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Doctorate in Psychology (Ph.D. and Psy.D.) – everything you need to know in 2024

What’s in this guide, ph.d. or psy.d., why do a doctorate in psychology, entry requirements, phd in psychology jobs, how long does it take to study, is a doctorate program all theory/studying, career path, earning potential , find psychology doctorate degree programs.

By PsychologyJobs.com Staff Writer

A doctorate in psychology is the highest level of graduate degree in the field. As a result, there are lots of career options to choose from, including research roles, and clinical roles.

There are many reasons you may want to pursue a doctorate degree in Psychology, the following guide will provide everything you need to know; from the options, costs, timeframes, career advantages and more.

First up, what are the two types of doctorate degree you can get and what are the differences?

The two doctorate degrees you can get in psychology are Ph.D. and Psy.D.

In simple terms, a Ph.D. in psychology is more research-focused, while a Psy.D. emphasizes clinical practice. The best choice between the two depends on your career goals and whether you prefer research and academia or direct clinical work.

• Doctorate-level psychologists typically have higher earning potential compared to those with a master’s degree or bachelor’s degree in the field.
• Gain in-depth knowledge and expertise in your chosen area of specialization within psychology.
• Potentially make significant contributions to the field.
• Advanced career opportunities in various settings, such as academia, research institutions, government agencies, hospitals, and private practice.
• Connect with other professionals, researchers, and academics in the field of psychology, expanding your professional network

The minimum requirements to study a doctorate degree in psychology will vary from institution to institution. However, there are several common requirements:

• Bachelor’s degree:  all programs require applicants to have completed a  bachelor’s degree , in psychology or a related field. Some programs may accept candidates with a degree in another discipline if they have completed prerequisite coursework in psychology.
• Master’s degree : Some doctoral programs require applicants to have a  master’s degree in psychology  or a related field. Others may admit students directly from their bachelor’s degree and incorporate a master’s degree into the doctorate program.
• GPA : Many programs have a minimum GPA requirement, usually 3.0 or higher. Some competitive programs require a higher GPA.
• Letters of recommendation : Applicants typically need to submit letters of recommendation from professors or professionals who can speak to their academic and research abilities.
• Research experience : Prior research experience is often valued by doctoral programs in psychology. This may include experience working on research projects, completing a thesis, or participating in research internships or assistantships.
• Personal statement:  Applicants usually need to submit a personal statement or statement of purpose that outlines their academic and research interests, career goals, and why they are interested in the specific doctoral program.
• Addiction Counselor
• ABA Therapist
• Mental Health Therapist
• Licensed Mental Health Conselor
• Licensed Professional Counselor
• Licensed Clinical Social Worker
• Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist
• School Psychologist
• Organizational Psychologist
• Forensic Psychologist
• Sports Psychologist
• Clinical Psychologist
• Counseling Psychologist
• Research Psychologist
• Professor of Psychology
• Child Psychologist

*Outside of the licensed psychologist jobs listed above many of the above roles  do not require  a PhD but it is important to note that employers for these roles are increasingly favoring candidates with a PhD. 

For the majority of students, a doctorate in Psychology may take anywhere from 4-7 years to finish, which will include a research dissertation and most likely residency or an internship in clinical or medical environments.

No. Psy.D. and Ph.D. programs in clinical or counseling psychology usually require students to complete a pre-doctoral internship as part of their training.

This internship typically lasts one year and involves supervised clinical practice in various settings, such as hospitals, mental health clinics, or community agencies.

The internship experience is intended to provide students with practical, hands-on training in their chosen area of specialization and help them develop the skills necessary for independent practice.

For Ph.D. programs in other areas of psychology, such as experimental, social, or  developmental psychology , internships or practicum experiences may be less common or not required. Instead, these programs may emphasize research experience and skills development.

With a PHD in psychology, you have a whole host of options when it comes to your career. With this kind of degree, you can work in specialty areas of psychology, depending on your studies and particular interests, or you can work as a researcher, an educational consultant, a forensic psychologist, political strategist, staff psychologist, private psychologist, professor of psychology, psychiatrist, or a clinical psychologist.

The earning potential for psychologists with doctoral degrees or PHDs can vary greatly depending on the specific specialty of psychology in which they work. General psychologists may earn around $90,000 a year, with the average salary around $84,000 per year.

On the other hand, clinical, counseling and school psychologists with PHDs tend to earn around $81,000 per year. The highest paying psychology careers can average up to $167,000, so studying a PHD in psychology will be worth it in the long run when it comes to career prospects.

• PhD in Organizational Psychology
• PhD in Educational Psychology
• PhD in Forensic Psychology
• PhD in Counseling Psychology
• PhD in Behavioral Psychology
• PhD in Child Psychology
• PhD in Clinical Psychology
• PhD in Neuropsychology
• PhD in Sports Psychology

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What's the Difference between a PhD and PsyD in Clinical Psychology

Congratulations! You've made the tough yet worthwhile decision to pursue a doctorate in clinical psychology. A doctorate in clinical psychology provides many potential career opportunities. You can receive training as a clinical psychologist, work in social work, sports psychology, educational psychology, mental health psychology and more. Now, what is the next step?

Before you dive into a doctoral program and clinical training, you'll need to clarify what type of doctoral degree in psychological clinical science you'd like to earn. In the field of Clinical Psychology, there are two distinctive doctoral-level degrees you can work towards: a PhD and a PsyD. What do these degrees mean and how do you choose which degree in psychology program is right for you? Find out more below...

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PhD in Clinical Psychology

The PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, degree, is traditionally a more common degree path in psychology. This type of doctorate in clinical psychology is founded in research, so the focus of your studies may be on developing research ideas, conducting experiments, and analyzing data. This training culminates in the completion of a doctoral dissertation project. Typical PhD program training takes between 5 and 7 years to complete. Depending on the school, these programs may be highly selective and only enroll a small number of students each year.

PsyD in Clinical Psychology

The PsyD, or Doctor of Psychology, degree, is an alternative doctoral degree that focuses on the clinical and applied aspects of psychology. PsyD study revolves around preparing students for professional practice and clinical placement. The coursework and practicum is directed at applying established standards of practice and evidence-based services that will be applied in future clinical work. PsyD students may also complete a doctoral project or dissertation that focuses on an applied clinical problem. Typical PsyD program training takes between 4 and 5 years to complete. These PsyD degree programs generally accept a higher number of students than PhD programs.

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How to choose between phd and psyd.

Understanding the difference between a PsyD vs PhD can be confusing. Which clinical psychology program you choose depends on the direction you’d like to steer your studies and, ultimately, your career. Think about what sort of work you’d like to do beyond graduation: research-focused or clinically-focused. Take a look at what graduates of both, the PhD program and the PsyD program, are doing to see if their careers align with your own interests.

All things considered, PhD graduates may use their research-based degrees to conduct experimental studies, work in academic settings, and consult with schools or hospitals. PsyD graduates may use their clinical-based degrees to work directly with patients who need clinical psychology services. All students enrolled in Clinical Psychology programs at the California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP) at Alliant International University receive advanced training in psychology in a clinical setting to allow them to confidently function as clinicians and researchers. Most importantly, both the PhD and PsyD programs are accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA.)

Are you a doctoral candidate and conflicted about which Clinical Psychology degree is the best fit for you? Contact an Alliant admissions counselor by calling 1-866-825-5426 to learn more about our PsyD or PhD degree programs and the admission requirements.

Additionally, CSPP offers many master’s degree programs at our college campuses and online. Check out some testimonials from our graduate students of the programs and their experience below:

“I am so grateful to have been a part of the Fresno Clinical Psychology Ph.D. Program at CSPP. The diverse faculty that I studied with throughout my tenure in graduate school made quite a lasting impression on me in terms of fostering my professional development and have helped shape me into the clinician and researcher that I am today.” Jennifer Lewey, Clinical Psychology, PhD

“The Psy.D. program at Alliant prepared me in two different ways. First, it socialized me into the profession of psychology. Second, it, and the Center for Integrative Psychology more specifically, taught me how to think in more powerful, inclusive, and effective ways.” Michael Lembaris, Clinical Psychology, PsyD

What to Expect in a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology Program

Program structure.

This doctoral program aims to expand clinical students' understanding in delivering psychological services. The internship involves hands-on practice for aspiring professionals. This type of program provides a valuable clinical experience to better equip graduates for their careers in psychological science, which sets them apart from clinical psychology PhD program students who do not have a similar opportunity. The clinical program integrates scientific evidence with practice in responding to human problems of developmental deprivation, dysfunction, psychological disorders, and trauma. Students can follow their own clinical interests and further their individual career goals by selecting an emphasis area and taking a specialized series of courses, and by pursuing research and field placements that are consistent with their interests and long-term career goals.

Proficiency in Clinical Practice and Educational Settings

Even though the PsyD program emphasizes practical training, it still trains students who aspire to pursue an academic career. Graduates from the Psychology Department can choose to become faculty members while maintaining a clinical practice. In other words, earning a Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology should not hinder you from entering the academic field. You have the flexibility to pursue careers in clinical practice, teaching, or even a combination of both

Is it possible to pursue a career in academia or education?

Yes, of course, but while it's possible to become a professor in a college or university with a PsyD, those with a PhD degree typically have a better leverage in getting into these academic positions. 

Is it harder for PsyD students to secure internship positions compared to Ph.D. students?

Absolutely not. A lot of internship sites need students or candidates who can handle various clinical duties, and because you have acquired extensive expertise and clinical skill in psychological assessment and therapy in your program, you'll get an internship position easily. 

What is APA accreditation?

The American Psychological Association accredits doctoral programs in practice-oriented areas such as clinical, counseling psychology, and school psychology, as long as they meet the APA's standards and maintain them. Many employers and internship sites prefer or require psychologists who graduated from APA-approved programs. Therefore, when deciding which programs to apply to, it's crucial to check the APA accreditation status. Alliant offers psychology programs that are APA-accredited.

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What is a PhD in Psychology?

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When surveying the options available in PhD programs, an important distinction to make is whether you want to work in a psychology-related field such as counseling, social work, therapy or education; or if you are striving to get a diploma conferring a "Doctorate of Psychology." Novices quite frequently confuse the academic Discipline of Psychology with alternative disciplines which are psychology-related and in the mental health field.

