Unit 5 Accounting Principles - Part 1: Standards, Financial Statements and Budgets
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- Introduction: Unit 5: Accounting Principles
The purpose and scope of accounting
Critical evaluation of accounting function, the main branches of accounting and job skill set, accounting system and the role of technology, issues of ethics and external threats, evaluation and role of budget, an outline of a range of budgetary control system, financial statement, calculations of ratios, critical evaluation of business performance and limitations of financial ratios, benefits of contemporary accounting software, introduction: unit 5: accounting principles.
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The basic accounting principles are assumptions and guidelines of some regulatory rules that involve temporary consistency in finance. Additionally, accounting principles are the set of guidelines and rules for individual companies and must be reporting each and every financial data. The basic principle of GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principle) standardizes the basic guidelines and financial reporting should be followed by the financial statements. Standardized guidelines for accounting and financial reporting are known as GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). Whenever a company prepares its financial statements, these principles should be followed. Reporting requirements for publicly traded companies are mandated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In order to, some popular transactions can be used at the time of financial performance and that can able to managing all the financial resources at the same time.
In order to, a critical evaluation is always important for individual business organizations and effectively controlling each financial data of a company. Most business organizations try to follow accounting principles to identify and eliminate the major barriers which are necessary to manage the effective outcomes of a business. Apart from that, financial accounting is also considered management accounting which is necessary to manage all the financial resources which are necessary for the business. Most business organizations try to manage the financial outcomes by using these rules and regulations through continuously monitoring each financial activity of the business (Chandrasekaret al. 2021). A business organization must be futuristic and also identify the relationship to make more future scope. Most business organizations are only focusing on financial scope through preparing financial accounting.
Simply, the generic aim and objectives of the organization are always useful and that measure how efficiently organizations are struggling to make a profit. As per the narration of Zyznarska-Dworczak et al. (2020), clearly identify the specific scope of financial accounting and to clearly distinguish between financial accounting and production and business operations, accounting work should be structured based on the features of production and business operations, as well as management's needs. Accounting units collect, process, examine, analyze, and provide economic and financial information to those that need it using financial statements. The purpose of financial accounting is to provide information about occurrences. As a result, financial accounting must be accurate and reliable. A financial statement should be prepared according to the provisions of accounting standards and relevant legal documents based on the documents and evidence collected.
Its goal is to minimize the decision maker's uncertainty and, as a result, increase the likelihood that he or she will make better judgments regarding the target objectives as a result of the information. Keeping track of financial transactions is vital to a business's success. As a result of this, companies can identify their business operations, understand their financial health, and make informed decisions by recording and reporting financial data. As cited by Li et al. (2018), investors make decisions based on accounting data in order to understand the potential losses and profits involved in investing in your company. It is important for accountants to know accounting information for decision-making so that they can advise you on your own decisions.
There may be a feeling of time-consuming or confusing information when it comes to financial reports and accounting. But it is essential to have that data in order to make important decisions for your business. Information about the financial position and business activities of different company units can be provided by accountants (Putri et al. 2020). Using the collected information about economic and financial events, the information can be processed, and scientific methods used to make appropriate decisions can help companies make appropriate decisions. In order to, managing the financial resources of the organization is always important in managing each and every financial resources business. Reporting requirements for publicly traded companies are mandated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Financial accounting is important and provides effective financial information to manage all the financial resources in a financial year. Businesses and society benefit from accounting competencies by adding value to the business and furthering prosperity. Financial accounting is a process that is necessary and that creates companies balance sheet that identifies Keeping track of finances and guiding important financial decisions is what accountants do for many businesses. Accounting is a vital part of managing financial resources in a financial year and provides essential financial information (Putri et al. 2020). In addition to adding value to the business and advancing prosperity, accounting competencies benefit society as well.
Management accounting is a collection of processing as well as analyzing the financial resources which is necessary to identify each financial performance of the business. The job skill set is necessary for individual business organizations and that can able to managing each and every financial resources of a business. Most business organizations are efficiently managing financial data and that can be managing each and every financial resource.
Additionally, modern technology played a different role which is necessary for individual business organizations and enhancing more future scope which is more effective for business. The accounting techniques are faster and that makes better solutions at the time of micro and macro enterprise. Most business organizations try to protect necessary data which is managing each and every financial resource of a business. As per the explanation of Natchkova, (2020), each and every accounting software faciliate accounting functions which is useful to manage all the financial options of a business. On the other hand, digital disruption directly affected accounting functions and there is a high chance of losing important data through external threats.
The impact of modern technology directly affects financial performance and individual companies using advanced software such as cloud computing and financial performance more efficient. Additionally, artificial technology is more useful to make financial solutions and organizations make more profit due to the same reason. As discussed by Handayati and Nastiti (2019), the advanced software as well as technology is more useful and manages all the financial pieces of information and includes further automation AI tools to continuously monitor financial performance. In order to, the accounting process is always important and that makes numerous solutions and that rapidly evolving relationship among the accounting information. In order to, organizing financial data of a business is always important and that makes numerous solutions in modern days.
