enterprise Visa (SHEV) or Bridging Visa E or Humanitarian Stay (Temporary) visa or Temporary Humanitarian Concern Visa.

If you are unsure or  hold a different visa type, please contact  Study@RMIT for more information.

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Research Training Scheme

See admissions

AU$36,480 (2024 annual)

In this PhD program you will develop advanced research skills that will prepare you for a career in academia and other settings in which systematic and critical analytical skills are required.

This PhD degree may be undertaken in a project or thesis mode.

The GSBL Law academics can provide research supervision in a wide range of topic areas such as:

• Dispute resolution, Mediation, Legal education
• Employment law, Workplace relations law, Workplace regulations and policy, Collective bargaining, Workplace dispute resolutions, Comparative labor law
• Taxation law and policy, Equity law, the Law of trusts, Wills and estates, Succession law, Commercial law, corporate law and banking law
• Law and technology, internet law, artificial intelligence and law, robot law, blockchain law
• Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), Mental health advance directives, Coercion and recovery, Therapeutic jurisprudence, Mental health tribunals, Comparative law, Regulatory governance
• Energy law, Environmental law, Renewable energy and climate law, Law and regulation, Electricity market regulation, Business and Human Rights, Corporate Accountability, Labour Regulation in Developing Countries, Labour Conditions in Supply Chains, Transnational Human Rights Mechanisms
• Criminal law and policy, Criminal justice, human rights in places of detention, Prisons and punishment, Criminal records and other collateral consequences of conviction, Criminal law and gender
• Law and politics, Constitutional law, Administrative law
• Intellectual Property Law, WTO Law, International Human Rights Law
• Labour law, Employment security, Industrial relations
• Sports law, International commercial arbitration law, Jurisprudence, International law, Contract law, Tort law, Company law

How you will learn

RMIT's  Swanston Academic Building  is the base for your business research career.

The building's features include:

• interactive lecture and tutorial spaces, lectorial theatres, small-group rooms and
• other innovative spaces to support enterprise formation.
• Formal learning areas interspersed with retail and social spaces and scenic outlooks over the city of Melbourne.
• wireless connection to printers, the web and specialist learning resources
• the School of Graduate Research office
• 5 Star Green Star Rating for Australian Excellence in sustainable design.

The result is a stimulating environment to encourage creative and intellectual activity among a variety of users.

Research in the Graduate School of Business and Law

Research in the school is focused on information technology, information management, information systems and logistics and supply chain management issues. The School has a strong record of achievement in PhD training with a current enrolment of 80 higher degree students.

Research at RMIT

Time spent on research.

Full-time candidates are expected to commit at least four days per week (or at least two days per week for part-time candidates) to their research. The academic year is 48 weeks.

Regular contact with your supervisor

A schedule of meetings with your supervisor/s must be established to assess progress against milestones and timely completion.

Resources, facilities and support

You will have access to the Learning Hub and other online and digital resources through the myRMIT student portal.

You will be part of an active research community and have access to resources and workshops to help you succeed.

Business Research Office

The Business Research Office supports candidates, supervisors in the College of Business. It is the central office responsible for coordinating and disseminating information about funding opportunities and research-related activities. Prospective researchers are invited to  contact the Business Research Office  to discuss potential candidature.

School of Graduate Research

The School of Graduate Research works with Schools to further support candidates during their postgraduate research degree.

Guiding the development of the College of Business, both nationally and internationally, is an  Industry Advisory Board  of high-profile executives. The Board creates a strategic bridge between the latest in technology and design thinking and business.

Learning outcomes

The knowledge and skills you will acquire throughout this degree and how they can be applied in your career are described in the  learning outcomes .

Electives and course plan

You will undertake the PhD program under the supervision of an appointed research supervisor.

The PhD program is structured to enable you to:

• Complete a compulsory research methods course
• Receive training in research integrity and ethics
• Select studies in qualitative and quantitative research techniques
• Complete a thesis/project which demonstrates your contribution to the field and your ability to communicate complex research for peers and the community to an international standard.

Research Integrity modules

You are required to complete the online modules:

• Research integrity
• Copyright and intellectual property
• Data management and copyright.

You may need to complete an ethics module to ensure your research is ethical and responsible.

Research Methods

The compulsory course Introduction to Research Methods introduces you to research methods commonly used in business disciplines. It helps you explore and discuss how to plan and scope a research project, frame appropriate research questions, write research proposals, and understand 'mixed methods’ approaches to conducting and documenting your research. It is taught in large discipline groups.

Research Techniques

Electives in qualitative or quantitative research techniques are available once data collection has begun. You can use your own data to explore different research analysis techniques. Your supervisor will help decide when you should take these electives.

Co-curricular activities

You are encouraged to participate in activities offered by the university, College and School according to your needs and interests.

This PhD may be undertaken in a project, thesis by publication or thesis mode. Prospective candidates should discuss these modes of submission with their potential supervisor/s prior to application.

Course structure

Choose a plan below to find out more about the subjects you will study and the course structure.

*The maximum duration of the PhD program is 4 years full-time and 8 years part-time. However, candidates are expected to complete their program within 3-4 years full-time equivalent and 6-8 years part-time equivalent.

*The maximum duration of the PhD program is 4 years full-time. However, candidates are expected to complete their program within 3-4 years full-time equivalent.

Note: International student visa holders can only study full-time.

Graduates will be able to pursue an academic career in a university or be employed in senior leadership and management positions in government, non-government organisations and corporations.

As a researcher, your mastery of the discipline evidenced through a substantial and rigorous research project and other contributions to your field of specific interest can make a real difference to society.

Minimum requirements for admission

Prerequisites, selection tasks.

The minimum requirements for admission to a PhD program are:

• a bachelor degree requiring at least four years of full-time study in a relevant discipline awarded with honours. The degree should include a research component comprised of a thesis, other research projects or research methodology courses that constitute at least 25% of a full-time academic year (or part-time equivalent). The applicant must have achieved at least a distinction average in the final year;  or
• a master degree that includes a research component comprised of at least 25% of a full-time academic year (or part-time equivalent) with an overall distinction average or a master degree without a research component with at least a high distinction average;  or
• evidence of appropriate academic qualifications and/or experience that satisfies the Associate Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Research Training and Development or nominee that the applicant has developed knowledge of the field of study or cognate field and the potential for research sufficient to undertake the proposed program.

At RMIT a grade of distinction represents academic achievement of 70% or higher and a high distinction is 80% or higher.

If you are a current master by research candidate, you are able to apply for a transfer to a doctor of philosophy program through the process prescribed in the  RMIT Higher Degree by Research policy .