The "Doctorate of Psychology"

If you want to earn a doctorate in the discipline of psychology, you will  be presented with 2 options from which to choose within the field: you will be able to enroll in either a doctoral program which grants a Ph.D. or one that will culminate in the awarding of the Psy.D.  Scholars who are focused on research, data collection and processing, academics, professorship and authorship are best suited for the Ph.D. in Psychology. Individuals who are interested in research but are more people and practice-driven as well as; desirous of being on the front lines working with patients, interested in methodologies and enjoy making educational theory a reality are well served by enrolling in a Psy.D. program.

Dr. Emma Mansour is a licensed psychologist and founder of  "Life Matters Counseling and Psychological Services, LLC., with locations in Salt Lake City and Farmington, Utah.  Dr. Mansour is a graduate of  the Counseling Psychology Program at the University of Utah, as well as a former instructor. She has taught classes in Developmental Psychology, Group Counseling, Personality Psychology and Counseling Skills. In her capacity as educator, Dr. Mansour has come in contact and consulted with many students facing these exact questions. Regarding the choice between the Ph.D. and the Psy.D. her advice is straightforward;

"My advice would depend on the student's ultimate career goal. If the goal is to become a professor and engage in teaching and research as a career, there is really no option but to get a PhD. If the student is not interested in teaching or research and just wanted to be a private practicing psychologist, I would advise that they consider a PsyD program."

Learn more about a psychology doctoral degree .

Do I need a PhD to Achieve My Goals?

One of the pressing questions doctoral candidates face is whether or not they are primarily only interested in a career as a practicing counselor, therapist or educator. If this happens to be the case, technically speaking they do not need to go beyond the Master's Degree in Counseling, Therapy, Social Work, etc., to reach their goals. In other words, various careers  are accessible with a master's degree and do not require a PhD. On the other hand, some careers are only available if you have a PhD. This is the point at which clarification of your career objectives becomes imperative. Getting a PhD is an arduous process and if you are unsure of your ultimate goals, it is advised you thoroughly research all of your options. Experts agree: it pays to do your "homework" before you enroll in a doctoral program.

"Becoming a psychologist, versus a counselor or therapist, is certainly a longer process but it affords you many more possibilities and will ultimately open many more doors for you as a professional, both from the status of the degree to the possibility of branching out into many other areas. It is important to bear in mind that a students' current interests will likely change over the course of their career so the broader degree allows for ongoing growth and opportunity."

How Long Will it Take to Get a PhD in Psychology?

Universities are highly unique in their approaches to their doctoral programs. For example, UCLA's program is 6 years. In describing their program they write, "The Ph.D. program is a six year, full-time only program." In other words, students do not have the option of attending part-time. Many PhD programs can be completed within 5 years; most of them typically require the equivalent of 72 semester units. The design of the program can greatly influence the length of time it takes to earn the PhD; even for doctorates earned at the same institution. For example, NYU has 2 Psychology PhD programs: the PhD in Cognition and Perception and the PhD in Social Psychology. Although each doctorate requires 72 semester units, students who are "Teaching or Research Assistants" in the Cognition and Perception program usually take 3 courses per semester; the remaining student schedules are more flexible. Thus someone taking 2 courses a semester will graduate later than those taking 3 classes a semester. Most programs also have a maximum time limit to complete the PhD; at NYU if the matriculant has not finished their requirements after 7 years, their enrollment in the program is likely to be terminated.

Some of the questions you'll want to research with regards to the amount of time you will be in school are:

• Is the college on a semester or quarter system and how many units are required to complete the PhD in Psychology?
• Does the program have a minimum number of units to complete each quarter or semester?
• Is the program strictly full-time or is there a part-time option?
• Is there a time maximum within which the program must be completed?
• Is there a time limit condition on program grants, awards or special financing?

What Types of Classes Will I Take in a PhD Program?

PhD programs in the field of psychology consist of some or all of the following categories of study:

• Core Content Classes and Advanced Elective Courses
• Oral Examinations
• Presentation of Papers
• Practicum & Teaching
• Internships
• Special Event, Conference or Convention Attendance
• Doctoral Dissertation Proposal, Submission and Defense

Elements of the PhD in Psychology

• Core Content Classes and Advanced Elective Courses: The length and depth of core classes depend heavily on the nature of the PhD program and the university. Each college program varies on how many units are required, the title of the courses and how much emphasis is put on the ratio of research/clinical. Below is a very generalized sampling of what to expect.

Core classes prepare the student for the in-depth research they will embark upon as they advance in their prospective careers. Statistical proficiency is an important aspect of every program; examples of courses include:

• Mathematical Tools for Cognitive Science and Neuroscience (NYU)
• Statistics courses (UCLA)
• Developmental Psychology (Stanford)
• Foundations of Cognition (Stanford)
• Exploratory-Graphical Data Analysis (Vanderbilt)
• Multivariate Analysis (Vanderbilt)
• Psychological and Educational Measurement (Vanderbilt)

Advanced Electives: Some examples of Advanced Elective courses from NYU are:

• Principles of Neuroimaging
• Research in Social Psychology
• Cognitive Development
• Psycholinguistics
• Cellular, Molecular & Developmental Neuroscience
• Language Acquisition
• Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Stress and Disease
• Research: Every university expects the student to constantly be involved with research throughout their years of training. Throughout the process of research, students are supervised by at least one member of the faculty in some form of an advisory role. However, differences in a university's research emphasis, timing, manner of execution and application of research requirements is one of the factors you will confront when choosing a PhD program. For example, research dominates the 8 UCLA program specialties from which to choose. They write:

"Students are admitted by one of the department's eight areas: Behavioral Neuroscience, Clinical, Cognitive, Developmental Psychology, Health Psychology, Learning and Behavior, Quantitative and Social. With rare exception, this area affiliation is retained throughout a student's stay in the program. Much of the program is administered by the areas."   Also- " All areas are research-oriented. This applies to the Clinical area as well: although this area offers excellent clinical training, the emphasis lies in research, not in training private practitioners."    

At UCLA research is included in the core curriculum and has a designated time sequence:

"The core program has three parts: a two-quarter statistics series, four courses selected from among special offerings in each of the seven areas, and a two or three quarter research sequence. In the latter sequence the student designs, conducts, and writes up a research project under the direction of two faculty members. Core-program work is completed by the end of the second year."

In slight contrast, while the program at Vanderbilt also emphasizes research- "We expect students to be continually involved in research throughout their tenure in our program;" their description of the first 2 years is quite different:

"The faculty attempt always to tailor graduate training to meet the needs and the interests of each individual student" and "The curriculum is designed to: (a) familiarize students with the major areas of psychology; (b) provide specialized training in at least one of the five specific areas of psychology emphasized in the program; and (c) provide students sufficient flexibility to enroll in classes consistent with their interests and long-term developmental trajectory. During the first two years, students take several core courses in quantitative methods and in substantive areas. Beyond this, the program consists of seminars, further research participation, and other inquiries expressly designed to fulfill career objectives."

• Oral Examinations: As a PhD candidate you will need to be prepared to undertake oral examinations as part of the qualifying and requirements processes. Oral examinations can take place at both the MA/MS level as well as the PhD level. This method of examination may prove helpful in preparing for a license; according to the American Psychological Association (APA) 21 states require an oral examination to qualify for licensure.
• Presentation of Papers : Some universities may require the submission of yearly papers and encourage students to present these papers at conventions or other academic events. For example, one of the research requirements at NYU is a first, second and third year paper (the third year paper may or may not be the dissertation proposal, depending on the program). While students are not required to present papers, under a bold heading in the PhD Cognition and Perception program requirements it reads:

Highly Recommended

" Presentation of Research Papers at Professional Meetings The Program strongly encourages its students to present papers (or posters) on their research at relevant professional meetings around the country as a "real life" part of their education in becoming professional scientists and educators and to aid them in forming contacts for possible jobs and postdocs after the Ph.D."

• Practica: If you have tried to understand what a practicum is and have failed, do not dismay. Even the experts in the field admit that it means different things in different places. In the report, "Report on Practicum Competencies" by The Association of Directors of Psychology Training Clinics (ADPTC) Practicum Competencies Workgroup: Robert L. Hatcher, Ph.D. & Kim Dudley Lassiter, Ph.D. answer the question in the following way:

What is a Practicum?

Psychology programs vary considerably in their definition of practicum. Some consider the experience at their department’s in-house clinic to be the practicum, and may call subsequent pre-internship training in other settings  “traineeships.”  Others classify all pre-internship clinical experience as practica; others limit this definition to supervised experience only. This document is based on the definition that practicum experience includes all supervised pre-internship clinical training."

One of the strong suggestions made by the APA is that your practicum time is a phase of preparation for your internship. In the APA published cover article, "Steps to the Match: Laying the groundwork to land an internship starts on day one of your program" by Christopher Munsey, the author offers an informative, easy-to-read and must-read regarding practica for every psychology PhD candidate. The author outlines the best possible uses of time during "all supervised pre-internship clinical training."  Munsey advises that during your practicum you:

• Establish a positive connection with all practicum supervisors
• Acknowledge areas in which you excel and be sure to become and remain teachable in areas in which you perform poorly
• Work with all types of people; diversity in experience is a plus
• Develop superior communication skills
• Identify target internships
• Progress check to ensure your experiences are in alignment with your internship goals
• Accumulate lots of hours and keep immaculate records
• Network with psychologists
• Rehearse interviewing
• Give presentations

Teaching Requirements

Doctoral programs can include teaching experience as a requirement for successful completion of the degree. Each university has unique mandates about the nature of the teaching experience and when it occurs.

• Pre-Doctoral Internships: Currently (2016) the topic of the psychology internship is of serious concern. CareersInPsychology.org explains in detail the current dilemma which the APA is addressing in the article, " Internships in Counseling: Shedding Light on the Explosive 'Match .'"

To summarize, doctoral students are paired with internships which have earned APA approval. This process is called the "Match." The crisis stems from a profound lack of APA approved internships. While the APA is making strides in bridging the gap, the problem remains substantial. The progress made since 2012 is hopeful: in 2012 there were 1,041 students who could not progress in their doctoral studies because there were not enough matches. By 2015 the APA had reduced the number to 689 students. ( The APA Report can be accessed by following this link . ) For some students, waiting the year(s) to be matched was not an option. Some did non-approved internships, which had lifelong consequences.