All the financial data are depending on traders, regulators, stakeholders, and scrutinisers and that supports and encourages individuals to make more profit. Additionally, most of the external threats of business directly affect financial performance and organizational culture can be hampered (Sofiia et al. 2021). In order to, inadequate responsibility, as well as limited financial resources, are considered major difficulties in business and directly affect the current financial position. Identifying the major issues is always mandatory for the business and that develops financial outcomes which are necessary for the business. An individual is trying to promote organizational culture after identifying and eliminating critical components of a business. Lack of communication and poor job skill directly affect current financial performance and that involves some professionalism which is more important for business.
In order to, modern technology is always important for individual business organizations and efficiently managing all the financial information is continuously increasing future scope. Most business organizations try to identify the major benefits which are managing all the necessary information related to the organization (Krüger et al. 2018). Apart from that, enforcement techniques are always crucial for individual business organizations and efficiently managing all the financial resources related to the organization. Keeping track of financial transactions is vital to a business's success. As a result of this, companies can identify their business operations, understand their financial health, and make informed decisions by recording and reporting financial data. Reporting requirements for publicly traded companies are mandated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Cash budget
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| £ 1,71,320.00 | £ 1,94,378.40 | £ 2,27,234.89 | £ 2,74,399.05 | £ 3,39,625.67 | £ 4,28,950.27 | £ 5,50,640.33 | £ 7,14,999.01 | £ 9,36,020.40 | £ 12,32,210.72 | £ 16,28,035.61 |
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Capital | £ 1,00,000.00 |
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Sales from hospitality | £ 12,500.00 | £ 16,500.00 | £ 21,780.00 | £ 28,749.60 | £ 37,949.47 | £ 50,093.30 | £ 66,123.16 | £ 87,282.57 | £ 1,15,212.99 | £ 1,52,081.15 | £ 2,00,747.12 | £ 2,64,986.20 |
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Bank loan | £ 50,000.00 |
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Sales from catering | £ 13,620.00 | £ 17,978.40 | £ 23,731.49 | £ 31,325.56 | £ 41,349.74 | £ 54,581.66 | £ 72,047.80 | £ 95,103.09 | £ 1,25,536.08 | £ 1,65,707.62 | £ 2,18,734.06 | £ 2,88,728.96 |
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| £ 1,76,120.00 | £ 2,05,798.40 | £ 2,39,889.89 | £ 2,87,310.05 | £ 3,53,698.27 | £ 4,44,300.63 | £ 5,67,121.23 | £ 7,33,025.99 | £ 9,55,748.08 | £ 12,53,809.17 | £ 16,51,691.90 | £ 21,81,750.77 |
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Computer | £ 1,980.00 |
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Drawings | £ 700.00 | £ 700.00 | £ 700.00 |
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Payment to suppliers with one month credit | £ 8,500.00 | £ 9,350.00 | £ 10,285.00 | £ 11,313.50 | £ 12,444.85 | £ 13,689.34 | £ 15,058.27 | £ 16,564.10 | £ 18,220.50 | £ 20,042.56 | £ 22,046.81 |
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Marketing expenditure | £ 1,000.00 | £ 1,100.00 | £ 1,210.00 | £ 1,331.00 | £ 1,464.10 | £ 1,610.51 | £ 1,771.56 | £ 1,948.72 | £ 2,143.59 | £ 2,357.95 | £ 2,593.74 | £ 2,853.12 |
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Other expenses | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 |
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Hire charges | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 |
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Delivery charges | £ 100.00 | £ 100.00 | £ 100.00 |
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Telephone costs | £ 150.00 | £ 150.00 | £ 425.00 | £ 425.00 | £ 425.00 | £ 425.00 | £ 150.00 | £ 150.00 | £ 150.00 | £ 150.00 | £ 150.00 | £ 150.00 |
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| £ 4,800.00 | £ 11,420.00 | £ 12,655.00 | £ 12,911.00 | £ 14,072.60 | £ 15,350.36 | £ 16,480.90 | £ 18,026.99 | £ 19,727.68 | £ 21,598.45 | £ 23,656.30 | £ 25,919.93 |
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| £ 1,71,320.00 | £ 1,94,378.40 | £ 2,27,234.89 | £ 2,74,399.05 | £ 3,39,625.67 | £ 4,28,950.27 | £ 5,50,640.33 | £ 7,14,999.01 | £ 9,36,020.40 | £ 12,32,210.72 | £ 16,28,035.61 | £ 21,55,830.84 |
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| £ 1,71,320.00 | £ 1,94,378.40 | £ 2,27,234.89 | £ 2,74,399.05 | £ 3,39,625.67 | £ 4,28,950.27 | £ 5,50,640.33 | £ 7,14,999.01 | £ 9,36,020.40 | £ 12,32,210.72 | £ 16,28,035.61 | £ 21,55,830.84 |
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Table 1: Cash budget for 12 months
A cash budget considered as written financial plan to measuring spending money by selection of beginning cash balances. In order to, measures cash inflow and outflow of business a company using written financial plan that allowing business to make projections.
