digital literacy in pakistan essay

Literacy in the Digital Age and Pakistani Youth

• Ayesha Rehman Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
• Maheen Hashim Khan Burki Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
• Saima Khan Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.

Digital and information technologies are being extensively used in education, and the market for ICT-enabled education is expanding. In the present study the impacts of digital technology on the general ability of students (15-24 years old) to perceive knowledge has been explored. The current generation is highly technologically literate. The expansion of technology in education has been facilitated by recent technical advancements and the rise in literacy. The present study focuses on research objectives; to access the impact of digital technology on literacy among Pakistani youth, to address the scope of digital expertise to improve the academic learning among students, to examine the obstacles being posed by excessive exposure to digital technology in the promotion of literacy. Purposive sampling was used to draw sample from the population. The population comprised the students of B.S & M.S/M.Phill. A sample of 110 students (n=110) was selected randomly from 5 Universities and in-depth interviews were conducted to structure results of the study. Results of the study revealed that digital tools have significant influence on the perceptive skills. It enhanced the confidence level in youth by developing communication and research skills. Academic performance of the students has improved to an extent but certain consequences are needed to be reconsider to acquire the significant impacts.

Aabo, S. (2005). The Role and Value of Public Libraries in the Age of Digital Technologies. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, Vol 37 (4), 205–211.

Alzahrani, M. G., & O’Toole, J. M. (2017). The Impact of Internet Experience and Attitude on Student Preference for Blended Learning. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, Vol 6 (1), 65.

Bakbak, D. (2019). Investigation into information literacy and the use of web 2.0 technologies in a faculty of architecture. International Journal of Education and Practice, Vol 7 (4), 418-429.

Beavis, C., Apperley, T., Bradford, C., O’Mara, J., & Walsh, C. (2009). Literacy in the digital age: Learning from computer. English in Education, Vol 43 (2), 162-175.

Best, L. A., Buhay, D. N., McGuire, K., Gurholt, S., & Foley, S. (2016). Mobile Computing and Wireless Networks: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. In The Use of Web 2.0 Technologies in Formal and Informal Learning Settings (pp. 1150-1172). IGI Global.

Black, K. (2010). Business Statistics: Contemporary Decision Making, 6th edition. John Wiley & Sons.

Brown, J., Bryan, J., & Brown, T. (2005). Twenty-First Century Literacy and Technology in K-8 Classrooms. Journal of Online Education, Vol 1 (3).

Burniske, R. W. (2000). Literacy in the cyberage: Composing ourselves onlin. SkyLight Training and Publishing Incorporated.

Chase, Z., & Laufenberg, D. (2011). Embracing the Squishiness of Digital Literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, Vol 54 (7), 535–537.

Cohen, R., Parmentier, A., Melo, G., Sahu, G., Annamalai, A., Chi, S., & Santin, A. (2020). Digital literacy for secondary school students: using computer technology to educate about credibility of content online. Creative Education, Vol 11 (05), 674.

Coiro, J. (2021). Toward a multifaceted heuristic of digital reading to inform assessment, research, practice, and policy. Reading Research Quarterly, Vol 56 (1), 9-31.

Countrymeters. (2023, January 6). Pakistan Population. Retrieved from Country meters: https://countrymeters.info/en/Pakistan#literacy

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.

Dewi, V., Febrian, E., Effendi, N., & Anwar, M. (2020). Financial literacy among the millennial generation: Relationships between knowledge, skills, attitude, and behavior. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, Vol 14 (4), 24-37.

Dilshad, S., & Rafique, S. (2020). Adult Literacy and use of Technology: A case study of Pakistan. EXLIBRIS SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY JOURNAL, Vol 18 (1), 38-50.

Eshet-Alkalai, Y., & Chajut, E. (2009). Changes Over Time in Digital Literacy. CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol 12 (6), 713–715.

Gilster, P. (1997). Digital literacy. New York: Wiley Computer Publishing.

Harvey, C. (2016). Using ICT, digital and social media in youth work. A review of research findings from Austria, Denmark, Finland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. National Youth Council of Ireland.