These entrance requirements are the minimum academic standard you must meet in order to be eligible to apply for the program. You will need to complete a selection task as part of your application.

A selection process will be conducted in conjunction with the School and supervisors you nominate.

For further information on the steps you need to take to apply for a research program see  How to apply – Research programs .

English language requirements

Research proposal and supervisor.

You must attach a substantive research proposal that is 2 to 5 pages in length which articulates the intent, significance and originality of the proposed topic using the following headings:

a) title / topic b) research questions to be investigated in the context of existing research/literature in the area c) significance and impact of the research d) methodology / research tasks required to undertake the research e) particular needs (e.g. resources, facilities, fieldwork or equipment that are necessary for your proposed research program, if applicable).

Your application will not be considered if you have not discussed your research topic with a proposed senior and associate supervisor or joint senior supervisors. You must provide the names of the academic staff in the school you have applied to and with whom you have discussed your proposed research.

To study this course you will need to complete one of the following English proficiency tests:

• IELTS (Academic): minimum overall band of 6.5 (with no individual band below 6.0)
• TOEFL (Internet Based Test - IBT): minimum overall score of 79 (with minimum of 13 in Reading, 12 in Listening, 18 in Speaking and 21 in Writing)
• Pearson Test of English (Academic) (PTE (A)): minimum score of 58 (with no communication band less than 50)
• Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE): minimum of 176 with no less than 169 in any component.

For detailed information on English language requirements and other proficiency tests recognised by RMIT, visit  English language requirements and equivalency information .

Don't meet the English language test scores? Complete an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) Advanced Plus Certificate at  RMIT English Worldwide .

You can gain entry to this program from a range of RMIT four year  Bachelor and Honours degrees  or  Postgraduate  or Masters by Research programs.

Fee summary

Fee information for masters by research and doctorate (PhD) programs.

If you are an Australian citizen, Australian permanent resident or New Zealand citizen you may be eligible for a Research Training Scheme (RTS) place where your tuition costs are funded by the Commonwealth Government under the RTS and you have full exemption from tuition fees.

Acceptance in an RTS place is very competitive and places are granted on the condition that you meet annual progress requirements and complete within the allotted time for your program and your status as a part-time or full-time candidate.

This means a maximum of 2 years for a full-time Masters by Research or 4 years for a PhD (or the equivalent part-time).

Contact the School of Graduate Research for more information.

The  student services and amenities fee (SSAF)  is used to maintain and enhance services and amenities that improve your experience as an RMIT student.

In addition to the SSAF there may be  other expenses  associated with your program.

Income tax deductions

Candidates may be eligible to apply for income tax deductions for education expenses linked to their employment. See the  Australian Taxation Office (ATO) website  for more information.

RMIT awards more than 2000 scholarships every year to recognise academic achievement and assist students from a variety of backgrounds.

The annual tuition fee for 2024 is AU$36,480.

The total indicative tuition fee for 2024 commencement is AU$151,680.

International applicants

• Fees information  for international candidates looking to study at RMIT's Melbourne campuses.
• PhD  and  masters by research  fees for international candidates studying offshore. 

Other costs

Important fee information.

Find out more details about  how fees are calculated  and the expected annual increase.

Applying for refunds

Find information on how to apply for a  refund  as a continuing international student.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Looking for answers or more general information.

Use our Frequently Asked Questions to learn about the application process and its equity access schemes, find out how to accept or defer your offer or request a leave of absence, discover information about your fees, refunds and scholarships, and explore the various student support and advocacy services, as well as how to find out more about your preferred program, and more.

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Acknowledgement of Country

RMIT University acknowledges the people of the Woi wurrung and Boon wurrung language groups of the eastern Kulin Nation on whose unceded lands we conduct the business of the University. RMIT University respectfully acknowledges their Ancestors and Elders, past and present. RMIT also acknowledges the Traditional Custodians and their Ancestors of the lands and waters across Australia where we conduct our business - Artwork 'Luwaytini' by Mark Cleaver, Palawa.

RMIT University acknowledges the people of the Woi wurrung and Boon wurrung language groups of the eastern Kulin Nation on whose unceded lands we conduct the business of the University. RMIT University respectfully acknowledges their Ancestors and Elders, past and present. RMIT also acknowledges the Traditional Custodians and their Ancestors of the lands and waters across Australia where we conduct our business.

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The University of Queensland

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• Doctor of Laws

Doctor of Laws ( LLD )

Information valid for students commencing 2024

• International

Please contact the faculty regarding the duration of this program.

Commencing 2024

Please contact the faculty about commencing this program.

Program level

Postgraduate Research

Units represent the value of individual courses which contribute to the total unit requirement of an academic program. A standard study load is 8 units per semester." class="tooltip">Units

Program code.

Business, Economics & Law

Teaching Location

In person (on-campus) or external (online). previously known as 'delivery mode'." class="tooltip">attendance mode, entry requirements.

Please refer to the entry requirements set out in PPL 4.70.04 Higher Doctorates - Procedures, Schedule 1 .

AQF level 10

Fees for Australian students

How to apply.

Applications must be lodged via the Faculty of Business, Economics and Law.

Closing Date

Applications are able to be submitted for research higher degree programs at any time.

Enquiries for Australian students

Faculty of Business, Economics & Law

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 07 3365 7111

Prerequisites are specific subjects or courses that students need to have studied and passed at year 12 matriculation level or tertiary equivalent. Prerequisites vary between programs, and are intended to ensure that students can handle the program content. Prerequisites can be met through a variety of qualifications, such as secondary studies, bridging programs, tertiary study or alternative qualifications." class="tooltip">Prerequisites

Please refer to the entry requirements set out in PPL 4.70.04 Higher Doctorates - Higher Doctorate Admission Requirements Schedule .

International students who wish to undertake this program will not qualify for a Student Visa. To study this program in Australia, international students must hold alternative Australian Visa/Residency status with a sufficient study entitlement. See Department of Home Affairs for further details. Alternatively, for programs available in 'External' mode, students may study from their home country.

English Proficiency

view the English proficiency policy .

Fees for International students

Enquiries for international students.

International Student Advisor

Phone: Outside Australia: + 61 3 8676 7004 Within Australia (Free Call): 1800 671 980

Enquire online

Why study the Doctor of Laws?

As the highest academic award in law, the LLD is designed to give formal public recognition to legal scholars who have made outstanding contributions to legal science.

What you can study

Entry requirements for australian students.

Click here for application procedures for Australian students .

Closing date

Entry requirements for international students, visa requirements, english proficiency.

View the English proficiency policy .

Click here for application procedures for International students .