A periodic evaluation considered by realistic budget plan that ensure the company meet their target or not. Budgeting process considered as strong instrument and that involves financial solution to achieve profitable outcomes. As per the narration and explanation of Krüger et al. (2018), budget is become more important in every business organisation to reduce cost of production and manufacturing industry always using a cash budget to identify the spending amount in a financial period.
The process of budgetary control includes various financial aspects and makes numerous scopes by reducing excessive cost of business. Budgetary Control system always monitoring individual financial activities of the organization and relate how business can reduce their excessive caused by using budget template. As cited by Bui et al. (2020), achieving realistic goal and objectives of every business organisation a budgeting template played a crucial role and improves the cost structure to identify business objectives.
Accounting principles are a set of basic rules and regulations and that can be to manage all the financial information which is more important. In order to, managing the financial resources of the organization always important that maximizes the important facility in business. The purpose of financial accounting is to provide information about occurrences (Jasim and Raewf, 2020). As a result, financial accounting must be accurate and reliable. Most business organizations try to manage the financial outcomes by using these rules and regulations through continuously monitoring each financial activity of the business.
Income statement
Particulars |
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Sales | £ 12,00,000.00 | £ 13,80,000.00 | £ 17,25,000.00 |
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Less cost of goods sold | £ 7,56,000.00 | £ 7,93,800.00 | £ 7,71,120.00 |
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Accountant fees | £ 102.00 | £ 110.00 | £ 152.00 |
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Advertising and marketing | £ 120.00 | £ 126.00 | £ 235.00 |
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Bank fees and charges | £ 145.00 | £ 126.00 | £ 155.00 |
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Bank interest | £ 25.00 | £ 36.00 | £ 51.00 |
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Credit card fees | £ 45.00 | £ 11.00 | £ 32.00 |
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Utilities (electricity, gas, water) | £ 110.00 | £ 115.00 | £ 169.00 |
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Telephone | £ 25.00 | £ 36.00 | £ 145.00 |
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Lease/loan payments | £ 14,500.00 | £ 24,100.00 | £ 2,500.00 |
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Rent and rates | £ 1,500.00 | £ 26,000.00 | £ 2,560.00 |
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Motor vehicle expenses | £ 150.00 | £ 125.00 | £ 256.00 |
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Repairs and maintenance | £ 523.00 | £ 125.00 | £ 412.00 |
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Stationery and printing | £ 41.00 | £ 265.00 | £ 123.00 |
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Insurance | £ 12.00 | £ 25.00 | £ 23.00 |
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Superannuation | £ 415.00 | £ 415.00 | £ 415.00 |
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Income tax | £ 625.00 | £ 425.00 | £ 525.00 |
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Wages (including PAYG) | £ 12,500.00 | £ 16,500.00 | £ 25,000.00 |
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Table 2: Income statement
An income statement is used to evaluate company’s financial performance during the specific period. The total revenue as well as expenses is considered by and income statement and balance brought forward can be evaluated by the income statement. The total expenses almost £30838 in the financial year of 2019 while gross profit is £444000 respectively at the same financial year. As per the study of Rapini and Putro (2021), an income statement considered as effective financial tools and that basically used to identify company’s financial performance over the accounting period. Additionally, identify individual business organizations are identify current financial position after identify the revenue as well as expenses over the financial year. An income statement always describes current financial health and evaluates cash inflow and outflow of business. An income statement always focusing on total revenue as well as expenses and describe organization can achieve targeted profit or not.
Balance sheet
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Particulars | Amount (£) | Amount (£) | Amount (£) |
| £ 3,15,505.00 | £ 7,29,236.00 | £ 12,19,027.00 |
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Finance Income | £ 4,000.00 | £ 3,000.00 | £ 2,000.00 |
Bank | £ 2,000.00 | £ 3,000.00 | £ 5,000.00 |
Inventory | £ 90,000.00 | £ 70,000.00 | £ 8,000.00 |
Long Term investment | £ 5,000.00 | £ 3,000.00 | £ 2,000.00 |
Purchase | £ 5,60,000.00 | £ 1,43,539.00 | £ 2,34,185.00 |
Advance payment to debtors | £ 1,35,217.00 | £ 3,12,530.00 | £ 3,65,708.00 |
Insurance | £ 17,520.00 | £ 20,177.00 | £ 20,195.00 |
Revaluation Reserve | £ 1,00,000.00 | £ 50,000.00 | £ 1,00,000.00 |
Trade Receivables (debtors) | £ 4,00,000.00 | £ 2,50,000.00 | £ 3,50,000.00 |