Hashim, H. (2018). Application of technology in the digital era education. International Journal of Research in Counseling and Education, Vol 2 (1), 1-5.

Hussain, B. A., Li, S., & Alsanad, A. (2022). Assessment of Information Literacy Abilities: A Case Study of Pakistan. Sustainability, 14 (7).

Jackson, L. A., Von Eye, A., Biocca, F. A., Barbatsis, G., Zhao, Y., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2006). Does home internet use influence the academic performance of low-income children? Developmental psychology, Vol 42 (3), 429.

Jackson, L. A., Von Eye, A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Witt, E. A., & Zhao, Y. (2011). Internet use, videogame playing and cell phone use as predictors of children’s body mass index (BMI), body weight, academic performance, and social and overall self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol 27 (1), 599-604.

Jeffs, T., Behrmann, M., & Bannan-Ritland, B. (2005). Assistive Technology and Literacy Learning: Reflections of Parents and Children. Journal of Special Education Technology, Vol 21 (1), 37-44.

Jimoyiannis, A. (2015). Digital literacy and adult learners. The SAGE encyclopedia of educational technology, 213-216.

Kędra, J., & Žakevičiūtė, R. (2019). Visual literacy practices in higher education: what, why and how? Journal of Visual Literacy, Vol 38 (1-2), 1-7.

Khalid, T., Batool, S. H., Khalid, A., Saeed, H., & Zaidi, S. W. (2019). Pakistani students’ perceptions about their learning experience through video games: A qualitative case study. Liberary Hi Tech.

King-Sears, M. E., Swanson, C., & Mainzer, L. (2011). TECHnology and Literacy for Adolescents With Disabilities. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, Vol 54 (8), 569-578.

Koh, K. (2013). Adolescents' information‐creating behavior embedded in digital media practice using scratch. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Vol 64 (9), 1826-1841.

Langarizadeh, M., Naghipour, M., Tabatabaei, S. M., Mirzaei, A., & Vaghar, M. E. (2018). Prediction of internet addiction based on information literacy among students of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Electron Physician, Vol 10 (2), 6333-6340.

Li, J., Snow, C., & White, C. (2015). Teen Culture, Technology and Literacy Instruction: Urban Adolescent Students’ Perspectives. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, Vol 41 (3), 1-36.

Merchant, G. (2009). Literacy in virtual worlds. Journal of Research in Reading, vol 32 (1), 38-56.

Meyers, E. M., Erickson, I., & Small, R. V. (2013). Digital literacy and informal learning environments: an introduction. Learning, Media and Technology, Vol 38 (4), 355-367.

Mirza, Q., Pathan, D. H., Khatoon, S., & Hassan, A. (2021). Digital Age and Reading habits: Empirical Evidence from Pakistani Engineering University. TESOL International Journal, Vol 16 (1), 210-231.

Pangrazio, L., Godhe, A. L., & Ledesma, A. G. (2020). What is digital literacy? A comparative review of publications across three language contexts. E-learning and Digital Media, Vol 17 (6), 442-459.

Park, H., Kim, H. S., & Park, H. W. (2021). A scientometric study of digital literacy, ICT literacy, information literacy, and media literacy. Journal of Data and Information Science, Vol 6 (2), 116-138.

Pawluczuk, A., Hall, H., Webster, G., & Smith, C. (2019). Digital youth work: youth workers' balancing act between digital innovation and digital literacy insecurity. Information Research, Vol 24 (1). Krakow: Proceedings of ISIC, The Information Behaviour Conference.

Pekkolay, S. (2022). The Importance of Literacy. Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol 1, 6-8.

Philippas, N. D., & Avdoulas, C. (2020). Financial literacy and financial well-being among generation-Z university students: Evidence from Greece. The European Journal of Finance, Vol 26 (4-5), 360-381.