A doctorate which includes a non-approved internship means that even when the PhD is granted, the graduated can never work for the Veterans Administration (one of, if not the largest employer of psychologists in the nation) or any military/government organizations. Secondly, many states will not grant a license to practice without an APA approved internship. The   Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) has a database within which the  Handbook of Licensing and Certification Requirements can be accessed. Before reviewing the handbook, however, you will have to provide the ASPPB with basic information about yourself. (The link provided for the Handbook will take you immediately to the questionnaire.) In retrospect, it becomes clear why the APA advises you to begin to work on getting your internship as soon as you begin your doctoral program; if you do not, you might not finish the program.

• Special Event, Conference or Convention Attendance: While not every university requires you to attend events, some have a form of scholastically-based group which is a graduation requirement. The PhD degree requirements at NYU have two examples:

"Brown Bag Seminar: All members of the program are expected to participate in the weekly Brown Bag seminar. The seminar meets informally, over lunch, and is a forum for presenting current and planned research. Each student is required to present on his or her research once a year. The seminar is a key component of student training over the five years of doctoral study.

Mini-Convention: The Mini-Convention is a day-long, convention-type meeting currently held on the Friday a week-and-a-half after Labor Day in September. Faculty and students of the Program attend this meeting which provides a training experience in convention-style oral presentation. All first- and second-year students are required to present talks based on their research projects. Upper-year students with well-worked-out, interesting findings to report are encouraged to present talks, as well as those who have not presented at a Brown Bag for the past academic year."

• Doctoral Dissertation Proposal, Submission and Defense: The dissertation is required by all PhD students. This voluminous composition  includes and represents the entirety of the candidate's body of work, research and study focus. It presents an original thesis which the student is prepared to propose, submit and defend.

Proposal: Preparation for the dissertation-the proposal, begins and varies according to each university program. Examples of requirements from the colleges utilized thus far are:

NYU: " Dissertation Proposal . In the third year, it is expected that each student will have sufficiently clarified his or her interests to be able to formally propose a dissertation project." Note: NYU offers 2 choices regarding the dissertation. The student can present the Traditional Thesis or choose a " Publication Route ."

UCLA: " By the fourth year a student should have enough experience and knowledge of current research issues to begin formulating a dissertation proposal."

HARVARD: " The Dissertation Prospectus: By the end of the spring semester of their penultimate year, students must complete a dissertation prospectus for an original project that is meant to culminate in the dissertation."

Basic Elements of a Proposal: The following is a general list of what is contained in the proposal.

• Importance of the topic: The proposal should provide intellectual rationale for why the thesis is critical to the field of study
• A review of the literature currently in existence on the topic
• An explanation of the theoretical basis of the proposed thesis
• Detailed description of the research methods to be used
• Comprehensive discussion of proposed analyses
• Projected implications of the topic for the field

Proposal Resources: There are numerous proposal support avenues, the most obvious being the APA website. A valuable listing of their publications specifically dealing with the dissertation from start to finish can be found in their Education section under " Dissertations and Research " (link provided).    

Submitting: The proposal is typically submitted to the student's advisor(s); following their approval it is submitted to  department/governing committee for approval. The final "paper(s)" or dissertation is also submitted for final acceptance.

Defense: Dissertations are defended by the PhD candidate in a formal setting. Scholars in the field test the ability of the student to orally explain and defend their research findings. There are usually university-specific "norms" regarding the event and knowing what they are should be of utmost importance.

Funding : The time and research materials for the dissertation can run into the thousands of dollars. There are many ways to receive financial assistance; the APA is a good place to start. Their " Student Funding " page is helpful for finding grants, scholarships and the like. (link provided) They also have many advisory articles which offer real life examples of how others have managed the costs involved.

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Getting a Ph.D. in Psychology

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell.

Verywell / Evan Polenghi

Ph.D. vs. Psy.D.

Job opportunities, earning a degree, specialty areas, alternatives.

Getting a Ph.D. in psychology can open up a whole new world of career opportunities. For many careers paths in psychology-related career paths, a doctoral degree is necessary to obtain work and certification. A Ph.D. is one option, but it is not the only educational path that's available to reach some of these goals.

A Ph.D., or doctor of philosophy, is one of the highest level degrees you can earn in the field of psychology . If you're considering pursuing a graduate degree, you might be wondering how long it takes to earn a Ph.D. in psychology . Generally, a bachelor's degree takes four years of study. While a master's degree requires an additional two to three years of study beyond the bachelor's, a doctoral degree can take between four to six years of additional graduate study after earning your bachelor's degree.

Recently, a new degree option known as the Psy.D. , or doctor of psychology, has grown in popularity as an alternative to the Ph.D. The type of degree you decide to pursue depends on a variety of factors, including your own interests and your career aspirations.

Before deciding which is right for you, research your options and decide if graduate school in psychology is even the best choice for you. Depending on your career goals, you might need to earn a master's or doctoral degree in psychology in order to practice in your chosen field. In other instances, a degree in a similar subject such as counseling or social work may be more appropriate.

A doctorate in psychology is required if you want to open your own private practice.

If you want to become a licensed psychologist, you must earn either a Ph.D. or a Psy.D. in clinical or counseling psychology.

In most cases, you will also need a doctorate if you want to teach and conduct research at the college or university level. While there are some opportunities available for people with a master's degree in various specialty fields, such as industrial-organizational psychology and health psychology , those with a doctorate will generally find higher pay, greater job demand, and more opportunity for growth.

In order to earn a Ph.D. in psychology, you need to first begin by earning your bachelor's degree. While earning your undergraduate degree in psychology can be helpful, students with bachelor's degrees in other subjects can also apply their knowledge to psychology Ph.D. programs . Some students in doctorate programs may have a master's degree in psychology , but most doctorate programs do not require it.

After you’ve been admitted to a graduate program, it generally takes at least four years to earn a Ph.D. and another year to complete an internship. Once these requirements have been fulfilled, you can take state and national exams to become licensed to practice psychology in the state where you wish to work.

Once you enter the graduate level of psychology, you will need to choose an area of specialization, such as clinical psychology , counseling psychology, health psychology, or cognitive psychology . The American Psychological Association (APA) accredits graduate programs in three areas: clinical, counseling, and school psychology.   If you are interested in going into one of these specialty areas, it's important to choose a school that has received accreditation through the APA.

For many students, the choice may come down to a clinical psychology program versus a counseling psychology program. There are many similarities between these two Ph.D. options, but there are important distinctions that students should consider. Clinical programs may have more of a research focus while counseling programs tend to focus more on professional practice. The path you choose will depend largely on what you plan to do after you complete your degree.

Of course, the Ph.D. in psychology is not the only graduate degree option. The Psy.D. is a doctorate degree option that you might also want to consider. While there are many similarities between these two degrees, traditional Ph.D. programs tend to be more research-oriented while Psy.D. programs are often more practice-oriented.

The Ph.D. option may be your top choice if you want to mix professional practice with teaching and research, while the Psy.D. option may be preferred if you want to open your own private psychology practice.

In the book "An Insider's Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology," authors John C. Norcross and Michael A. Sayette suggest that one of the key differences between the two-degree options is that the Ph.D. programs train producers of research while Psy.D. programs train consumers of research. However, professional opportunities for practice are very similar with both degree types.

Research suggests that there are few discernible differences in terms of professional recognition, employment opportunities, or clinical skills between students trained in the Ph.D. or Psy.D. models. One of the few differences is that those with a Ph.D. degree are far more likely to be employed in academic settings and medical schools.

Social work, counseling, education, and the health sciences are other graduate options that you may want to consider if you decide that a doctorate degree is not the best fit for your interests and career goals.

A Word From Verywell

If you are considering a Ph.D. in psychology, spend some time carefully researching your options and thinking about your future goals. A doctoral degree is a major commitment of time, resources, and effort, so it is worth it to take time to consider the right option for your goals. The Ph.D. in psychology can be a great choice if you are interested in being a scientist-practitioner in the field and want to combine doing research with professional practice. It's also great training if you're interested in working at a university where you would teach classes and conduct research on psychological topics.

University of Pennsylvania; School of Arts and Sciences. Information for applicants .

American Psychological Association. Doctoral degrees in psychology: How are they different, or not so different?

U.S. Department of Labor.  Psychologists . Occupational Outlook Handbook .

Norcross JC, Sayette MA. An Insider's Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology (2020/2021 ed.) . New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2020.

Davis SF, Giordano PJ, Licht CA. Your Career in Psychology: Putting Your Graduate Degree to Work . John Wiley & Sons; 2012. doi:10.1002/9781444315929

US Department of Education. Bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline division: 2016-17 .

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

PsyD vs. PhD: Which Is Right for Me?

by Celeste Jones, PsyD, ABPP

What’s the difference between a PhD and a PsyD degree in clinical psychology ?

In short, while both degrees afford training opportunities in both research and clinical work, the curriculum is designed differently to address the following emphases:

• The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Psychology is a research doctorate designed to advance the knowledge base of the discipline through research and writing, typically within an academic setting.
• The Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)  is a professional doctorate designed to train psychologists for clinical practice, including providing psychotherapy, psychological assessment, and consultation in a variety of clinical settings.

View the PsyD program at George Fox University in Oregon

The Field of Clinical Psychology

There are many different career paths and areas of specialty within psychology, all aimed toward scholarship and/or service that bring psychological healing and wellness to a world that desperately needs it. For this reason, there are also many types of psychological training programs, including both clinical and non-clinical specializations.

The study of clinical psychology specifically explores the diagnosis, assessment and treatment of mental and behavioral health concerns of individuals and families , ranging from mild to severe psychopathology. Clinical psychology also includes work in consultation, training, supervision, teaching and research.

Some non-clinical psychology doctoral degrees include PhDs in social psychology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and experimental psychology, which are designed to develop academic scholars and researchers in these areas.