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| £ 16,29,242.00 | £ 15,84,482.00 | £ 23,06,115.00 |
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Share capital | £ 3,47,900.00 | £ 4,18,595.00 | £ 5,50,000.00 |
Long Term Loans | £ 2,00,000.00 | £ 1,18,557.00 | £ 2,70,194.00 |
Reading earrings | £ 4,13,162.00 | £ 5,17,660.00 | £ 9,21,127.00 |
Current liabilities | |||
Share Premium | £ 1,00,000.00 | £ 1,50,000.00 | £ 1,70,000.00 |
Outstanding Salaries and Wages | £ 1,50,000.00 | £ 50,000.00 | £ 70,000.00 |
Bad debts | £ 3,000.00 | £ 2,000.00 | £ 5,000.00 |
Taxation | £ 12,900.00 | £ 15,500.00 | £ 20,000.00 |
Trade Payables (creditors) | £ 3,50,000.00 | £ 2,60,000.00 | £ 1,60,000.00 |
Rent and Rates | £ 24,780.00 | £ 25,035.00 | £ 21,135.00 |
Bad Debt | £ 4,000.00 | £ 2,000.00 | £ 20,000.00 |
Cash | £ 23,500.00 | £ 25,135.00 | £ 98,659.00 |
| £ 16,29,242.00 | £ 15,84,482.00 | £ 23,06,115.00 |
Total liabilities | £ 16,29,242.00 | £ 15,84,482.00 | £ 23,06,115.00 |
Table 3: Balance sheet
In financial accounting balance sheet balance sheet also describe current financial position by identifying assets and liability whether it is a sole proprietorship. A balance sheet evaluating the capital structure of business and sub components of assets and liability are evaluated by the common financial tools. Total noncurrent assets almost £315505 in the financial year of 2019 while current liabilities almost £1629242. In financial accounting most of the business organizations are using balance sheet which is required to identify assets and liability position of business. Additionally most of the business organizations are using assets and liability to describe the financial position which is necessary for business. The assets section of balance sheet always important and company find out own value which is more useful for the business expansion (Marco et al. 2019). Preparing ledger accounts and ascertaining the closing balances of each ledger account.
Profitability
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2022 | Gross Profit | (Gross Profit/Sales)*100 | £ 9,53,880.00 | 55.30% | 12.82% |
Sales | £ 17,25,000.00 | ||||
2021 | Gross Profit | £ 5,86,200.00 | 42.48% | ||
Sales | £ 13,80,000.00 | ||||
2020 | Gross Profit | £ 4,44,000.00 | 37.00% | 5.48% | |
Sales | £ 12,00,000.00 | ||||
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2022 | Net Profit | (Net Profit/Sales)*100 | £ 4,13,162.00 | 23.95% | -13.56% |
Sales | £ 17,25,000.00 | ||||
2021 | Net Profit | £ 5,17,660.00 | 37.51% | -39.25% | |
Sales | £ 13,80,000.00 | ||||
2020 | Net Profit | £ 9,21,127.00 | 76.76% | ||
Sales | £ 12,00,000.00 |
Table 4: Profitability ratio
Profitability ratios are considered as important financial tools and Measures Company’s ability to generate income in a financial year. The “Gross profit ratio” and “Net profit ratio” has been computed to identify the current financial position and compare financial functions and describe how business organizations are achieving profitable outcomes. The gross profit ratio is 55.03% and 42.48% while growth rate is 12.82% respectively. On the other hand, “Net profit ratio” also computed after identify net profit and sales of business which is 23.95% and 37.51% in FY 2021 and 2022 while growth rate is 13.65% respectively. In order to, identify the current financial position of business always important and that measures the liquidity position to measures equity during the specific period (Basar et al. 2020). A profitability ratio also considered as efficient financial matrices and compare operating cost as well as equity in a financial year.
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2022 | Current Assets- Inventories | (Current Assets- Inventories /Current Liabilities) | £ 12,23,737.00 | 0.75 | 0.26 |
Current Liabilities | £ 16,29,242.00 | ||||
2021 | Current Assets- Inventories | £ 7,85,246.00 | 0.50 | 0.03 | |
Current Liabilities | £ 15,84,482.00 | ||||
2020 | Current Assets- Inventories | £ 10,79,088.00 | 0.47 | ||
Current Liabilities | £ 23,06,115.00 | ||||
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2022 | Current Assets | (Current Assets /Current Liabilities) | £ 13,13,737.00 | 0.81 | 0.27 |
Current Liabilities | £ 16,29,242.00 | ||||
2021 | Current Assets | £ 8,55,246.00 | 0.54 | 0.07 | |
Current Liabilities | £ 15,84,482.00 | ||||
2020 | Current Assets | £ 10,87,088.00 | 0.47 | ||
Current Liabilities | £ 23,06,115.00 |
Table 5: Liquidity ratio
Liquidity ratio is measures company’s ability to pay off long term or short term debt obligations and determined how quickly company generating revenue by using its assets. Quick ratio and current ratio has been computed to identify company’s ability for the financial year from 2020 to 2022. The quick ratio is 0.75 and 0.50 times respectively for the financial year of 2021 and 2020 and measures current liquidity position of business. (Current assets -Inventories)/Current liability formula is using to calculate liquidity ratio (Baker and Rennie, 2018). In order to, liquid cover ratio is necessary for the individual business organizations and also describes how company are generating sufficient cash flow by using its assets. Additionally, high liquid assets are needed to maintain the short term needs which are more efficient to achieve profitable outcomes in business. On the other hand, current ratio is 0.81 and 0.54 in the both financial year.