PTA. (2023, January 6). Telecom Indicators. Retrieved from Pakistan telecommunication Authority: https://www.pta.gov.pk/en/telecom-indicators

Rafferty, C. D. (1999). Literacy in the information age. Educational Leadership, Vol 57 (2), 22-25.

Rafi, M., JianMing, Z., & Ahmad, K. (2019). Technology integration for students’ information and digital literacy education in academic libraries. Information Discovery and Delivery, Vol 47 (4), 203-217.

Reddy, P., Sharma, B., & Chaudhary, K. (2020). Digital literacy: A review of literature. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), Vol 11 (2), 65-94.

Rehman, K., Hunjra, A., Safwan, N., & Ahmad, A. (2010). Students’ attitude towards the Uses of Internet. International Journal of Business and Management, Vol 5 (6), 46-55.

Rintaningrum, R. (2019). Explaining the Important Contribution of Reading Literacy to the Country’s Generations: Indonesian’s Perspectives. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, Vol 5 (3), 936–953.

Rothman, D. (2014). A Tsunami of Learners Called Generation Z. Maryl. Public Saf Online Journal, Vol 1 (1), 1-5.

Smolin, L., & Lawless, K. (2003). Becoming literate in the technological age: New responsibilities and tools for teachers. The Reading Teacher, Vol 56 (6), 570-577.

Tutiasri, R. P., & Febriyanti, S. N. (2021). The Meaning of Millennial Generation Text: Reception Analysis of# KidsJamanNow. Jurnal The Messenger, Vol 13 (2), 162-178.

How to Cite

• Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)

Copyright (c) 2023 Copyright in the Journal of Social Sciences Review is retained by the author(s). Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License .

SSR's Editorial Board shares the vision of providing free access to information, education, and science for everyone, thus promoting its content through an OPEN ACCESS POLICY,  fulfilling the  DOAJ  definition of open access. The JSSR adheres to an  Open Access and Copyright Licensing Policy  based on the belief that making research freely accessible to the public promotes greater global knowledge sharing.

The JSSR uses the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. The authors who apply and publish in JSSR consent to abide by the copyright policy set out in the Creative Commons 4.0 license  (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license).

• Copyright in the Journal of Social Sciences Review is retained by the author(s).
• Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified.

While "By 'open access' to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself."

Current Issue

Journal of social sciences review (jssr).

• Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Niaz Ali
• Technical Support: Engineer Sulaiman
• Contact: +92-345-8553464
• Email: [email protected]

• Get Involved

DigitAll: What happens when women of Pakistan get access to digital and tech tools? A lot!

by Javeria Masood – Head of Solutions Mapping, UNDP Pakistan

March 17, 2023

The world as we know it has been and is rapidly changing. Technology has proven to be one of the biggest enablers of change. There has been a significant emphasis on digital trainings, tech education, and freelancing in the last several years especially during the pandemic, through initiatives from the government, private and development sectors.

Covid-19 acted as a big disrupter and accelerated the digital uptake many folds. In Pakistan, we saw the highest number of digital wallets, online services, internet-based services and adaptability out of need and demand.

Kepios analysis indicates that internet users in Pakistan increased by 22 million (+35.9 percent) between 2021 and 2022. Meanwhile, GSMA Intelligence’s numbers indicate that mobile connections in Pakistan were equivalent to 82.2 percent of the total population in January 2022. While the technology and internet footprint has increased significantly, Pakistan’s overall internet penetration is still below 40%.

This divide is even bigger from the gender lens. There are households where men have mobile phones, that women can use but not carry personally. There are limitations of access and use that limits them from accessing information and opportunities.

We recently visited South Punjab to explore the digital landscape through ethnographic research. The three aspects we intended to explore were:

• Mobile phone and internet penetration through a cultural and behavioural lens: what limits and facilitates women with better access and how does this impact their lives?
• Decision-making and available opportunities: what are possible economic avenues available to women once access is provided and how do they leverage these?
• Impact and influence of digital tools at a community level: what differences emerge because of access to digital tools made available to women vs being limited to men and how does that contribute at the community level?