Within clinical psychology, one of the primary differentiators between training programs is the distinction between PhD (“scientist-practitioner” model) and PsyD (“practitioner-scholar” model) programs. There is considerable overlap between them in both research and clinical training, and both can be accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA) . To further complicate matters, psychologists from both types of programs are often convincing and passionate about the effectiveness of whichever they endorse.

So let’s consider the general differences between the PhD and PsyD in clinical psychology.

PhD clinical psychology programs most often use a mentor-based model of doctoral training, where a student is matched to a single research mentor who they work most closely with throughout their doctoral training. The PhD mentor is responsible to monitor their student’s academic progress and oversee the completion of their doctoral dissertation, often based on the mentor’s area of research interest.

PhD clinical psychology programs are six years long , starting with two years of course work, traditionally with 20 to 40% of course work in statistics and research. After two years of course work, there are three years of clinical practicum, the last two of which also include completion of a doctoral dissertation.

In PhD programs, there are fewer courses, with more time dedicated to research and scholarship . Year six is dedicated to completion of a year-long, full-time supervised internship. While specific rates vary, generally about half of the individuals who graduate from PhD clinical psychology programs become academics or researchers, and the other half engage in the practice of clinical psychology.

PsyD clinical psychology programs most often involve more course work than the PhD programs , aiming to focus in more depth on clinical skills and foundations needed for clinical practice in a wide range of populations and settings. Most PsyD programs match students to a research mentor to facilitate completion of the doctoral dissertation, but there is less time spent on research in general.

PsyD programs are completed in five years , with the first year dedicated to foundational course work, followed by three years of a combination of course work, clinical practicum and dissertation research. The fifth year is dedicated to completion of a year-long, full-time supervised internship. Clinical training toward service delivery is the emphasis of these training programs, with students gaining enough competency in research to be able to apply research effectively in their clinical practice.

Social Context

As psychologists are aware, social context matters immensely to one’s overall well-being, and graduate training programs in clinical psychology are no exception. Many prospective students wonder what kinds of social support are provided in graduate training programs, and PhD and PsyD programs often have different organizing structures around the training relationships students are involved in.

Traditionally, PhD programs are smaller programs , with a mentor taking one to two new students each training year.  Depending on the number of faculty in a program, there may be five to 10 students in each graduating class. With fewer courses and more limited relationships with other faculty, the most important relationship in this kind of program is with the mentor, with a second level of support coming from other students working in the same mentor’s research lab.

PsyD programs are typically a bit larger , with 20 to 50 students per graduating class.  Generally, the PsyD programs that are on the lower end of those class sizes are more likely to be “high-touch” programs, emphasizing close-knit faculty-student and community relationships as formative to the developing psychologist. With less time committed to research and more course work with various faculty, PsyD students have the opportunity to develop close relationships with many mentors  (research advisor, clinical practicum supervisors, other faculty).

Many PsyD programs also use “cohort model” training, in which an incoming student class generally takes all of their required course work together with the students they entered the program with, an intentional design to promote student relationship-building and the formation of healthy group dynamics that facilitate student learning and development.

Career Opportunities

One of the draws of gaining a doctorate in clinical psychology, whether PhD or PsyD, is the wide variety of career opportunities a clinical psychologist is equipped for.

PhD programs may have more students interested in becoming academic scholars and college faculty members (which do not necessarily require licensure), while PsyD programs may have more students interested in clinical practice and the delivery of psychological services with clients.

Within clinical service, the settings in which psychologists work include:

• Private practices
• Group practices
• Community mental health agencies
• Prisons and corrections settings
• Psychiatric inpatient treatment
• Residential treatment centers
• Primary care offices

Their work can include diagnosis, assessment and treatment of common psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression and ADHD, as well as rarer and/or more severe psychopathology such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or personality disorders (e.g., narcissistic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder).

Psychologists are often valued members of interdisciplinary teams, collaborating with primary care physicians, specialists, occupational therapists, social workers, speech and language pathologists, teachers, and other allied health professionals.

Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology

State licensure as a clinical psychologist requires completion of a doctoral degree in clinical psychology.  A few states have an option of completing additional supervision and oversight after earning a Master of Arts (MA) in Clinical Psychology degree in order to attain licensure at the master’s level, but for the most part a doctoral degree is required to practice psychology.

Licensure at the MA level most often requires additional training and supervision. This is called a “non-terminal” master’s degree, which means that the MA curriculum is not designed to meet any particular licensure requirements. Rather, the MA degree is an academic stepping stone to attaining licensure after the subsequent doctoral degree is earned.

Students typically apply to doctoral training programs that include a non-terminal MA degree – such as George Fox University’s PsyD program  – directly after earning their bachelor’s degree. Doctoral programs most often include earning an MA as part of the same program.

Financial Cost/Return on Investment

While the meaning and purpose found in a career as a clinical psychologist can be deeply satisfying, it’s also helpful for prospective students to consider salaries and costs of training. For both the PsyD and PhD, the year-long internship in the final year of training is funded, so students only take a minimal number of credits. Let’s consider the costs of the first five years (PhD) or four years (PsyD) of training.

Some PhD programs are tuition-based, but more traditional PhD programs offer grant-funded stipends  for the students working in a particular mentor’s research lab. With fewer courses and grant-funded research, funded positions in PhD programs often provide an affordable way to complete a doctorate in clinical psychology. This is important to the ongoing development of career academics and researchers whose salaries are often significantly lower than those in clinical practice, at least until later in their academic career.

While PsyD programs are tuition-based (costing upwards of $100,000 in the end), salaries in clinical practice are higher , making student loan repayment very affordable. A program’s financial aid office often has information on a program’s “default rate,” which is the percentage of students who are unable to successfully pay off their student loans – a number worth looking into prior to investing in a PsyD degree. In addition, there are federal programs like the National Health Service Corps that exchange loan repayment for graduates who work in underserved areas.

Closing Thoughts

The field of clinical psychology is a highly satisfying career, rich in meaning and purpose and providing a wide variety of career opportunities.

Once you decide to become a clinical psychologist, there are many factors to consider in determining whether a PhD or PsyD program would be the best fit. While there are many areas of overlap and both can be accredited by the APA, there are some general differences in the training models based on the training goals and curriculum design and structure.

Prospective students are encouraged to thoughtfully consider these training program attributes in determining the best fit for their graduate training aims.

Celeste Jones is the former program director for George Fox University’s PsyD program in Oregon.

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• PhD/Doctorate

The difference between a PsyD and PhD in psychology

April 25, 2017

What’s the difference between a PsyD and a PhD in psychology?

When trying to decide between these degrees, a good place to start is by asking yourself: Would I rather see patients in a clinical practice, or work in research, administration, or an academic setting?

Generally speaking:

• a PsyD prepares you for clinical practice
• a PhD prepares you to teach

Below, take a closer look at each degree and see a side-by-side comparison.

A PsyD prepares you for clinical practice

This degree focuses on assessing and treating patients. Research is secondary but still important. The PsyD helps students prepare for state licensure with extensive training in therapeutic techniques, assessment, and intervention skills.

A PsyD program includes coursework such as:

• Advanced biological psychology
• Cognitive/affective psychology
• Advanced psychopathology
• Evidence-based practice in psychology
• Strategies of clinical supervision and consultation

Career paths to explore:

• Private practice psychologist
• Clinical psychologist
• Psychotherapist
• School psychologist

A PhD in psychology prepares you to teach

This degree areas gives you the knowledge and skills you need to advance as a teacher, researcher, and/or administrator in the field of psychology. You might pursue an academic career as a college faculty member, or an administrative career in a higher education institution, a research facility, or a human services organization.

A PhD in psychology program includes coursework such as:

• Ethics and multicultural issues in psychology
• Tests and measurements
• Advanced inferential statistics
• Qualitative analysis
• Quantitative research methods in psychology
• College or university faculty member
• Higher education administrator
• Human services administrator
• Market research analyst
• Data analyst

Compare the PsyD and PhD and side by side

These are examples intended to serve as a general guide. Some positions may prefer or even require previous experience, licensure, certifications, and/or other designations along with a degree. Because many factors determine what position an individual may attain, Capella cannot guarantee that a graduate will secure any specific job title, a promotion, salary increase, or other career outcome. We encourage you to research requirements for your job target and career goals.

Whether your ultimate goal is to be a therapist, teacher, researcher, or administrator, Capella University offers degree programs that can help you get there. Explore Capella’s  PhD in Psychology ,   PsyD in Clinical Psychology,  and a  PsyD in School Psychology .

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Doctoral Degrees for Psychologists

Psychologists can earn one of three doctoral degrees: the PhD, PsyD, and EdD. a    This section explains the differences between these degrees.

PhD - Doctorate of Philosophy

Although the word “doctor” is usually associated with a doctor of medicine or MD, the PhD or doctorate of philosophy has existed for almost as long. The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the most recognized of the doctoral degrees in psychology. The “P” in PhD is for “philosophy” because the degree originates in ancient Greece where every academic subject was philosophy-based.

PhD programs accredited by the American Psychological Association typically follow a “scientist-practitioner model.” This model places roughly equal importance on (a) clinical research and the application of scientific principles and (b) the integration of psychological science and practice. Clinical training typically integrates newer evidence-based therapeutic techniques with a foundation of established scientifically-supported treatments and assessment.

PhD programs are designed to create psychologists who can not only understand and apply research, but conduct it. A dissertation involving research is required for the degree. Most PhD programs require a dissertation to be comprised of “original research” by the candidate – i.e. the candidate will design the study, collect his or her own data, analyze the data using statistics, and report on the results. Many schools require an oral and/or written exam before the student can begin the dissertation process. The oral exam usually consists of a presentation defending one’s dissertation proposal.

Although many psychology jobs are available, a PhD provides advanced career opportunities and salary progressions that other degrees do not qualify for. The PhD allows psychologists to mix professional practice with teaching and research. The degree usually takes from six to eight years to complete, including supervised contact with patients in the form of two or more part-time fieldwork or practica placements and a one-year full-time internship.

PsyD - Doctorate of Psychology

Many people are not familiar with the Doctorate of Psychology Degree (PsyD) since it is a newer designation than the more familiar PhD. The “Psy” indicates psychology, and the “D” denotes a doctor. The PsyD movement began in the 1960s because too few psychologists with PhDs were entering private practice, preferring instead to pursue careers in research or academia. The first PsyD program began in 1968 at the University of Illinois. The PsyD focuses on theories and practical applications for clinical work as opposed to quantitative research. The PsyD has therefore become an option for students who want a career in therapeutic practice.