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2022 | Cost of Sales | (Cost of Sales /Average Inventory) | £ 7,56,000.00 | 9.45 | -10.90 |
Average Inventory | £ 80,000.00 | ||||
2021 | Cost of Sales | £ 7,93,800.00 | 20.35 | ||
Average Inventory | £ 39,000.00 | ||||
2020 | Cost of Sales | £ 7,71,120.00 | 96.39 | ||
Average Inventory | £ 8,000.00 | ||||
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2022 | Sales | (Sales /Total Assets) | £ 17,25,000.00 | 1.06 | 0.19 |
Total Assets | £ 16,29,242.00 | ||||
2021 | Sales | £ 13,80,000.00 | 0.87 | ||
Total Assets | £ 15,84,482.00 | ||||
2020 | Sales | £ 12,00,000.00 | 0.52 | 0.35 | |
Total Assets | £ 23,06,115.00 |
Table 6: Efficiency ratio
Efficiency ratios are the important financial matrices to compare assets and capital of each business organizations and continuously improving net revenue of business. In order to, efficiency ratio almost 9.45% and 20.35% in the financial year of 2020 and 2021 while growth rate is -10.45. In order to, improves capital structures of business always important and highly efficient organization can be involved by the same reason. Most of the business organizations are trying to using budget template which is more effective to increase future scope (Kilyar, 2018). At the time of limited investment companies try to improve efficiency level but limited financial resources can be includes some difficulties in business. In order to, not operating cost also described by the efficiency ratio and try to generating more income in a financial year. In order to, managing each and every financial resources of the business always important and that efficiently identify how to maximize the major benefits.
Investment
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2022 | Debt | (Debt /Total Assets) | £ 2,00,000.00 | 0.12 | 0.05 |
Total Assets | £ 16,29,242.00 | ||||
2021 | Debt | £ 1,18,557.00 | 0.07 | ||
Total Assets | £ 15,84,482.00 | ||||
2020 | Debt | £ 2,70,194.00 | 0.12 | ||
Total Assets | £ 23,06,115.00 | ||||
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2022 | Debt | (Debt /Equity) | £ 2,00,000.00 | 0.57 | 0.29 |
Equity | £ 3,47,900.00 | ||||
2021 | Debt | £ 1,18,557.00 | 0.28 | ||
Equity | £ 4,18,595.00 | ||||
2020 | Debt | £ 2,70,194.00 | 0.49 | -0.21 | |
Equity | £ 5,50,000.00 |
Table 7: Investment ratios
An investor ratio is crucial and that usually comparing company’s ability to meet short terms as well as long term debt obligations. In order to, identify the ability of a company always important and net earnings as well as dividend yield also considered by debt to total asset ratio. Almost 0.12 and 0.07 “debt to total asset” ratio has been calculated for the financial year of 2020 and 2021 while its growth rate is almost 0.05%. In order to, evaluate companies ability always important and that identify companies shareholders ability and that basically used by the individual investors (Benedito, 2019). Additionally investors ratio is important and that provides a better insight how effectively individual company can use assets to generate revenue. In order to, potential investors are trying to identify the purpose and scope of investors and using specific ratio which is more sustainable for business.
There is a extend number of factors that necessary to influence on overall performance of business. Individual business organizations are more conscious at the time of financial review and considering each cash flow of business to identify the growth. Additionally, identify the financial leverage of the organization always important and that makes numerous solutions to improve business performance and increasing profit (Mukhanova, 2018). In order to, measuring the financial performance of organization is more crucial and that makes new solutions to achieve targeted profit of business. In order to, identify the actual performance of business performance of the organization also necessary to managing the financial resources of business.
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| £ 98,659.00 | £ 1,82,870.00 | £ 2,22,608.40 |
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Capital | £ 1,00,000.00 |
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Sales from cash operation | £ 25,600.00 | £ 33,792.00 | £ 44,605.44 |
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Sales from credit operation | £ 14,520.00 | £ 19,166.40 | £ 25,299.65 |
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Bank loan | £ 50,000.00 |
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| £ 1,90,120.00 | £ 2,35,828.40 | £ 2,92,513.49 |
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Computer | £ 2,500.00 |
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Drawings | £ 1,500.00 | £ 2,500.00 | £ 4,500.00 |
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Payment to suppliers with one month credit | £ 8,500.00 | £ 9,350.00 |
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Marketing expenditure | £ 1,000.00 | £ 1,100.00 | £ 1,210.00 |
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Delivery charges | £ 900.00 | £ 100.00 | £ 100.00 |
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Telephone costs | £ 150.00 | £ 150.00 | £ 425.00 |
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Other expenses | £ 750.00 | £ 250.00 | £ 250.00 |
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Hire charges | £ 450.00 | £ 620.00 | £ 620.00 |
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| £ 7,250.00 | £ 13,220.00 | £ 16,455.00 |
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| £ 1,82,870.00 | £ 2,22,608.40 | £ 2,76,058.49 |
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| £ 1,82,870.00 | £ 2,22,608.40 | £ 2,76,058.49 |
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Table 8: Forecasted cash budget
In order to, monitoring financial performance of the organization is necessary and measuring the growth rate of the organization. Prevent financial problems and organisation problems by regularly monitoring your business performance. It helps businesses in lowering process cost. In order to, review of financial statement is necessary and each business activity always maintained to identify current financial position (Mih?l?an, 2019). Measuring how well a company is performing compared to its goals involves comparing actual results with those intended. In order to, conduct regular business organization evaluate current performance after calculate net income which is almost £413162 in FY 2019. Cash as well as bad debts also considered by the balance sheet which is almost £4000 and £23500 which is considering as total current liability.