We covered 11 areas of the underdeveloped South Punjab area, also known as the Siraiki Belt. We explored three districts:  Rajhanpur, Muzafargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan. The listening was done through consultation sessions, community visits and bilateral interviews.

Here are some key insights from the field:

1. Women think at a community level and prompt behaviour change

Samina, from Muzafarghar, is taking training to start a livestock business. She wants to become an example of economic empowerment and plans to include other women and young girls in her livestock business.

2. Women understand climate vulnerabilities, are more responsible in the management of resources and are strong in face of adversities

Recent floods have left a devastating and lasting impact in South Punjab. It has damaged houses, fields, and livestock at a magnitude greater than in previous years. Samina shared her story with us. The initial weather warning did not convey the scale of the threat and thus did not encourage people to move. Once the flood was underway, she used her husband’s phone to raise awareness for herself and other households in the neighbourhood.

3. Access impacts behaviour and reduces gender inequality

Shumaila Ashraf (UC Sikhaniwala) took a course for ladies' parlour services in 2015 to economically empower herself but wasn't successful. In 2022, digital literacy enabled her to learn new techniques and meet the demands of her clients. Her business is now flourishing. She is seen as an example to follow for self-improvement and the economic upscaling of a household.

We also met numerous women skilled in crafts that all have the potential to become businesses. Limited finances force people to make unfair choices and prioritize their sons over daughters. The systemic injustice toward women requires multifactorial solutions and access is proving to be a strong factor.

4. Solutions are as good a connector as the communal problem

Take the example of healthcare. During the pandemic, we saw the case of herd immunity. Women in Dera Ghazi Khan are using this approach for other health concerns by self-help. Mujahida Perveen from UC Pega got diagnosed with Thyroid disease. She has found information on YouTube to manage her concerns and is educating others to take their symptoms seriously, get tested and adopt healthy choices.

5. Local access does not limit global opportunities

Including women in the workforce has a strategic advantage at both a community and country scale. This perpetuates the flow of money and opportunities. Ayesha Abushakoor from Zawar Wala is a Quran teacher who has students within and outside the country and uses Digital Wallets to receive her fees.

6. Future is supportive men

Ramla’s fathers an outlier in the community. He has four daughters whom he plans on educating, so they can get jobs and improve their lives. Unlike other men in the neighbourhood, he believes in equality and does not conform his daughters to discriminatory societal standards. Women in his family have access to mobile phones and the internet for recreation and education. His eldest daughter, Ramla, is in grade four and is passionate about studying.

What happens when the society stops putting barriers on women and provides them with access to technology and digital tools? They thrive.

They educate, empower, and enable themselves to empower others. All the women, who shared their stories, had one thing in common. They all thought of financial empowerment as a mechanism to upscale not just themselves, and their immediate families but the whole community. Their thinking and conversations are about long-term societal change.

Innovation and technology do not have a gender and it should not be gender biased in availability. We need to develop infrastructure, policies, and a climate toward an equitable digital future for all.

Author: Javeria Masood Javeria Masood is Head of Solutions Mapping at UNDP Pakistan. You can follow her on Twitter @javeria_mh

Edited by:  Ayesha Babar, Communications Analyst & Head of Communications Unit, UNDP Pakistan

Author’s note:

The findings from the research are being used to inform the new gender program and the gender strategy at the county office, by relying heavily on the voices of the communities across Pakistan.

The mission was accompanied by Gender Specialist Syeda Memoona Zeb and Communications Officer Shuja Hakim. A special thanks to NRSP for their kind support in coordinating and facilitating the visits and consultations, their work with rural women is greatly appreciated.

Pakistan’s pathway towards universal rights, freedom, equality and justice

Pioneering community-led hiv/aids response across pakistan.

Reform or Rupture: A Resilient Economy for Pakistan

Undp pakistan begins its flagship training of khyber pakhtunkhwa police personnel to promote digitally literate security sector and community-oriented policing in the merged districts.