The American Psychological Association accredits both PhD and PsyD programs. The PsyD curriculum specifically trains students to become therapists, as opposed to the research focus of a traditional PhD program. Most programs require a dissertation or dissertation-like project, but students cover a wider range of topics than those allowed in PhD programs. PsyD dissertations can include original research, but also are permitted to include literature reviews and case studies. The PsyD degree also differs from a PhD in the amount time it takes to complete the program. A PhD degree typically takes about six to eight years of full-time study to complete; whereas the PsyD usually takes between four to six years.

PsyD programs are not without their critics. Many PsyD programs are housed at free-standing schools — that is, unaffiliated with an established university, and as a result, tend to accept more applicants than extremely selective PhD programs. On average, PsyD programs accept 41% of applicants, compared with 11% for PhD programs. b  PsyD graduates also on average score lower on professional psychologist licensing exams. b,c

EdD - Doctorate of Education

Harvard University was the first school to award the EdD degree in 1920 and soon afterwards, other major universities began to follow suit. The EdD arose from the need for a doctoral practitioner in education, as opposed to a research-orientated doctoral degree in psychology.

As with any other advanced degree, the EdD requires an oral exam and a doctoral exam before completing the program. This program takes about 96 credit hours, about six years’ full-time study, to complete. Formal internships and practicum are required. Most of the courses in an EdD program are focused on the application of psychology, with some credits based on statistical methods and quantitative research analysis. Most schools do not require a previous Master’s or Bachelor’s degree in Psychology for admission to the program.

Most jobs offered to EdD degree holders are offered through the Department of Education. The EdD is traditionally regarded in academia and still does not carry as much weight outside of the profession. In terms of acceptance, some insurance companies will not pay for mental health services rendered by a practitioner with an EdD, although that is changing.

a Material for this section provided by the article “Differences between PhD, PsyD, and EdD” on the website professionaldevelopmentpath.com

b From the January 11, 2010 Los Angeles Times article by Eric Jaffe “ The PsyD degree versus the PhD ”

c Statistics provided by the document Psychology Licensing Exam Scores by Doctoral Program, 21 st edition published by the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB).

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American Profession Guide

Comparing psychologist credentials: psyd vs. phd in the us.

Last Updated on January 27, 2024

Introduction

Brief explanation of the importance of psychologist credentials in the us.

In the United States, the credentials of psychologists bear paramount importance, shaping the landscape of mental health services, research endeavors, and public trust.

The diverse roles psychologists play in society underscore the significance of understanding the distinctions in their credentials.

Thesis statement: This blog post aims to compare the credentials of PsyD and PhD psychologists in the US.

This blog post serves as an illuminating guide, delving into a comprehensive comparison of the credentials held by PsyD and PhD psychologists in the US.

By unraveling the nuances between these qualifications, we aim to equip both aspiring psychologists and the public with facilitating informed decisions in the pursuit of mental health services and the advancement of the field.

Join us on this exploration as we navigate the intricate terrain of psychologist credentials, unraveling their impact on professional practice and the realm of psychological research and services in the United States.

Overview of PsyD Degree

Definition and purpose of a psyd degree.

The PsyD degree, or Doctor of Psychology, is a professional degree that focuses on clinical practice.

It is designed to prepare individuals for careers as practicing psychologists rather than research-oriented careers.

The purpose of the PsyD degree is to train psychologists who can apply psychological principles in real-world settings.

Emphasis on practical application and clinical training

One key feature of the PsyD degree is the emphasis on practical application and clinical training.

Unlike the PhD, which focuses more on research and academic pursuits, the PsyD curriculum is centered around building clinical skills.

Students in PsyD programs spend a significant amount of time in supervised clinical practice, gaining hands-on experience.

Curriculum and coursework

The curriculum of a PsyD program typically includes core courses in areas like psychopathology, assessment, and interventions.

Students also take specialized courses in areas such as child psychology, neuropsychology, or counseling.

In addition to coursework, PsyD students are required to complete a certain number of supervised clinical hours and a doctoral dissertation or capstone project.

Accreditation requirements for PsyD programs

To ensure quality and consistency, PsyD programs must meet specific accreditation requirements.

The main accrediting body for professional psychology programs in the US is the American Psychological Association (APA).

Accredited programs must adhere to rigorous standards in areas such as curriculum, faculty qualifications, and student support services.

Benefits of a PsyD degree

• Practical focus prepares graduates for directly applying psychological knowledge in their careers.
• Extensive clinical training provides hands-on experience and prepares students for clinical practice.
• Flexibility in choosing areas of specialization allows students to tailor their education to their interests or career goals.

Considerations for choosing a PsyD program

• Research opportunities may be more limited compared to PhD programs.
• PsyD programs tend to be more expensive than PhD programs because of the focus on clinical training.
• It is essential to ensure that the program is accredited by the APA to guarantee quality education and professional recognition.

In short, the PsyD degree offers a practical and hands-on approach to studying psychology.

It is focused on training practitioners who excel in providing psychological services in various settings.

While it may not provide as much research training as a PhD program, the PsyD degree is ideal for individuals aspiring to work directly with clients in a clinical or counseling capacity.

Overview of PhD Degree

Definition and purpose of a phd degree.

A PhD degree, or Doctor of Philosophy, is an advanced academic degree that emphasizes research and the acquisition of in-depth knowledge in a specific field.

Emphasis on Research, Theory, and Academic Knowledge

PhD programs focus on developing expertise in research methodologies, advanced theoretical concepts, and critical analysis of existing knowledge in order to contribute to the field.

Curriculum and Coursework

PhD programs typically involve a combination of rigorous coursework, comprehensive exams, and the completion of a dissertation.

• Coursework: Students are required to take a range of courses related to their field of study.
• Comprehensive Exams: Students must pass comprehensive exams that test their knowledge in their area of specialization.
• Dissertation: The culmination of a PhD program is the completion and defense of a dissertation, which is an original research project.

Accreditation Requirements for PhD Programs

Accreditation ensures that PhD programs meet certain standards of quality and rigor. There are various accrediting bodies in the US, such as:

• The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME): Accreditation for PhD programs in clinical psychology
• The American Psychological Association (APA): Accreditation for PhD programs in psychology
• The Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH): Accreditation for PhD programs in public health

Accreditation requirements may vary depending on the field of study and the specific program.

However, generally, they assess factors such as faculty qualifications, curriculum design, resources and facilities, and student outcomes.

Accreditation provides credibility and ensures that students receive a high-quality education.

In general, a PhD degree in the US is an advanced academic degree that focuses on research, theory, and the acquisition of in-depth knowledge in a specific field.

PhD programs typically involve coursework, comprehensive exams, and the completion of a dissertation. It is important for these programs to be accredited to ensure quality and credibility.

Read: Therapists’ Role in Addressing Social Issues and Advocacy

Comparative Analysis

Differences in career paths and opportunities.

• PsyD and PhD holders have distinct career paths and opportunities.
• PsyD programs focus more on clinical practice, making graduates suitable for careers in counseling and therapy.
• PhD programs emphasize research, making graduates more inclined towards academic and research-based careers.
• PsyD holders can work as licensed psychologists in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, and private practices.
• PhD holders can pursue careers as professors, researchers, consultants, or work in government and industry.
• Both PsyD and PhD holders can obtain licenses to practice independently as psychologists in the US.

Variations in training and education focus

• PsyD programs provide significant practical training and clinical experience.
• PhD programs offer a balance between research skills and practical training.
• PsyD curriculum primarily focuses on developing therapeutic skills, assessment techniques, and clinical interventions.
• PhD curriculum includes research methodology, data analysis, and advanced theoretical knowledge.
• PsyD students often engage in practical placements, supervised internships, and clinical rotations.
• PhD students conduct original research, write dissertations, and complete teaching assistantships.

Contrasting perspectives on the balance between research and practice

• PsyD programs prioritize clinical practice and direct client interaction.
• PhD programs emphasize research methodologies, data analysis, and contribution to existing knowledge.
• PsyD graduates tend to focus more on providing therapy and intervention to individuals and groups.
• PhD graduates usually balance their time between research activities, teaching responsibilities, and clinical work if desired.
• PsyD programs value evidence-based practices and staying up-to-date with recent developments in the field.
• PhD programs emphasize critical thinking, research design, and advancing scientific knowledge.

Impact on potential salaries and earnings

• Potential salaries and earnings may vary between PsyD and PhD holders.
• PsyD holders often earn salaries comparable to those with master’s degrees in psychology.
• PhD holders can earn higher salaries due to increased opportunities in academia and high-level research positions.
• Salaries for licensed psychologists, regardless of the degree, can vary depending on experience, specialization, and location.
• PsyD holders can earn more in private practice settings, especially with a developed client base.
• PhD holders may have additional income from research grants, consulting, and publishing.

Basically, while both PsyD and PhD degrees in psychology offer fulfilling careers, there are clear distinctions in terms of career paths, training focus, perspectives on research, and potential earning opportunities.

It is essential for individuals to carefully consider their interests, goals, and preferred work environments when choosing between these two options.

Read: Continuing Education: The Path to Advanced Therapist Specialties

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Factors to Consider

Personal career goals and interests.

When choosing between a PsyD and a PhD in psychology, it is important to consider your personal career goals and interests.

• Determine whether you are more interested in a career focused on research or clinical practice.
• Reflect on whether you see yourself in academia, working in private practice, or in a healthcare setting.
• Consider the specific areas of psychology that you are passionate about and want to specialize in.

Research or clinical orientation

Another factor to consider when comparing PsyD and PhD credentials is the type of orientation you prefer.

• If you are inclined towards research, a PhD program may be more suitable as it provides intensive training in research methods.
• A PsyD program, on the other hand, focuses more on clinical skills and practical training.

Preferred work setting and population

Your preferred work setting and the population you want to work with can affect your choice between a PsyD and a PhD.