What it costs

What you can do with a doctor of laws.

Graduates of postgraduate law programs generally work as specialists within the legal profession.

Program requirements for the Doctor of Laws

To be eligible to apply to be admitted to a higher doctorate program an applicant must satisfy the minimum admission requirements set out in PPL 4.70.04 Higher Doctorates - Higher Doctorate Admission Requirements Schedule .

Students should be aware of the University of Queensland policies and rules which govern the conduct of UQ programs. These may be found on the UQ policies and rules page on the my.UQ website .

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• Melbourne Law School
• Graduate Research Degrees

Doctor of Laws (LLD)

The degree of Doctor of Laws (LLD) is the highest qualification available by examination within Melbourne Law School.

The work submitted for examination must be of such a standard that it makes "...a substantial and original contribution to legal scholarship and is of such standard as to give the candidate authoritative standing in the field of the candidate's study".

Entry Requirements

Applicants must be a graduate in law of the University of Melbourne of at least four years' standing; or a graduate of another university who has held a recognised degree for at least four years and received adequate training for legal scholarship. Applications to enrol in the degree normally follow an invitation from Melbourne Law School to individuals of considerable seniority and with a connection to Melbourne Law School. Applicants must also meet the University's English language requirements .

Degree Requirements

A successful request for admission to candidature must first be made before a body of work is submitted for examination.

Not applicable – a body of work is submitted for examination.

Admission information

The Doctor of Laws (LLD) is the highest qualification available by examination at Melbourne Law School.

The work submitted for examination must be of such a standard that it makes "a substantial and original contribution to legal scholarship and is of such standard as to give the candidate authoritative standing in the field of the candidate's study".  Applications to enrol in the degree normally follow an invitation from Melbourne Law School to individuals of considerable seniority and with a connection to Melbourne Law School.

Policies and Procedures

Policy and procedures for the degree of Doctor of Laws (LLD) (by examination) are available in Courses, Subjects, Awards and Programs Policy (MPF1327) – Higher Doctorates .

Eligibility

Melbourne Law School may admit as a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Laws:

• Any person who is a graduate in Law of the University.
• Any other graduate of this or another university who satisfies the faculty of having received adequate training for legal scholarship and whose degree is recognised by Melbourne Law School ('faculty') pursuant to Part 4 of the Academic Board Regulation as appropriate for the purposes of this award.

In either case of not less than four years' standing from the time of first qualifying for the degree.

Nomination for Admission

A formal application for admission to candidature for the LLD comprises a nomination by a Melbourne Law School academic. The nomination should be addressed to the Dean of Melbourne Law School.

The proposer should have sufficient familiarity with the proposed candidate and the candidate's field of research to enable the proposer to recommend that the quality of the work(s) to be submitted warrants the award of LLD.

The proposer must provide the following:

• Information that demonstrates that the proposed candidate is eligible for admission to candidature for the LLD.
• A statement expressing why the proposed candidate's work is "a substantial and original contribution to legal scholarship and is of such standard as to give the candidate authoritative standing in the field of the candidate's study".
• A statement outlining the work(s) to be examined, which may comprise (i) a sustained body of work over a lengthy period, or (ii) a seminal work that has profoundly contributed to the corpus of knowledge in a particular field.
• A curriculum vitae for the proposed candidate and a full list of the candidate's publications.
• The names and contact details of three referees (other than the proposer) who have sufficient familiarity with the proposed candidate's field of research to enable them to recommend whether or not the quality of the work(s) submitted warrants the award of LLD.

Acceptance for Admission

A nomination for admission to candidature is considered by a committee established by the Dean of Melbourne Law School, comprising at least two Melbourne Law School academics. The Dean and Associate Dean (Research) of Melbourne Law School may be members of the committee, but the proposer may not. In considering whether to accept the candidature, the committee considers:

• Whether the proposed candidate's work as identified in the nomination meets, on a prima facie basis, the subject, scope and character required for admission to the degree of LLD.
• If the proposed candidate is not a graduate in law of the University, whether or not the proposed candidate has received adequate training for legal scholarship and whether or not the proposed candidate's degree is recognised pursuant to Part 4 of the Academic Board Regulation as appropriate for the LLD.
• If work is submitted for assessment that has previously been presented for a degree in any university, whether or not this work should be approved for examination.

The decision of the committee will be taken by consensus or, if necessary, by majority.

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Courses & Units

Doctor of philosophy (law) (l9a), overview  2024.

• International

Duration refers to the minimum and maximum amounts of time in which this course can be completed. It will be affected by whether you choose to study full or part time, noting that some programs are only available part time.

•   What is an ATAR
•   Course rules
•   Australian Qualification Framework level: 10
•    CRICOS : 003350J

View archived years for this course

For years prior to 2015, please view the Course and Unit Handbook Archive

View the current year's course page

A research degree is an advanced study program that gives you an opportunity to deeply explore a topic of your choice and the expertise of their supervisors. To find an expert in your field of interest, see the  Web Access Research Portal (WARP) site.

Research degree candidates are driven by naturally inquiring minds, and have a passion to solve problems and advance humanity. A research degree allows you to conduct your own, unique research, and produce new knowledge and expertise that is innovative, relevant, and enlightened.

Research degrees equip graduates with the transferable skills and attributes necessary for challenging and diverse roles in industry, government and business, as well as in research and academic organisations.

At the University of Tasmania, a research degree is a true mark of endeavour, providing you with the training and skills necessary for a career in academia and beyond.

To apply, refer to  Research Degrees | How to Apply .

Course objectives

A Doctor of Philosophy produces individuals who can apply a substantial body of knowledge to research, investigate and develop new knowledge in one or more fields of investigation, scholarly expertise or professional practice.

The Degree provides candidates with skills that include the capacity to formulate a significant problem and to develop mastery of appropriate conceptual and methodological practices.

Candidates will acquire advanced specialist research training and provide evidence for independent thought and critical analysis, effective communication and expert knowledge of the discipline within a broader framework of knowledge in the international context.

Doctorates in the Faculty of Law are available in many different aspects of the law.

Areas of particular research expertise within the Faculty include: criminal law and criminology; law and ethics of healthcare and biotechnology; intellectual property law; administrative and constitutional law; environmental law; and various aspects of international law.

At the University of Tasmania candidates are encouraged to demonstrate academic leadership, increasing independence, creativity and innovation in their research and are supported in their acquisition of a wide range of advanced and transferable skills.

Graduates will fulfil the skill requirements in the  Australian Qualification Framework for this degree and the University of Tasmania expects all graduates of a Doctor of Philosophy to meet its Generic Attributes.