Limitations
Ratios are based on each accounting figures which is generated by the company however each accounting figures are necessary for the business to identify current financial position. Apart from that, accounting ratios are not totally dependable and that must used in business to manage the effective outcomes and organization is become more efficient and industry solutions always mandatory to enhancing future scope (Toudas, 2018). Inflation might be limit the utility of accounting ratios and cost based financial statement figures are not reflect by the current value of the organization.
The accounting software’s are fast and simple data entry always important which is identifying by the detailers financial reports. In order to, managing each financial resources of business always important and manual task are too much time consuming and individual business organizations are using accounting software which is less time consuming (Gupta, 2019). Apart from that accounting software are necessary for the individual business organizations which are more efficient for the business. Additionally improves accuracy always important and advanced accounting software are evaluated more accurate result and less time consuming.
Conclusion and recommendation
Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that, using the collected information about economic and financial events, the information can be processed, and scientific methods used to make appropriate decisions can help companies make appropriate decisions. An investor ratio always crucial and that is usually comparing company’s ability to meet short terms as well as long term debt obligations. In order to determine whether the net revenue of a company is continuously improving, efficiency ratios are important metrics to compare the assets and capital of every company.
Recommendation
In order to, creating a great strategy in business is important and that achieving profitable outcomes in business. Individual business organizations are needed to consider the effective business strategy to improving performance Management system. Additionally, identify individual business organizations are identify current financial position after identify the revenue as well as expenses over the financial year.
Baker, R. and Rennie, M.D., 2018. The creation and acceptance of public sector accounting standards in Canada. Accounting History, 23(3), pp.407-432.
Basar, N.F., Nusantara, S.T.D. and Hendro, A., 2020. The Role of Debt Covenant in Moderating the Effects of Poilitical Cost on Accounting Conservatism. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 5(9), pp.505-510.
Benedito, M.Á.P., 2019. Accounting Application over the Edgeworth Box to Assess Banking Activity in Southeast Asia Countries. Journal of Economics and Business, 2(1), pp.38-54.
Bui, N., Le, O. and Dao, H., 2020. Roadmap for the implementation of IFRS in Vietnam: Benefits and challenges. Accounting, 6(4), pp.533-552.
Chandrasekar, V., Wisetsri, W. and Ullah, I., 2021. URR Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT): The Future of Accounting. Psychology and Education Journal, 58(4), pp.320-323.
Gupta, D.A., 2019. A Study of International Accounting Standard and Indian Accounting Standard with Processing Of IRFS. Think India Journal, 22(2), pp.550-554.
Handayati, P. and Nastiti, R.D., 2019. Hermeneutics Of Financial Accounting Standards For Medium-Small Micro Entities. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 20(5), pp.135-142.
Jasim, Y.A. and Raewf, M.B., 2020. Information technology's impact on the accounting system. Cihan University-Erbil Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(1), pp.50-57.
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Unit 5: Accounting Principles
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Accounting principles are a crucial part of the accounting course and are included in the initial introductory part of the course. Accounting principles are considered accounting’s fundamental principles. Accounting principles are the broad elementary propositions that accountants use to generate financial statements. The following are some principles of accounting:
- Matching principles
- Costs principles
- Full disclosure principles
- Assumption of an economic entity
- Going concern assumption
- Principles of revenue recognition
Accounting management is an occupation which associates the decision-making for management, performance and planning systems of management. The accountants of management present expertise in control and financial reporting to aid management in the implementation and formulation of the strategy of a company by offering suitable information on finance and implementation in terms of accounts administration.
The entire purpose of Unit 5: Accounting Principles is to recognise the basic principles of accounting that reinforce the operation of finance and associate sustainable and good decision-making in the organisation. The learners will prepare a practical and theoretical recognition of a variety of management and financial accounting techniques.
At the end of this unit, the learners would be eligible to help colleagues that are senior in examining and creating budgets, to draw basic statements of finance and ratios of finance to understand performance. The learners will also recognise the broad features of accountancy, sustainability and transparency, ethics, and increment in basic skills and knowledge which make the learners able to cultivate the next level of the study.
Learning Outcomes of Unit 5 Accounting Principles
At the end of the unit, the learner would be able to cater for the following outcomes of the unit.
LO1 Analyse the purposes and context of accounting.
LO2 Construct the fundamental statements of finance for small businesses and unincorporated companies according to the principles of accounting, standards and conventions.
LO3 Understand the financial statements.
LO4 Construct a budget for control, decision making and planning through spreadsheets.