• If you have a strong desire to work with a specific population like children, couples, or individuals with specific disorders, consider which degree is better suited for that area of practice.
• Research the requirements for the specific work settings you are interested in, such as hospitals, schools, or private practices, to determine if one degree is preferred over the other.

Assessment of financial implications

Financial implications play a crucial role in the decision-making process when comparing psychologist credentials.

• Analyze the cost of each program, including tuition, fees, and living expenses.
• Investigate scholarship and financial aid opportunities specific to each program.
• Consider the potential salary difference between a PsyD and a PhD, and how it aligns with your financial goals.

Over all, when deciding between a PsyD and a PhD, it is essential to evaluate your personal career goals, clinical orientation, preferred work setting and population, and the financial implications of each program.

Take the time to research and consider all factors to make an informed decision that aligns with your aspirations and interests in the field of psychology.

Read: Job Satisfaction and Burnout Rates Among US Psychologists

Similarities and Overlapping Competencies

When comparing psychologist credentials, specifically PsyD and PhD in the US, it is important to look at the similarities and overlapping competencies between the two degrees.

While there are some differences in training and focus, there are also many areas where PsyD and PhD holders share common expertise.

Areas where PsyD and PhD holders share common expertise

• Clinical Assessment
• Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
• Psychotherapy
• Research Methods and Design
• Ethical and Legal Issues

Both PsyD and PhD programs provide training in essential areas of psychology.

These include clinical assessment, diagnosis and treatment planning, psychotherapy , research methods and design, as well as ethical and legal issues.

Regardless of the degree pursued, psychologists need to have a solid foundation in these areas to provide effective and evidence-based psychological services.

Examples of transferable skills and knowledge

• Strong observational and analytical skills
• Ability to critically evaluate research studies
• Effective communication and rapport-building with clients
• Understanding of human behavior and psychological theories

Psychologists with either a PsyD or a PhD possess a range of transferable skills and knowledge that can benefit them in various settings.

They have strong observational and analytical skills, allowing them to assess and understand complex psychological issues.

They are also trained to critically evaluate research studies, enabling them to stay updated with the latest advancements in the field.

Additionally, psychologists excel in effective communication and rapport-building, which helps establish trust and therapeutic alliances with clients.

Lastly, both PsyD and PhD holders have a deep understanding of human behavior and psychological theories, enabling them to apply their knowledge in diverse professional contexts

Flexibilities in career choices

• Both PsyD and PhD holders can work in clinical settings such as hospitals, mental health centers, and private practices
• Opportunities in academia as professors or researchers
• Consultation work for organizations, government agencies, or forensic settings
• Leadership roles in psychology associations or professional organizations

Both PsyD and PhD holders have numerous career options available to them.

They can work in clinical settings such as hospitals, mental health centers, and private practices, providing therapy and conducting assessments.

Psychologists with either degree can also pursue opportunities in academia, working as professors who educate the next generation of psychologists or conducting research to contribute to the field.

Additionally, both PsyD and PhD holders are well-equipped for consultation work, providing expertise to organizations, government agencies, or forensic settings.

Finally, psychologists with advanced degrees often have the opportunity to take on leadership roles in psychology associations or professional organizations, influencing the field and advocating for the profession.

In short, while there are specific differences between PsyD and PhD degrees in psychology, there are also significant areas of overlap in terms of competencies and expertise.

The shared training and knowledge allow psychologists to have a solid foundation in the essential areas of the field and develop transferable skills that can be applied in various professional contexts.

Both degrees provide flexibility in career choices, offering opportunities in clinical settings, academia, consultation work, and leadership roles.

Ultimately, the choice between a PsyD and a PhD should be based on individual interests, career goals, and preferred training focus.

Read: The Ethical Responsibilities of Therapists in the U.S.

A recap of the key differences and similarities between PsyD and PhD credentials

• PsyD and PhD both require extensive education and training in psychology.
• PhD programs emphasize research and academia, while PsyD programs focus on clinical practice.
• PhD holders are more likely to pursue careers in research and teaching, whereas PsyD holders typically work in clinical settings.

Encouragement for readers to carefully evaluate their own goals and preferences before deciding on a path

Choosing between a PsyD and a PhD should be based on individual career aspirations and personal interests.

Final remarks on the growing importance of psychologists with diverse qualifications and expertise in the US healthcare system

As the demand for mental health services continues to rise, psychologists with both PsyD and PhD credentials play vital roles in addressing the diverse needs of the population.

It is essential to have a well-rounded healthcare system that encompasses various perspectives and approaches to effectively serve the community.

By considering the unique strengths and differences offered by PsyD and PhD credentials, individuals can make informed choices that align with their professional goals, ensuring a successful and rewarding career in psychology.

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What Is a PhD in Psychology Degree?

For many professionals, reaching the pinnacle of education in psychology means earning a PhD in Psychology. This doctoral-level degree signifies that a person has completed a rigorous course of study in various aspects of human psychology and is qualified to work in many high-level roles within psychology, whether in academia or clinical settings.

A PhD in Psychology represents the highest possible academic achievement in the field, whether the individual focuses on neuroscience, behavior or other areas of psychology, and a PhD in Psychology differs from another popular psychology doctorate, a PsyD degree , in a few critical ways.

What are the key components of a PhD in Psychology, how does the degree differ from a PsyD, what types of jobs are available for those with a psychology doctorate, and what are some program options for interested learners?

Psychology Doctorate Options

Regardless of the doctoral path a person chooses, most programs require doctorate-seekers to have earned a master’s degree in an applicable field, though some programs may offer joint-degree paths.

Both a Ph.D. in Psychology and a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) enable people to work in the highest degree levels of psychology , the degree types have some key differences. For instance, a PhD in Psychology tends to be a more academically rigorous program, including aggressive training in research, while a PsyD tends to have a stronger clinical focus.

Here are a few of the other main distinctions:

In short, if your ultimate career goal is to work directly with clients and you have little to no interest in furthering the study of psychology or publishing peer-reviewed work in the field, a PsyD may be the better option. But a PhD is still considered in many quarters to be a more prestigious degree.

SEE ALSO:   PhD vs PsyD in Psychology

A Ph.D. does not relegate you to the research lab, though. Individuals with a Ph.D. in Psychology in most states can practice as clinical psychologists, school psychologists or in other specialties within psychology in addition to being qualified to teach undergraduate and graduate students alike. In other words, the degree may provide broader career options than its PsyD counterpart.

Costs & Program Length

While each university’s Ph.D. in Psychology program is unique, most programs will require about six years, and many of them must be taken full-time. But given the rigorousness of Ph.D. programs, that should come as no surprise. Remember that the degree is designed to provide an in-depth understanding of psychology and the research that’s been done in the field to date, so this is not a quick degree option.

SEE ALSO:  8 Most Affordable Online Psychology Ph.D. Programs 2019

Your individual interests and the particular school you choose will also play a part in determining how long it’ll take to complete your degree. Many universities offer several different Ph.D. in Psychology degrees that have variable timetables, even though they’re offered by the same institution.

Typical Ph.D. in Psychology students will be able to complete their doctoral work in about six years, but it’s important to remember that many colleges and universities set maximum time limits as well, with some schools terminating enrollment if students haven’t finished their degrees in a set amount of time. This practice varies by school, as does the max limit, with some schools setting a seven-year limit and others extending beyond that.

The cost of a Ph.D. in Psychology degree, like the overall length of programs, varies by institution and specialty being pursued. According to an analysis by the American Psychological Association, median in-state doctoral tuition was nearly $11,000 per year, with median out-of-state doctoral tuition coming in at $24,000 per year. Private institutions, as you would expect, are even more expensive, with median annual doctoral tuition rising to about $34,000.

However, Ph.D. students are much more likely than lower-level students to secure teaching assistantships and have at least part of their tuition covered, with about 8 in 10 of advanced doctoral students at public institutions receiving a full tuition waiver. Research assistantships also are widely available for doctoral students, with about two-thirds of private doctoral students having their tuition fully covered.

PhD in Psychology Jobs

With a Ph.D. in Psychology, an individual is prepared for a huge range of jobs in psychology, throughout the public and private sectors and in a range of work settings, from academia to the military and everything in between.

SEE ALSO:  50+ Highest Paying Psychology Careers

The job outlook for psychologists is bright , with employment projected to grow by 14% through 2026, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This growth rate is double the rate projected for all occupations in the U.S. economy. As public acceptance of the need for psychological services continues to grow and access to these services expands, the demand for psychologists looks to remain strong into the next decade.

Percentage change in employment by occupation, 2016-2026

In addition to a healthy outlook in terms of job availability, a PhD in Psychology also is a solid investment from a sheer dollar standpoint, with salaries for psychologists topping six figures.

Annual median wage by occupation

Salaries for clinical psychologists are strongest in California, though several other states and the District of Columbia also boast relatively high wages for these roles.

Annual median wage by state, clinical, counseling and school psychologists, top 10

The availability of clinical psychologist jobs is strongest on the East Coast, with five of the top 10 states in either New England or on the East Coast.

SEE ALSO:  Average Clinical Psychologist Salary by State

Clinical, school or counseling psychologist employment per 1,000 jobs, top 10 states

Best PhD in Psychology Programs

Choosing a PhD in Psychology program involves considering dozens of factors, including areas of focus, faculty, cost, program length and many others. But the good news is that in all but one state, there’s at least one PhD in Psychology program that’s accredited by the American Psychological Association, and most states are home to multiple programs the APA accredits. (The two APA-accredited programs in New Hampshire offer only PsyD degrees).

SEE ALSO:   Best Online PsyD Degree Programs

Depending on your state’s licensing process for clinical psychologists , it may not be necessary to earn a degree from an APA-accredited program , but that’s one important way to ensure the degree you’re about to invest in meets industry standards and will be seen regardless of where you seek employment as a prestigious degree.

Three of the five highest-rated PhD in Psychology programs, according to U.S. News and World Report, are in California, and the Ivy League boasts three of the top 10.

Highest-rated PhD in Psychology programs in U.S. News and World Report, top 10

While it’s pretty much an ancient field, the understanding of human psychology seems to evolve by the day. For individuals who have a passion for understanding the reasons why people do what they do, earning a Ph.D. in Psychology means they can contribute to the growing understanding of human behavior as well as make an impact in day-to-day lives.