Career outcomes

In Australia and around the world, Doctor of Philosophy graduates are highly regarded as potential employees.

The Doctor of Philosophy is a demonstration of a candidate's ability to conceptualise and implement an independent program of research, manage a project, organise resources, work and cooperate with colleagues and communicate effectively in writing at a high level. As a result, PhD graduates have the opportunity to pursue diverse career paths, including professions in research and academia, as well as a broad spectrum of professions in the public and private sector.

Course structure

Entry requirements, fees & scholarships, domestic students.

If you’d like to find out more about what scholarships you might be eligible for, you can take a look our research degree scholarships . You can even apply for multiple scholarships in one easy application.

Detailed fee information for these courses is available at our research degrees page .

Domestic students enrolled in a full fee paying place are charged the Student Services and Amenities Fee but this fee is incorporated in the fees you pay for each unit you enrol in. Full fee paying domestic students do not have to make any additional SSAF payments.

Detailed tuition fee information for domestic students is available at Scholarships, fees and costs , including additional information in relation to a compulsory Student Services and Amenities Fee (SSAF) .

International students

2024 Annual Tuition Fee (international students): $37,250 AUD .

* Please note that this is an indicative fee only.

A variety of scholarships are available to which Higher Research Candidates may apply:

• Australian Postgraduate Awards (APA)
• Tasmania Graduate Research Scholarships (TGRS)
• Fees scholarships
• School Funded scholarships

Additional costs

For information about additional costs associated with undertaking a PhD at the University of Tasmania refer to  Research Degrees | Costs .

All candidates must pay a Student Services and Amenities Fee (SSAF), which we use to improve student services. This cost is included in international tuition fees, however domestic candidates are charged separately.

How can we help?

Do you have any questions about choosing a course or applying? Get in touch.

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Doctor of Philosophy

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is an internationally recognised graduate research program that will enable you to become an independent researcher. 

With the guidance of an advisory team, you'll undertake a research project, produce an 80,000-word thesis and complete an oral examination.

A PhD takes 3 to 4 years full-time. Under guidance, you'll develop advanced research skills and knowledge in your chosen field.

The thesis is a substantial document that makes an original contribution to your field of research. Your thesis may involve an alternate format .

You'll need a strong academic background and you may need to submit a research proposal and other documents to support your application. About 1,000 PhD candidates join UQ each year researching a wide range of topics.

Research at UQ

UQ is one of Australia’s top research-intensive universities. Our research makes an impact on the world's cultural, environmental, economic and social challenges.

Learn more about UQ's research

Program highlights

• Be inspired and challenged to explore new ideas and develop greater understanding of complex questions with leading researchers.
• Access premier resources including one of Australia’s largest libraries, with more than 2 million physical resources and 116,800+ journal subscriptions.
• Foster and improve your skills through the Career Development Framework, created with industry.
• Learn from researchers whose work addresses national and global cultural, environmental, economic and social challenges.

35 in the world

CWTS Leiden Ranking 2023

51 in the world

Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023

Supervision

You have to find and contact a thesis supervisor before you apply

This supervisor will support, guide and mentor you through your research, and can introduce you to professional networks that will start your career.

Find a supervisor

3-Minute Thesis

The showcase event for research candidates is the 3-Minute Thesis (3MT). 

3MT is held each spring.

Learn more about the 3MT

Career development

UQ offers a range of development opportunities via the Career Development Framework (CDF) to help you develop portable skills for any career or industry.

Learn more about the CDF

Studying at UQ gave me the flexibility to expand my knowledge across different areas of science outside of my chosen specialty. Keeping my scientific and translational skills broad has allowed me to adapt to different environments and opportunities throughout my career.

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UQ's Sustainable Energy programs, Q&A webinars

Meet the expert: preparing for the future of pharmacy with Dr Nazanin Ghahreman-Falconer

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Meet the expert: exploring nutrition education with Dr Olivia Wright

Entry requirements, gpa equivalent.

Select where you studied and your qualification to see the GPA you need to be considered for this program.

Meeting the GPA requirement doesn’t guarantee admission.

Academic entry requirements

You have to prove you are prepared for PhD study. You do this by showing you:

• have completed some research experience
• have completed an approved university degree  and
• can meet the English language requirements.

Approved degrees

An approved degree needs to be:

• in an area relevant to your proposed PhD project and
• completed no more than 10 years ago.

You need one of the following approved degrees to apply for a PhD:

• Master of Philosophy (or another research master’s degree); or
• Bachelor’s degree from an approved university with at least honours class IIA or equivalent; or
• Coursework master’s degree with an overall grade point average of 5.65 on the 7-point UQ scale which includes relevant research experience, approved by the dean; or
• Postgraduate degree (at least one year full-time or equivalent) with an overall grade point average of 5 on the 7-point UQ scale, together with demonstrated research experience equivalent to honours class IIA will be considered on a case-by-case basis; or
• Bachelor’s degree plus at least 2 years of relevant research experience , including research publications.

Research experience

You'll meet the requirements for admission into a PhD in terms of 'research preparedness' if you can provide evidence that you've planned and executed project work and/or a body of research with some independence.

To demonstrate this, we'll ask you to provide one of the following:

• with completed courses that aim to develop research skills (minimum value of #1 unit e.g. 50 per cent of a #2 unit course), and/or
• the completion of a supervised research project that includes an individually graded written report with a combined minimum course volume equal to #4 units at UQ.
• Scholarly papers involving a substantial contribution as an author, appearing in recognised academic journals or in volumes published by recognised academic publishers.
• Research or technical reports prepared for industry, government or business, which adhere to the broad conventions of academic publishing (i.e. contain an up-to-date review of relevant literature, a description of relevant research methods and an evaluation of results, etc.) and which identify you as a significant contributor.
• A portfolio of published creative work together with published critical discussion of some or all of that work, or of a comparable body of work by others, and which demonstrates your development of a scholarly approach to creative work as research investigation.
• Demonstrable industry or work experience where you can demonstrate that you have planned and executed a project, working with a high level of independence.

Student visas

International students who are accepted into full-time study in the Doctor of Philosophy are eligible to apply for an Australian Student visa (subclass 500).

This program has two CRICOS codes:

• 0100213 – Architecture, creative arts, education, health, information technology, management and commerce, mathematical sciences, social and cultural studies
• 0100214 – Agriculture and environmental studies, dentistry, engineering, human movement, medical studies, natural and physical sciences, pharmacy, psychology, veterinary science

Discuss your proposed project with us to determine which CRICOS code is most relevant for your visa application.

There are a number of requirements you must satisfy before a visa is granted, including the genuine temporary entrant (GTE) requirement.