Crucial contents in Unit 5
Accounting in an organisation:
- Diverse accounting branches for instance auditing, tax, financial forensic accounting, auditing and Management.
- Opportunities for a career in responsibilities and goals and accounting for instance account assistance, account clerk, and qualified accountant.
- Responsibilities in commercial finance for example business controller, Global Business service and pricing professionals, e.g. report to report (R2R) professionals and purchase-to-pay (P2P) professionals.
- Skills needed for the finance and accountant positions for example integrity, numerical skills, customer service, problem-solving, and negotiation.
- Key competence and skills for the roles of accountant for example supplier reconciliations, certifying accounts that are up to date, purchase and sale ledger management, recording receive payments, and input of invoices sales in a system of accounts.
- Uses and users of financial information.
- Correlation between finance functions and accounting of different organisation areas and increment in the difficult environment of operation.
Purpose and context of Management and financial accounting:
- The scope and purpose of accounting include reporting recording and examining the information to make a decision.
- The character of new information and supporting technology to associate decision-making and accounting.
- Accounting information management includes systems, for example, job costing, inventory management, and cost accounting.
- The advantages (accuracy, streamlining, reporting), limitations and risks (loss of data by power outages, security Threats) of accounting information management.
- Delivering financial information in a timely, accurate, reliable and persuasive manner to satisfy the requirements of external and internal entities.
- Accounting in a complex increment and changing environment of business very fast, for example, accountability and regulation increment, the character of International Financial report standards IFRS, reputation, governance, risk management and sustainability.
- Advantages and disadvantages of outs coding services of accounting and shared service centres.
Concepts of accounting:
The concepts of accounting are considered the foundation of all statements of finance.
Revenue items and capital:
- Classification of capital income expenditure and revenue.
- Production of fundamental financial statements creation of loss and profit statements the sheet of balance for small organisations from a provided trial balance.
- Diverse types of income statements for partnership-sold traders and unable-for-profit organisations.
- Required adjustments for prepayments, accruals, depreciation, and bad debts importance of digital software used for preparation and accountability of financial statements such as Xero, QuickBooks, and sage.
Purpose and significance of financial statement analysis:
Communication, financial intentions and positions with a range of stakeholders.
Analysing ratios:
- Evaluate liquidity, investment ratio, profitability and efficiency with the help of provided data.
- To use evaluated ratios for the calculation of organisational performance.
- Critique and apply Benchmarks that are relatable and include competitors, internal and sector, and time series.
Ratio limitation and analysis:
- The analysis of ratio is considered as evaluating and calculating means of performance in an organisation, for example, the qualitative or measures of non-financial usage. The ratio limitations usage as a measurement tool for performance.
- The correlation between ratios.
The analysis and interpretation of the statement of finance in an environment of business.
Further Details for Accounting Principles Assessment
- Interpretation of relationship among financial statement elements liquidity, efficient resources usage, profitability and financial position.
- Interpretation of financial statement for getting the sustainable performance and key performance indicators.
- Financial statement applications are diverse in the diverse context of Business and the importance of delivering financial statements to the end user.
Reason and nature of budgeting:
- Budget is considered the fundamental tool for account management.
- Reasons and definitions of organisation budget usage.
- Budgeting process stages, functional and master budgets.
- Remedial actions to tell the decision-making and resource allocation.
Budgetary control and preparation of budget:
- Significance, limitations and role in controlling the action of budget.
- The standard budget aspects and budget categories include zero, fixed, flexible-based, rolling, and variance analysis.
- The guidelines step by step for the creation of a cash budget.
Spreadsheet production:
- The information of number and others needed for each and the wave on which should be heard according to the requirement.
- Use of techniques and steps taken to organise added and enter the data and numerical.
- Data analysis and ritual data representation with the help of bar chart graphs and pie charts.
- Inserting data spreadsheet into the documents of the word.
The assessment criteria of the unit are comprised of the following questions that are part of learning outcomes and asked in the form of an assignment to the students.
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1.1 Analyse the reasons for accounting in an organisation.
1.2 Evaluate the functions of accounting within the company in terms of ethical constants and regulations.
1.3 Analyse the purpose and contact of the functions of accounting that meet societal organisational and stakeholder requirements and expectations.
1.4 Analyse critically the responsibility of accounting in telling that decision-making to meet stakeholder, societal and organisational requirements within the difficult environment of operation.
2.1 Create the statement of finance with the help of provided trial balance for partnership sole traders and non-profitable organisations to meet the principles of accounting, standards and conventions.
2.2 Present the financial statement with the help of appropriate adjustments, screw-making and trial balance.
2.3 Critically examine the financial statement to test the performance of the organisation with the use of Benchmarks and a variety of measures to form a certified computer.
3.1 Differentiate the organisation`s performance over time by using the ratio of finance.
3.2 Provide and evaluate the ratio of Financing from the final accounts set.
3.3 Analyse the organisation`s performance after passing some time through using the financial ratios in terms of the relatable benchmark.
4.1 Create the cash budget with the help of provided data from the organisation that uses a spreadsheet.
4.2 Discuss the limitations and advantages of budgetary planning, budgets and control for a company.
4.3 Recognise the corrective activities of problems exposed by budgetary planning and reinforced them for the effective decision-making of the organisation.