Additional References

• American Psychological Association, APA-Accredited Programs. (Undated.) Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/ed/accreditation/programs/
• American Psychological Association, Summary Report, Graduate Study in Psychology 2016: Tuition and Financial Aid. (2016.) Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/education/grad/survey-data/2016-tuition-financial-aid
• U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics Query System. (Undated.) Accessed from https://data.bls.gov/oes/#/home
• U.S. News and World Report, Best Psychology Schools. (2017.) Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-humanities-schools/psychology-rankings

Understanding Psychological Degrees

Breaking down the acronyms and degree designations you'll encounter..

Posted December 5, 2019 | Reviewed by Ekua Hagan

Congratulations! You decided you would benefit from therapy . In and of itself, this is no easy feat, which requires a great deal of self-reflection and curiosity into your own mind.

You Google “therapists near you” and a bunch of letters and degrees come up: M.D., Ph.D., Psy.D, LCSW…the list goes on. Truly, it is ridiculous that a person outside of the field of psychology is expected to know what each of these degrees and modalities mean without several hours of research. So here are some short cuts to help you.

Ph.D. : This is a doctorate degree. Most therapists will have this degree in clinical or counseling psychology if they are a practicing clinician. What this means is that they went to school for approximately 5-7 years, studied both research and clinical practice, wrote a dissertation, and participated in a number of clinical rotations to prepare them for graduation and licensing. This person should not only have knowledge of the current field of practicing clinical psychology, but also the current research in the field and how to interpret and implement that work, for example through a variety of evidence-based practices.

M.D. : This is also a doctorate degree, but also a physician. This person went to medical school. Most MDs in the mental health field are psychiatrists, and are allowed to prescribe psychotropic medication which may or may not be helpful in supplementing therapy. There are some psychiatrists who also do therapy, but this is not necessarily the norm. Most psychiatrists hold shorter appointments than that of a psychologist, and may meet with you less frequently.

PsyD : This is also a doctorate degree. This person will have also gone to school for approximately five years, but most PsyD training programs lack the research component of that of a Ph.D. program. PsyD degrees are beginning to be compared in the same way a DO and MD are said to be related (and unrelated) to one another in the medical field. This person is a doctor and likely just as capable as providing treatment as a Ph.D.

Licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) : This person has a master's degree in social work. This means they went to school for two years, and participated in a number of clinical rotations to prepare them for licensure. Social workers don’t receive as much training as those with a doctorate, but will be knowledgeable about various kinds of therapy and capable to implement them. There is a wide range of positions that an individual with a social work degree can perform, but a licensed clinical social worker likely obtained this license with the goal of becoming a clinical practitioner.

So when choosing the right practitioner, do your research on their credentials and degree information. It will definitely be worth your while.

Stay Curious,

Konstantin Lukin, Ph.D. , is a psychologist in private practice who specializes in helping men and couples achieve their therapeutic goals.

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Whats your Grief

Therapist Credentials: What do all those letters mean?

For Professionals / For Professionals : Eleanor Haley

For further articles on these topics:

Sometimes I feel like I need a decoder ring to understand therapist credentials.  You too?  Seriously, who knew?

Should you even care about all those letters?  Are they important?  Is it just a way to make therapists feel important?  Good questions!  Basically, those letters are just identifiers to let you know what kind of education, license, and certifications a therapist has.  This is one factor you may choose to take into consideration when searching for the mental health professional who's right for you.

A little while ago Litsa put together a super helpful guide for understanding mental health credentials and we're posting it here for you to use as a reference.  If you are looking for a therapist or counselor, have previously searched for one, or are open to the possibility of some day seeing one, this post should prove helpful.  Though this is not an exhaustive list,  it should be a pretty good place to start with knowing what those letters mean.

Psychiatrist

MD (they will have Dr. before their name)

Training:  Medical School

Quick tips:  In an outpatient setting psychiatrists typically focus on medication management, and often work with another practitioner (below) who handles the therapy. 

Psychologist: Doctorate Level

PhD, PsyD, EdD (they will also have Dr. before their name)

Training:  completion of a PhD, PsyD, or EdD program in psychology.  All degrees require clinical field experience and dissertations, though a PsyD or EdD is typically more clinically focused, while a PhD is more research focused.

Quick tips:  Though PhDs are often doing research, some offer therapy and private practice.  Many of these individuals will have a very specific area of interest or expertise, which can be great if their interest matches your needs!  They cannot prescribe medications, but may work with a psychiatrist who does medication management.

Find a psychologist here:  https://locator.apa.org/

Psychologist: Masters Level

MA, MS, LGPC, LCPC

Training : completion of a masters program in psychology, counseling psychology, mental health counseling, or a closely related field.  Those with an “L” have completed licensure requirements which may involve state board exams and supervision hours.

Quick tips:  These practitioners can diagnose, offer counseling, and many practice a range of different therapeutic approaches.  They may have additional certifications based on their specific area of interest or experience (even more letters after their name).  They cannot prescribe medications, but may work with a psychiatrist who does medication management.

Social Worker

MSW, LGSW, LCSW, LMSW, LCSW-C, LISW, LSW (and probably more, as this varies depending on state license, but will always involve an “SW”)

Training : completion of a masters program in clinical social work.  Those with an “L” have completed licensure requirements which may involve state board exams and supervision hours.

Quick tips : These practitioners can diagnose, offer counseling, and many practice a range of different therapeutic approaches.  They may have additional certifications based on their specific area of interest or experience (even more letters after their name).  They cannot prescribe medications, but may work with a psychiatrist who does medication management.

Find a social worker here:  https://www.helppro.com/

Marriage and Family Therapist

MA, MFT, LMFT, LCMFT

Training:  completion of a masters program in Marriage and Family Therapy.  Those with an “L” have completed licensure requirements which may involve state board exams and supervision hours.

Find an MFT here:  www.therapistloctator.net

Pastoral Counseling

MA, CCPT, CpastC, NCPC, NCCA

Training:  completion of a masters program in Pastoral Counseling or Pastoral Therapy.  These programs typically involve a combination of coursework in therapeutic approaches and clinical counseling skills in combination with theology, spiritual counseling, and pastoral care/chaplaincy. 

Quick tips:  This is a specific degree program that differentiates a pastoral counselor from a priest, pastor, or clergy person who may provide informal spiritual support. These practitioners can offer licensed counseling services, and many practice a range of different therapeutic approaches.  Many pastoral counselors work in hospital or hospice chaplaincy, in ministry, institutions of higher education, or individual clinical practice. 

Some professionals have their advanced degrees, then they get even more letters.  These are typically for certifications obtained through a particular accreditation body or through advanced training and/or testing in a specific clinical area.   If your counselor has addition certifications, ask about it.  A quick google search should give your more information about the specific certification program if you are interested.

Please keep in mind, what type of education, license, and certification they have is less likely to impact whether they are a good fit for you as what kind of therapy they practice and their personality.  Click here to learn about what types of therapy people practice.  If you aren't happy with your progress in therapy, let your therapist know.  Give it a few visits, but if it clearly isn't a good fit,  find someone new.  Like any other human relationship, sometimes people just are not a match!

Subscribe to Whats Your Grief for more helpful information about seeking out counselors and therapists.  

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48 comments on "therapist credentials: what do all those letters mean".

Aurea Baig   March 6, 2023 at 9:32 am Reply

Hello. Thank you very much for the great articleinformation! Loveappreciate to read more about this subject!

Danial   November 26, 2022 at 11:49 am Reply

Thanks so much for your question! It is definitely never too late to pursue a career as a counselor, plus there’s an extremely high demand for counselors at the moment.

No matter which issues you would like to help clients deal with, most aspiring therapists start with a regular Bachelor’s degree in Psychology which is often followed by a Master’s degree. Depending on where you live, this education can take 3-6 years. Some countries may not require a Master’s degree but rather specific therapist training. Once you have completed your education, you can start specializing in different niches such as Anger Management or Marriage Counseling.

I hope this helps! Best of luck 🙂

-Caroline | Community Manager

Olivia S   October 14, 2022 at 1:07 pm Reply

Thank you for explaining more about the kind of training for a psychiatrist. My daughter is looking for someone to help her with her depression. I’ll have to share this with her so she it can help her figure out what would be best for her (URL removed per site guidelines)

Cami   February 15, 2022 at 12:08 pm Reply

What does the initials LMC after a therapist name mean?

Litsa   July 16, 2022 at 8:33 pm Reply

I’m not familiar with this credential and can’t find anything online, so your best bet would be to ask them

jess   September 22, 2022 at 12:34 am Reply

Licensed Marriage Counselor – typically old school for Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist

Olivia Smart   November 22, 2021 at 3:20 pm Reply

Thank you for explaining that those with an “L” have completed the licensure requirements for Marriage and Family Therapy. My friend is thinking about going to a marriage counsellor to help with her and her husband’s relationship. I’ll be sure to pass this on so that she can check to see if it’s there when they meet her.

David bell   October 25, 2020 at 1:48 am Reply

What is NLP stand for and IMS psychologist the full words

Brit   July 24, 2021 at 7:55 pm Reply

Neurolinguistic Practitioner (or possibly “psychologist or psychotherapist”).

Susan Bryan   June 25, 2020 at 10:30 am Reply

Please add LPC – Licensed Professional Counselor to your list!

Thanks, Susan, LPC – Hospice Bereavement Coordinator/Counselor

Bruce mcclay   June 19, 2020 at 10:00 am Reply

what do theses letter after a name mean MC MDiv RP

Ben Russ   May 15, 2020 at 3:36 am Reply

Awesome! Thanks for the great article. Im a kind of confused of some abbreviations.

Priya Mathew   January 30, 2020 at 1:45 pm Reply

Hi, I know this was mentioned in a previous comment but please add LPC and LPC-Interns Counselors to your list! I think including it under psychology could lead to a lot of confusion for individuals without a clinical background. Thank you!

shafaq Afroz   January 21, 2020 at 4:38 am Reply

Hi, it is very great article but What does the initials behind a therapist name mean?

KT   November 16, 2019 at 4:40 pm Reply

My new therapist has the letters BM after her name. What does that mean?