Learn more about student visas

Additional entry requirements

Many departments will have additional entry requirements and may request documents to support your application, such as a research proposal. You should discuss these additional requirements with your potential thesis supervisor.

Additional application information

Minimum English language proficiency requirements apply, please refer to the English proficiency policy .

English language requirements

There are a few ways you can meet our English language requirements. If you sit a test, the following scores are needed for PhD admission:

Read our English language requirements

Scholarships

There are several types of PhD scholarship:

• tuition fee scholarship : this covers the fees charged by UQ for PhD study
• living stipend scholarship: this is a   fortnightly payment (or stipend) to support your daily expenses
• top-up scholarship: may be provided by external organisations, supervisors, or philanthropic donations. When awarded, they provide an additional payment on top of a living stipend scholarship. They cannot be held without a living stipend scholarship.

Each year, we award more than 600 scholarships to attract and support the highest quality higher degree by research applicants.

View all postgraduate research scholarships

University scholarships

UQ scholarships include:

• Graduate School Scholarships
• Graduate School Tuition Fees Scholarship
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Scholarships
• Earmarked Scholarships
• The Graduate School Scholarship

Other scholarships

Throughout the year we advertise a range of other research scholarships, including top-up scholarships, travel grants and external scholarships, including:

• Westpac Future Leaders Scholarship

How to apply for a scholarship

You can apply for many scholarships using the same form as your PhD application. External scholarships might have different ways to apply. 

Our Scholarships website explains how to apply for each scholarship. If you are applying for a non-UQ scholarship, outcome dates may vary.

Fees and costs

Tuition fees.

Your fees will vary according to your academic field, study load and whether you study internally or remotely.

Learn more about postgraduate research fees

Research costs

The department you enrol with will meet all necessary costs for your project, including:

• resource and facility costs: at UQ, which may include other organisations in Australia or overseas
• travel costs: to complete fieldwork, collect data, or to visit libraries or other repositories
• coursework costs: for courses studied outside the department
• relevant training: in particular methodologies or techniques.

How to apply

Before you apply, 1. check your eligibility.

Check your eligibility by reviewing the entry requirements for UQ's Higher Degrees by Research. If applying for a scholarship, check the scholarship's eligibility and important dates.

2. Approach a potential supervisor or find a project

You'll either need to find:

• a supervisor in your field who will support your proposed project.  Identify a researcher .
• a project you can join that suits your interests.  See available projects .

If you're choosing a researcher, you'll need to find one with relevant expertise and get agreement to support your PhD and project.

Many departments will require additional information to make a decision around your motivation, understanding, commitment, and financial support required.

They may request documents to support your application, such as a research proposal. You should discuss these additional requirements with your potential thesis supervisor.

3. Gather your documents

You will need to compile the necessary documents. We will accept scanned copies of original documents, but you will have to keep all original documents for the duration of your studies.

Upload all documents as PDFs and name your files like this: LASTNAME_firstname_document-name.pdf

If any of your documents is in a language other than English, you will need to send both the original document and an official translation.

Send the following documents with your application:

An academic CV assists us to determine your readiness to commence a higher degree by research. For the purposes of this application, your academic CV should be current (i.e. no more than 6 months old) and include information under the following headings:

Personal details

• your full name
• your contact details (phone number, email address, city and country of residence)
• nationality
• languages spoken and proficiency level for each
• your ORCID ID or other research output identifier (such as Google Scholar) if you have one (see the ORCID ID and research identifiers information provided by UQ Library).

As the purpose of this academic CV is to determine your academic suitability for a higher degree by research program at UQ and your competitiveness against other applicants, we only require information that is of direct relevance to our decision-making processes. With this in mind, please do not include the following in your academic CV:

• photographs/head shot
• marital status
• driver’s license
• date of birth/age
• hobbies and interests.

Educational qualifications and academic awards

List each of your formal educational qualifications in reverse chronological order (i.e. with the most recent formal educational qualification listed first). For each qualification, include:

• the commencing and end dates (month and year) for the qualification
• the full title of the qualification (e.g. Bachelor of Arts instead of B.A.)
• the institution attended and the enrolling school/administrative unit
• the city and country where the institution is located
• your Grade Point Average (GPA) for the overall qualification
• any academic achievement awards (e.g. Dean’s awards, subject prizes, University medals, thesis prizes etc.) received for the qualification
• if a research thesis was part of the qualification, include the title and word length of your dissertation.

As part of your application, please submit academic transcripts and degree certificates for each educational qualification you list.

Please do not include:

• high school qualifications
• the individual subjects/courses undertaken throughout your qualifications or the grades awarded for these
• training courses/professional development activities not resulting in a formal qualification.

Professional affiliations and memberships

List any professional/disciplinary associations or committees that you a member of and include:

• the commencing and end date (in years) for the affiliation/membership
• the name of the professional association or committee
• your membership type (e.g. student member, affiliate member, full member etc.) or role (e.g. committee member, secretary, president etc.).

Employment history

List each of your previous employment roles in reverse chronological order (i.e. with the most recent/current employment listed first) and include:

• the commencing and end dates (month and year) for the employment
• the title of each position
• the name of the employing organisation, the city, and country where you were based
• your main duties or accountabilities in that role, providing detailed information on any research-related activities
• any achievements during that role that are relevant to your proposed field of research .

Other research experience

List any voluntary, unpaid, or extra-curricular research-related projects or experiences you have undertaken (e.g. summer research projects, internships etc.) and include:

• the commencing and end dates (month and year) of the experience
• the name of the organisation, the city, and country where you were based

Research outputs

In reverse chronological order (i.e. the most recent output first) list your research outputs,  including for example research published or accepted for publication, research reports, and research by creative practice.

If needed, use sub-headings to separate refereed journal articles, published conference proceedings, edited book chapters, books, creative works, industry reports, invited papers, patents, media commentary, conference presentations and posters, invited talks etc. If applicable, use additional sub-headings to indicate if outputs are published , accepted for publication (but not yet in print), or (submitted but) under review .

Do not include any outputs/publications that are ‘in preparation’ .

For all research outputs, include:

• the output/publication reference using an official bibliographical style (such as Turabian/Chicago, APA, Harvard), including listing all authors in the order that they appear in the work with your name in bold
• the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), PubMed Identifier (PMID), International Standard Book Number (ISBN) or URL where applicable
• the standing of the journal or conference and the impact of the work (e.g. impact factors, citations and other metrics indicators)
• relevant indicators of national or international significance
• rejection rates for the outlet etc.
• how much of the original research you were responsible for (i.e. what was your role in the conception and design of the project and how involved were you in the analysis and interpretation of the research data on which the publication is based?)
• the extent to which you authored the paper.