4.4 Verify the solutions of rigidity control and their influence on the decision-making of the organisation to satisfy the effective and efficient sources of deployment.
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Unit 5: Accounting Principles Assignment 01 Student Declaration I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another's work and to present it as my own without attributing the sources in the correct way. I further understand what it means to copy another's work. 1. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence ...
Unit 5 Accounting Principles Assignment 2 - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document provides an assignment brief for a unit on accounting principles. Students are asked to prepare year-end financial statements for three small businesses based on trial balance information provided.
Unit Number and Title Unit 5: Accounting Principles Academic Year 2022 Unit Tutor Ms Wijesundara Assignment Title Production and Interpretation of Financial Statements Issue Date 21/05/ Submission Date 08/07/ Submission format The submission is in the form of a portfolio of evidence compiled using the evidence produced for two assignments, it ...
STRUCTURE FOR UNIT 5. Accounting Principles (Y/618/5038) Following is the proposed structure for Unit 5. ... So please use your creative strength to develop the assignment. Good Luck and Best Wish Harum Saghir HND Lecturer. Note: Please insert "Title Page, Table of Content and Table of Figures" before starting your Assignment.
Unit 5 Accounting Principles_Assignment - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free.
1. Part 1. 1.0 Introduction. Write an Introduction to Management Accounting and the. principles of Management Accounting. Management accounting is the process which helps in creating the. entity the entity's goals with the help of identification, measurement, analyzing, interpreting and communication of.
M1 Evaluate the context and purpose of the accounting function in meeting organisational, stakeholder and societal needs and expectations. LO2 Prepare basic financial statements for unincorporated and small business organisations in accordance with accounting principles, conventions and standards. LO2 and LO3.
The document summarizes an internal verification of assessment decisions for a Pearson HND in Business program. It details the assessment of a student named S.P.Devindi Lalithya on their assignment for Unit 5 - Accounting Principles. The internal verifier found that the assessor had accurately assessed the student's work and awarded grades ...
Unit 5: Accounting Principles Assignment Brief 1. Student Name/ ID Number Unit Number and Title Unit 5: Accounting Principles Academic Year 2022 Unit Assessor Assignment Title Assignment 1 - A Blog in the Context of Accounting Issue Date Slot 4 Submission Date Slot 15. Submission Format Format This assignment is an individual work. You must ...
Part 2, the Unit 5 Case PPT will require additional cont. nt. CC11 from the textbook, Part 1 (a) is a new re. uirement. Incorporate your answers to those three questions.Assume that your colleagues are your audience and they have not. read the Unit 4 Case you completed in Part 2 of the Project. Even though this will be a brief presentation, it ...
Unit 5: Accounting Principles Assignment Brief 2. Student Name/ ID Number Unit Number and Title Unit 5: Accounting Principles Academic Year 2022 Unit Assessor Assignment Title Assignment 2 - Financial Statements and Budgets Issue Date Slot 16 Submission Date Slot 38. Submission Format Format This assignment is an individual work. You must use ...
Explore a comprehensive Accounting Principles Assignment Sample in Unit 5. Dive into key concepts and examples to enhance your understanding. +44 203 318 3300 +61 2 7908 3995 [email protected] My Account
The entire purpose of Unit 5: Accounting Principles is to recognise the basic principles of accounting that reinforce the operation of finance and associate sustainable and good decision-making in the organisation. The learners will prepare a practical and theoretical recognition of a variety of management and financial accounting techniques.
BTEC HND Unit 5 Management Accounting Assignment 2 - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. BTEC HND Unit 5 Management Accounting Assignment 2. Covering LO3 & LO4. Assignment titled "Financial and non-financial position of the organization".
Unit 5: Accounting Principles Assignment Brief 2. Student Name/ ID Number Unit Number and Title Unit 5: Accounting Principles Academic Year 2022 Unit Assessor Assignment Title Assignment 2 - Financial Statements and Budgets Issue Date Slot 16 Submission Date Slot 38. Submission Format Format This assignment is an individual work.
M1 Evaluate the context and purpose of the accounting function in meeting organisational, stakeholder and societal needs and expectations. LO2 Prepare basic financial statements for unincorporated and small business organisations in accordance with accounting principles, conventions and standards. LO2 and LO3.
4 Unit Authorised Assignment Briefs 23 Unit 1: Business and the Business Environment 24 Unit 2: Marketing Processes and Planning 32 ... Unit 3: Human Resource Management 43 Unit 4: Leadership and Management 51 Unit 5: Accounting Principles 59 Unit 20: Organisational Behaviour 67 Unit 25: Global Business Environment 76 Unit 37: Pitching and ...
Unit: Unit 5: Accounting Principles Assignment number and title: AP 1 of 2: Accounting in Context and Budgetary Control. Plagiarism. Plagiarism is a particular form of cheating. Plagiarism must be avoided at all costs and students who break the rules, however innocently, may be penalised. It is your responsibility to ensure that you