Jim   September 19, 2019 at 2:01 pm Reply

Curious? Why are there no Licensed Professional Counselor or counselor credentials presented?

Eleanor Haley   September 19, 2019 at 2:10 pm Reply

There are – both pastoral counselors in that section, and under counseling psychology, whi are professional counselors. Because names vary state to state we don’t list every exact variation, but we mention LCPCs specifically and pastoral, who fall under the professional counseling boards.

mel   August 7, 2019 at 12:17 pm Reply

What does MCP mean after a counselor’s name?

J   February 12, 2021 at 8:52 am Reply

MCP is Master of Counselling Psychology or Master of Clinical Psychology depending on your region.

dunazee   July 14, 2019 at 11:57 am Reply

I posted before proofing. What I meant to say was this for the second paragraph:

So as an example, the name of a female chiropractor who is also a dentist might look like this: “Dr. Jane Jones, D.C., D.D.S.” A male who is a lawyer and the second in his family with the same first name might be “Mr. John Smith, Jr., Esq.”

(Grammar counts: “Let’s eat, Grandma!” is not the same as “Let’s eat Grandma!”)

Lauren   June 21, 2019 at 11:01 am Reply

What does SASA stand for?? I’ve googled everywhere

mel   August 7, 2019 at 12:18 pm Reply

Spousal Abuse Sexual Assault? What is the context in which this acronym is used?

Colleen   May 8, 2019 at 11:05 pm Reply

I am a LMHC in NY. I am applying for LPC in Texas. I am a bit confused on application form, asking my Title before my name and asked for Suffix after my name, what would Title and Suffix refer to, thanks

Mel LaBelle III   September 10, 2019 at 12:53 pm Reply

Title is the abbreviation of what you are referred to: Dr. / Ms. / Mrs. / Mr. / Mz. Suffix is an abbreviation of what you may have at the end of your name: Jr. / III / IV

Patrick Morris   April 15, 2019 at 7:09 am Reply

Thank you to whoever published this website. I found it helpful to understand a number of acronyms that I did not know or had yet to hear. I am not a therapist – I am a patient. I believe all information written/discussed above is meant to be helpful. However, even having been raised by a parent with an MD and having had the fortune to speak with many MDs, PhDs, MAs, LCPCs (etc.) I still found some of the information to be a little confusing. I apologize for not having any specific question for you to answer. I just wanted to alert you that a lot of patients/people in need may visit this site looking for exact recommendations based on advice from a misinformed friend/coworker/spouse and may not get past the clinical information to discover the person that can help them. People look for “answers” (a poor term for people seeking therapy as there may be no actual answer in the end) on the internet and I would hope that this site would at least make one of its priorities to aid potential patients in finding relief.

Thank you for your time,

Kaylene   December 10, 2018 at 3:31 am Reply

For an instance you might notice a player having dropped back or slump who’s not assured or retaining a weakened hand, while a person who’s very heedful and rests construct may represent a strong hand.

Winston Jones   October 15, 2018 at 1:52 pm Reply

Can you tell me what the letters {RRE} stand for after a person’s name please Regards W Jones

Ali   September 18, 2018 at 12:21 am Reply

I have a quick question… I graduated from NCU with my Masters of Art in Marriage and Family Therapy but I am not licensed. What would my credentials be since I am not licensed? Would it be Name, MA, MFT? Or just Name, MA? I’m lost and don’t know what to put on my business card for work. Thanks for your help!

James   May 7, 2019 at 6:13 pm Reply

You can put your name, MA. If you register for licensure you may be able to put AMFT (Associate Marriage & Family Therapist), depending on your state. I hope this helps.

Lynette Brooks   August 22, 2018 at 8:10 pm Reply

What does the A.S. behind LCPC mean?

Karen   July 29, 2018 at 3:28 pm Reply

What does the initials behind a therapist name mean? ACMHC. He also has MC (Masters of Counseling) and DC( Doctor of Chiropractor)

Jason Michael ANDREWS   May 1, 2018 at 1:46 pm Reply

This is terrible misinformation. Therapy generally refers to a licensed counselor and while each state has different titles they constitute a huge bulk of “therapists”. they are not psychologist, and in fact are prohibited from using the word psychologist. They are licensed by a different board than psychologist, they have different educational classes and requirements. The APA does not recognize counseling unless it’s specially counseling psychology. Therefore if you want to provide quality information you need to add a category called professional counselor. Lac lpc nce nbcc etc

Monica Turner   April 13, 2018 at 3:52 pm Reply

I have two masters degree, one is in Organization Development and the other is in Social Work. I also have my license as a master level social worker. What is everyone thoughts on me putting MS, LMSW has my credentials?

Myna   December 21, 2017 at 3:03 am Reply

Where does an ED.S. fit in?

HJameson   August 11, 2016 at 1:17 pm Reply

I agree you forgot an entire group of therapists/counselors. If you are from California, it makes sense because they didn’t have a license like this until the law passed in 2009. Those licenses are: LPCC, LPC, LMHC, to include just a few, every state unfortunately does it differently and it is very confusing. These licensees tend to have Master’s degrees in Clinica or Counseling psychology have gone through a practicum and sometimes a paid infers hip. They also have to work supervised for several years in order to obtain their license not to mention pass exams. Just wanted you to know.

Eleanor   August 11, 2016 at 1:22 pm Reply

I believe what you’re referring to are therapists/counselors that would fall under the “Psychologist: Masters Level” listed above. In our state they are LCPC’s but as you indicated they can have different titles in different states. Obviously it’s impossible for us to list them all, but perhaps we could add a footnote indicating they have different titles in different states.

Kelly   October 30, 2018 at 2:32 pm

Would it really be that hard to list them all? There’s only 50 states and that would provide correct information to those who are looking for it.

Marty Tousley @GriefHealing   October 25, 2014 at 2:14 pm Reply

I think it’s also important to note that not every psychiatrist or psychotherapist is educated, trained and experienced in death, dying and bereavement. Grief therapy and grief counseling are specialties in and of themselves, beyond a graduate or doctorate degree. When seeking therapy or counseling specifically aimed at grief, consumers are wise to look for professionals who are experienced and skilled in that particular field, and preferably certified by a national organization such as the Association for Death Education and Counselors. See “Seeing A Specialist in Grief Counseling: Does It Matter?” https://j.mp/Rx6nI0

Litsa   October 25, 2014 at 2:19 pm Reply

Agreed Marty! Thanks for bringing up that fantastic point – no matter what the credentials of the counselor you choose, finding someone who knows grief is crucial.

Anike Adekoya   October 25, 2014 at 1:50 pm Reply

Thank you for this post. A few notes: 1) This page currently lists an incorrect link to the MFT directory. It should be: therapistlocator.net

2) Commenter Matt is misinformed: MFTs are well-trained and cleared to diagnose mental health issues. Where there are questions beyond our scope, MFTs are encouraged to seek consultation (e.g., medical).

3) Our education/licensure requirements are especially stringent within the mental health community. As a Master’s level MFT (there are also doctoral MFTs), I graduated with far more than the minimum COAMFTE-required 500 hours of direct client contact in addition to numerous hours of indirect/administrative work (not all mental health fields have to meet this standard). I had several internships spanning more than two years. I taught in the behavioral sciences department for the duration of my program. I (co)wrote several publishable research papers, including a quantitative thesis.

I do not say all of this to boast or be argumentative; my story is not unique among MFTs, and that is the point. In any field, there is good, bad, and in-between, but it seems that most MFTs are competent practitioners (and/or researchers) dedicated to their clientele.

Below is a link to information from the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. It is important for consumers to be informed about the education/training of their practitioners.

http://www.aamft.org/iMIS15/AAMFT/Content/consumer_updates/marriage_and_family_therapists.aspx

Respectfully, Anike

Litsa   October 25, 2014 at 2:33 pm Reply

The link I have for MFTs in the post above is therapistlocator.net, in the section about MFTs. If there is somewhere else you saw a different link please let me know.

I believe what we say about MFTs in the above post is accurate and consistent with what you describe, but thanks for your clarification in response to the other comment.

I will echo what Marty said in her comment, which is that finding someone experienced in grief counseling specifically is one of the most important things. And of course, like dating, finding the person who is the right fit for you!

Matt   March 18, 2014 at 7:19 pm Reply

There are several “minor” issues I would like to bring up. 1) A Psychiatrist can also be a DO, which is similar to a MD. A psychiatrist can legally do therapy, but most do not. 2) Yes, experimental psychologists do typically conduct research (they all have a PhD), but the majority of clinical psychologists, rather a PhD or other will primarily focus on clinical work. 3) There is only one state (to my knowledge) that license a clinician as a psychologist at the master level. They are typically psychological associates/practitioners if that state offers a license at the masters level. 4) You totally forgot about licensed counselors- those individuals with master degrees in mental health counseling. This will be one of the biggest “game player” in the field of grief counseling (that is a licensed clinician). These clinicians can diagnose, treat, and assess patients- for the most part, scope can differ among states. 5) Another one you should be aware of is Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners. These are advanced RN’s with master degrees in psych nursing or MSN with post-grad certificates in psych nursing. They are licensed to prescribe medications and are licensed (while most do not) to render therapy. 6) In terms of grief counseling, most individuals will not need the service of a psychiatrist or psychiatric nurse practitioner, and a MFT that ONLY has a license in MFT will not be able to conduct therapy outside of the realm of MFT and actually (most states) don’t allow them to engage in diagnosis.

Litsa   March 18, 2014 at 8:22 pm Reply

Hi Matt – thanks, great clarifications! In terms of #4, we did include LG and LCPCs, who are mental health counselors, but included under master’s prepared psychology when it is technically a counseling degree. Thanks for taking the time to comment and clarify- I am sure it will be helpful to readers!

Marty Tousley (@GriefHealing)   May 15, 2013 at 8:55 am Reply

Helpful and informative, Eleanor ~ Thanks to you and Litsa for sharing this! I’ve added a link to your post at the base of my own article, “Professional Certification Programs in Grief and Bereavement,” here: https://www.griefhealingblog.com/2012/01/professional-certification-programs-in.html

Eleanor   May 18, 2013 at 11:07 pm Reply

Thank you Marty! I hadn’t seen that post yet so I’m happy you pointed it out.

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