Research grants and relevant awards

Include only those research grants and relevant awards that you have received at the time of making your application (i.e. do not list grants or awards that you applied for and did not receive or are awaiting a decision on). For each research grant/award, include:

• the name of the granting/awarding body and the country in which they are based
• the name of the grant/award
• the year(s) in which the grant was active or the year in which the award was made
• the amount of the research grant/award
• if relevant (e.g. for research grants), the title of your application.

Applicants from creative and professional-based disciplines may also include non-research grants and awards related to their creative or professional practice.

Research achievements relative to opportunity (optional)

In recognition of the diverse personal and professional pathways that applicants have experienced, you are invited to provide information ( maximum 200 words ) to contextualise your research outputs and achievements, relative to the opportunities that you have had to participate in research-related activities.

This section of the CV is optional and should only be included if you believe there are factors relevant to your research achievements that you would like the selection panels to know. Examples of factors include (but are not limited to):

• study/career disruptions due to illness, caregiving, natural disasters etc.
• non-linear academic or career progression, or a change in career direction
• reduced ability to take up research-related opportunities (e.g. attend conferences) due to caregiving responsibilities.

Academic referees

Please provide us with two referees who can comment on your academic work. For each referee, include their:

• honorific and name
• employing organisation and the city and country where they are located
• contact details, including office address, telephone, fax and email (preferably an institutional, rather than private, email address)
• an indication of the capacity in which you know this person (e.g. were they a lecturer or thesis supervisor, an employer, how long you’ve known them etc.). 

If possible, please include at least one:

• senior person (preferably your supervisor or the head of your organisational unit) closely associated with your current work, and
• person who is not a member of your proposed advisory panel/supervisory team.

Formatting and document specifications

We recommend that you use the below formatting settings to improve the readability of your CV:

• margins of at least 1.5 centimetres
• single line spacing
• no smaller than 12 point Times New Roman font (or equivalent)
• left justify text (not full justify)
• include your name and page number on each page
• be consistent in your formatting and spelling throughout
• limit the use of bold, underline, italics, and multiple font types.

Please proofread your CV carefully before uploading it to your application.

Save as a PDF and name your file: LASTNAME_firstname_CV.pdf

There is no page limit to your academic CV – it can be as long as required to include the information requested here.

Please include in your CV all the headings listed above – if you do not have any content to add for a particular heading please list ‘None to date’ under that heading .

An academic CV for employment purposes within Australia would not include the information requested here outlining your three most significant publications or your research achievements relative to opportunity. It would, however, include information about professional and service activities undertaken and may include a summary of your relevant research/teaching interest areas and skill sets – this information is not required in the CV you submit here for application to an HDR program.

This should show all study you have undertaken since secondary school, whether complete or incomplete, including the institution grading scale. The grading scale is often found on the final page or the reverse page; be sure to include all pages.

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• academic record
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• record of achievement.

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Include all degree certificates (testamurs) for post-secondary study with your application. If you studied in China, you must provide a:

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All applicants have to prove they can meet English language requirements . Any test scores have to be valid at your proposed commencement date.

Include a copy of the information page (with your photo) in your passport. This will verify your identity and ensure we can make offers correctly.

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If you don't provide us with all documents it will take us longer to process your application. Your start date might then be delayed, or you might miss an admission or scholarship deadline. 

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Once you have prepared your application and contacted a potential supervisor, use the online application form to apply. Your application can only be assessed once your referees have responded to us, and all outstanding documents and school/institute endorsements have been received.

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Taxation & Business Law

How to apply.

If you are interested in pursuing a PhD in Taxation & Business Law , you will need to receive an Invitation to Apply from the School of Accounting, Auditing & Taxation's Postgraduate Research Coordinator in charge of Admissions.

About the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Taxation & Business Law

UNSW’s Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Taxation & Business Law (program code 1535) will prepare you to become a globally focused and socially engaged research leader.

You'll be joining a cohort of high-achieving research students in tackling modern-day challenges at the forefront of Accounting, working alongside leaders in the field (ranked 43rd in the world, QS Word University Rankings 2022 ). This is your opportunity to become integrated into the UNSW Business School's community of scholars.

As with most other OECD countries, the number of PhD completions in Australia has grown dramatically – more than doubling in the last two decades.

An increasing number of PhD graduates find employment in business, government, and the non-profit sector. Nineteen of the largest ASX companies have PhD graduates on their senior executive teams.

Your PhD thesis will set you on the path to a career in a premier research institution, anywhere in the world. Throughout your research degree, you’ll also have many opportunities to develop your teaching portfolio.

Beyond academia, there is also significant demand in the private and public sectors for people with deep knowledge and sound research and analytical skills*.

Whether you’re looking to pursue a career in academia, or take your research skills out to industry, a PhD in Risk & Actuarial Studies from UNSW will get you there.

*Source:  2019 Advancing Australia’s Knowledge Economy Report

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Everyone in Australia can protest, but the finer details differ depending on where you live

From the lawns of Sydney's Hyde Park to the steps of Melbourne's state parliament, thousands of Australians gather each weekend in public places to protest.

It's a trend that appears to be rising across the world, with data from some researchers showing  the global number of protests each year tripling from 2006 to 2020 .

However in recent years, protesting has become increasingly subject to legislation and regulation, with protesters running the risk of being arrested and jailed over high-profile demonstrations. 

Here is what you need to know about protesting in Australia.

Do I have a right to protest?

While many Australians might assume they are legally protected to protest in support of political causes important to them, there is no simple or overarching 'right' to protest in domestic law.

"The short answer is we don't have a right to protest in our constitution. There isn't a law we can point to at the federal or state level that says everyone has a right to protest," University of South Australia associate professor Sarah Moulds said.

The right to protest comes from the implied freedom of political communication found in the Australian Constitution.

It means while Australians may not explicitly have a right to protest, governments are expressly forbidden from introducing any laws which might impede a person's right to express themselves or protest.

Experts say the level of legal risk for people in Australia who attend rallies, demonstrations or engage in other acts of protest depends on where they are, what they are doing and sometimes — the discretion of police.

But the right to protest and assemble is protected under international law and is considered part of participating in democracy in Australia, which is legally protected.

"We really do value this concept in our society," Dr Moulds said.

Do I need a permit to protest?

While every Australian may have the implied right to protest, the level of permission needed may vary from state to state. 

The City of Melbourne and the National Capital Authority in Canberra do not require any permits or registration for public protests, whereas the city councils of Adelaide, Perth, Sydney, Hobart, Darwin and Brisbane do.

While it is not a direct offence to hold your protest on public land, a permit provides protection from certain criminal charges like obstructing traffic or other pedestrians.

All councils either strongly recommend or require local police to be notified if a large protest is taking place.

Hamish McLachlan is a human rights lawyer and interim chief executive with Fitzroy Legal Service, and said local protest laws fall in a legal grey area.

"There's a question there whether those kind of local laws are really lawful, because like the move on powers, there is a specific carve out for protest activity," he said.

"Clauses like that, that require that kind of compliance, really can have a chilling effect on people's ability to protest."

Is protesting ever against the law?

While there is an implied right to protest in Australia, several states have recently introduced laws which target specific kinds of protests.

In South Australia last year, following a protest by Extinction Rebellion that caused traffic chaos , lawmakers quickly drafted and passed laws which increased the penalties for "obstructing a public place" . 

In Victoria last year, the state Labor government passed laws which tighten restrictions against protesters in active forestry zones and increase penalties for those who breach them.

Associate Professor Moulds said the new laws typically target where a protest is happening, like on a major road (New South Wales), or forestry site (Tasmania/NSW/Victoria), or a particular behaviour, like when activists attach themselves to things using a clamp (Queensland).

"What's problematic about those laws is that unless they're very, very targeted, they're going to pick up a whole lot of people … who feel like they're exercising their democratic right," she said.

Dr Moulds said some of these anti-protest laws, like in the case of South Australia's, are drafted quickly and are broad in scope. This can be problematic.

"We can create a law that has either unintended consequences, because it captures things we don't want to be captured, or is heavily reliant on police or enforcement discretion of when it's going to be used and how and when people will be arrested."

What are the police able to do?

While police in Australia have the authority to use 'move on powers' if they believe people are obstructing a place or causing a nuisance, there is an exception for genuine protests.

That doesn't mean protesters are completely immune to charges though. 

"We often see police will charge people with allegations of graffiti or property damage for putting up bills or stickers, or failing to provide name or address," Mr McLachlan said.

"If it escalates and then becomes a sit-in, there's other things that police might be able to charge people with, such as obstruction of a public carriageway, or failure to comply with directions from police and directions under the road safety rules."

Police are also allowed to ask a person with a face covering or mask to identify themselves, or — in Victoria — leave the area altogether.

A Victorian police officer must reasonably believe that the person is wearing the face covering primarily to conceal their identity or to protect themselves from the effects of crowd-controlling substances like capsicum spray.

Police also have the ability to search a person if they reasonably suspect they are carrying something stolen, dangerous or otherwise illegal. 

How effective is protesting?

While protests fill the streets of major cities both in Australia and around the world, experts say it is near impossible to measure how effective they are in achieving their goals.

Researchers from Harvard University have found some evidence that non-violent protests are around twice as effective as violent ones  in bringing about change, but conclude there is "no blueprint for success".

Sean Scalmer is a professor of Australian history at the University of Melbourne, and said there was no simple way to measure the efficacy of a protest.

"The first point would be that different protesters have different aims," Professor Scalmer said.

"Sometimes they outline what their aims are explicitly, sometimes they do not, and sometimes the impact of a protest is not immediately evident."

He said the fact that protests usually work in concert with media scrutiny, political action and more formal lobbying make it hard to tease out the direct effect of any single protest movement.

But Professor Scalmer said protests could be viewed through a different lens, where the action itself was as important as direct impact or change.

"One thing to think about is, to what extent is the expression of public solidarity an end in itself," he said.

"Whether or not the Australian government changes its policy, the participants in the protest may draw meaning and may draw a sense that something has been achieved, irrespective of that broader shift."

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Praveen leads a team of reporters covering companies and financial news in Australia and New Zealand. Before moving to Sydney he was the New Zealand Bureau Chief, where he reported on the leadership of former Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, the coronavirus pandemic, the terrorist attack in Christchurch and several natural disasters. Prior to New Zealand, he was Bureau Chief for Malaysia and Brunei leading a team of reporters covering the missing MH370 airliner, the 1MDB scandal and the country's political turmoil in 2018, which won him an journalism award from the Society of Publishers in Asia. He has previously worked as a correspondent in the UAE, Afghanistan and India.

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Australian police probe why man who stabbed 6 people to death in a Sydney mall targeted women

Flags fly at half-staff as Australians mourn victims of stabbings attacks at Sydney shopping center

A group of people react after placing flowers as a tribute near a crime scene at Bondi Junction in Sydney, Monday, April 15, 2024, after several people were stabbed to death at a shopping on April 13. Australian police are examining why a lone assailant who stabbed several people to death in a busy Sydney shopping mall and injured more than a dozen others targeted women while avoiding men. (AP Photo/Mark Baker)

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A man places flowers as a tribute near a crime scene at Bondi Junction in Sydney, Monday, April 15, 2024, after several people were stabbed to death at a shopping on April 13. Australian police are examining why a lone assailant who stabbed several people to death in a busy Sydney shopping mall and injured more than a dozen others targeted women while avoiding men, a police commissioner said on Monday. (AP Photo/Mark Baker)

People look as the Sydney Opera House is illuminated with a black ribbon Monday, April 15, 2024, as part of the national day of mourning following the stabbing deaths at a shopping mall in Sydney’s East on Saturday. Australian police are examining why a lone assailant who stabbed multiple people to death in a busy Sydney shopping mall and injured more than a dozen others targeted women while avoiding men. (AP Photo/Mark Baker)

A woman and a boy react after placing flowers as a tribute near the scene at Bondi Junction in Sydney, Monday, April 15, 2024, after several people were stabbed to death at a shopping. Australian police are examining why a lone assailant who stabbed multiple people to death in a busy Sydney shopping mall and injured more than a dozen others targeted women while avoiding men. (AP Photo/Mark Baker)

A girl and a woman place flowers as a tribute near a crime scene at Bondi Junction in Sydney, Monday, April 15, 2024, after several people were stabbed to death at a shopping on April 13. Australian police are examining why a lone assailant who stabbed several people to death in a busy Sydney shopping mall and injured more than a dozen others targeted women while avoiding men. (AP Photo/Mark Baker)

Karen Webb, Police Commissioner of New South Wales state speaks to media at Bondi Junction in Sydney, Sunday, April 14, 2024, after several people were stabbed to death at a shopping center Saturday. Australian police are examining why a lone assailant who stabbed multiple people to death in a busy Sydney shopping mall and injured more than a dozen others targeted women while avoiding men, a police commissioner said on Monday. Webb said detectives would question Joel Cauchi’s family in a bid to determine his motive. CCTV footage from the mall showed Cauchi targeted women. (AP Photo/Rick Rycroft)

In this undated photo provided by the family of Jade Young and distributed by the New South Wales Police Jade Young holds a dog at an unknown location. Young, 47, was killed in a deadly attack at a Sydney shopping center on Saturday, April 13, 2024. (Courtesy of Young Family/NSW Police via AP)

In this undated photo provided by the New South Wales Police, Inspector Amy Scott poses for a photo at an unknown location in Australia. Scott fatally shot a man who stabbed and killed multiple people at a suburban Sydney shopping center, Saturday, April 13, 2024. (NSW Police via AP)

MELBOURNE, Australia (AP) — Australian police are examining why a lone assailant who stabbed six people to death in a busy Sydney shopping mall and injured more than a dozen others targeted women while avoiding men, a police commissioner said on Monday. The killer’s father blamed his son’s frustration at not having a girlfriend.

Police shot and killed the homeless assailant, Joel Cauchi, during his knife attack in the Westfield Bondi Junction mall on Saturday near world-famous Bondi Beach.

Police have ruled out terrorism and said the 40-year-old had a history of mental illness.

New South Wales state Police Commissioner Karen Webb said detectives would question Cauchi’s family in a bid to determine his motive. CCTV footage from the mall showed Cauchi targeted women with the 30 centimeter knife.

“The videos speak for themselves, don’t they? And that’s certainly a line of inquiry for us,” Webb said.

“It’s obvious to me, it’s obvious to detectives that that seems to be an area of interest: that the offender had focused on women and avoided the men,” Webb added.

AP AUDIO: Australian police probe why man who stabbed 6 people to death in a Sydney mall targeted women.

AP correspondent Charles de Ledesma reports five women and a man died in Saturday’s Sydney stabbing rampage.

The attacker’s father, Andrew Cauchi, said he knew why his son, who suffered from schizophrenia, had targeted women.

“Because he wanted a girlfriend and he’s got no social skills and he was frustrated out of his brain,” the visibly distraught 76-year-old told reporters outside his home in Toowoomba in Queensland state, an 870-kilometer (540-mile) drive across the New South Wales border from Sydney.

“He’s my son, and I’m loving a monster. To you, he’s a monster. To me, he was a very sick boy. Believe me, he was a very sick boy,” the father added.

The only male killed was Faraz Tahir, a Pakistani refugee who worked at the mall as a security guard. Tahir had not been armed.

People look as the Sydney Opera House is illuminated with a black ribbon Monday, April 15, 2024, as part of the national day of mourning following the stabbing deaths at a shopping mall in Sydney’s East on Saturday. (AP Photo/Mark Baker)

Webb said most of the 12 victims who survived their wounds were also women.

The evidence will be provided to a coroner to report on the circumstances of the deaths.

Webb expected the coroner would also address the question of whether security guards at the mall, which is one of Australia’s largest, should be armed.

The families of two victims based overseas had been advised of their deaths, police said. Those victims are Tahir, 30, from Pakistan, and Yixuan Cheng, 27, from China. Also killed were Jade Young, 47; Dawn Singleton, 25; Pikria Darchia, 55; and Ashlee Good, 38.

Eight victims who survived their injuries remained in hospitals on Monday, including Good’s 9-month-old daughter. The baby’s condition improved overnight Sunday from critical to serious, health authorities said.

The conditions of the other seven ranged from critical to stable.

Andrew Cauchi said his son had a “fascination with knives.” The father took five U.S. military combat knives from his son while they were both living in the Toowoomba family home last year for fear they would be used for violence.

The father said his son had become angry and called police, accusing the father of theft. The knives were given to a friend for safekeeping.

A girl and a woman place flowers as a tribute near a crime scene at Bondi Junction in Sydney, Monday, April 15, 2024, after several people were stabbed to death at a shopping on April 13. (AP Photo/Mark Baker)

“I told the police my son had schizophrenia and I’m worried for myself,” Andrew Cauchi said.

“I said to my mate, ‘Why do I feel I’m going to be killed in my own house by my own son with a U.S. combat knife?’” he added.

The killer’s mother, Michele Cauchi, said his rampage was the “absolute worst nightmare” of any parent of a mentally ill child.

Flags on government buildings around Australia flew at half-staff on Monday as a day of national mourning was declared to honor the victims. A black ribbon appeared on the sails of the Sydney Opera House on Monday night as part of a light display.

Police had given control of the seven-story crime scene back to the mall operators on Sunday night, but a decision has yet to be announced on when it will reopen for business.

The police officer who has been credited with saving many lives by shooting Cauchi dead, Insp. Amy Scott, will be interviewed by detectives on Tuesday.

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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE April 15, 2024

Secretary of State Shirley N. Weber, Ph.D. and Attorney General Rob Bonta File Lawsuit to Challenge Voter ID Law

Los Angeles, Calif. -  Today, California’s Chief Elections Officer Shirley N. Weber, Ph.D., and Attorney General Rob Bonta filed a lawsuit in Orange County to challenge Huntington Beach’s recently passed voter identification (ID) law.

Huntington Beach’s Charter Amendment requiring voter identification at the polls violates California law. Existing law prohibits local governments from imposing voter ID requirements and the State of California has exclusive jurisdiction over voter eligibility and casting ballots.

On September 28, 2023, Secretary Weber and Attorney General Bonta sent a letter to the City of Huntington Beach warning that its proposal to require voter identification at polling locations in municipal elections directly conflicts with state law.

California Secretary of State Shirley Weber, Ph.D., stated “This voter ID measure conflicts with state law. Not only is it a solution in search of a problem, laws like these are harmful to California voters, especially low-income, the elderly, people of color, those with disabilities, and young voters.”

Under state law, each person who registers to vote is required to provide identifying information under penalty of perjury, and county and state election officials validate that information. “Voter ID requirements have historically been used to turn eligible voters away from exercising their right to vote,” Secretary Weber added.

“The right to freely cast your vote is the foundation of our democracy and Huntington Beach’s voter ID policy flies in the face of this principle,” said Attorney General Rob Bonta. “State election law already contains robust voter ID requirements with strong protections to prevent voter fraud, while ensuring that every eligible voter can cast their ballot without hardship. Imposing unnecessary obstacles to voter participation disproportionately burdens low-income voters, voters of color, young or elderly voters, and people with disabilities. We’re asking the court to block Huntington Beach’s unlawful step toward suppressing or disenfranchising voters. The California Department of Justice stands ready to defend the voting rights that make our democracy strong.”

Contact:  SOS Press Office [email protected]

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