Co-Chairs Summary International Conference on Climate Resilient Pakistan

Social Protection Resource Centre

• Expert Advisory Group
• Protections against Sickness and infirmity
• Egalitarian Pakistan 2047
• Surveys & Indices
• New School of Economic Sociology

Empowering Women in Pakistan The Role of Digital Literacy

Author: Seyyda Taskeen Abbas Naqvi (Research Associate)

International Women’s Day provides us with an opportunity to reflect on the progress that has been made towards gender equality, as well as the challenges that still remain. While many countries around the world have made strides in recent years, Pakistan continues to face significant challenges in achieving gender parity. Maternal mortality figures are also alarming, with one out of every 89 Pakistani women dying of maternal causes. Complications of childbirth still account for one fifth of deaths among women of childbearing age. The recent floods of 2022 have had a devastating impact, particularly on women and girls, who continue to be at risk of violence, exploitation, and abuse. The floods 2022 have affected around 33 million Pakistanis, including an estimated 8.2 million women of reproductive age. Furthermore, according to the UNFPA, about 650,000 pregnant women in the flood-affected areas lack access to maternal health services due to infrastructural damage.

According to the Global Gender Gap 2022 report, Pakistan ranks as the second-worst country in terms of gender parity, with a ranking of 145 out of 146 countries. The situation is particularly evident when it comes to economic participation and opportunity, where Pakistan ranks at 145 out of 146, with only 21.4% of women participating in the labor force compared to 67.9% of men. Similarly, Pakistan ranks at 135 in terms of educational attainment, while India and Bangladesh are ranked at 107 and 123 respectively. In terms of health and survival, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh rank at 143, 146, and 129, while in political empowerment, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh are ranked at 95, 48, and 9 respectively.

The gender inclusion gap in Balochistan and KP is cause for concern, with alarmingly low rates of economic and social inclusion for women. The Women Peace and Security (WPS) Index (2021-22) shows that in Balochistan, only 8% of women are employed, and just 13% have financial inclusion. Women’s participation in decision making is also low, at only 10%. Similarly, in KP, only 12% of women are employed, and just 17% have financial inclusion. Participation in domestic decision making is slightly higher at 19%, but still concerning. Additionally, the education gap is also pronounced, with only 5% of girls in KP and 4% in Balochistan completing secondary education. These statistics make it clear that there is still a long way to go to close the gender inclusion gap in Pakistan.

With a view to promoting gender equality, Pakistan is placing increasing emphasis on the implementation of social protection initiatives targeted specifically at women. The Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) is one of the most comprehensive programs in this regard, offering a range of measures such as unconditional cash transfers, as well as other initiatives including Waseela-e-Haq, Waseela-e-Rozgar, Waseela-e-Sehat, and Waseela-e-Taleem, all of which are designed to enhance the economic and social status of women. 

Moreover, in the current era, digital literacy has become an essential requirement for women, enabling them to access education, employment opportunities, and equitable resources. As an increasing number of sectors transition to online platforms in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, women who lack access to digital devices and training will be at a disadvantage. According to The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2022, Pakistan’s gender gap in mobile ownership stands at 33%, while the gender gap in mobile internet usage is 38%. The primary factors contributing to these disparities include the lack of family approval (35%) and low levels of literacy and digital skills (23%). Notably at Provincial level, in Balochistan, only 16% of females are mobile phone users, while in KP, this percentage rises to 37%. Without urgent action to address this digital divide, Pakistan will lag behind in economic development.

Fortunately, there are some steps being taken to address this issue. The Digital Pakistan Policy 2018 was a step towards bridging the digital divide, and initiatives like The Digital Literacy Program and “The ICT for Girls” program are working to provide access to digital education and technology for women and girls in Pakistan. Additionally, The Jazz Smart Schools program is helping to break down cultural and social barriers to education and technology, empowering women from rural areas to pursue careers in the digital field.

However, much more needs to be done particularly women’s access to digital technologies (particularly in rural or tribal areas). The Ministry of Education must collaborate with educational institutes along with non-governmental and civic organizations to form a strategy to incorporate digital training for both male and female students. These strategies should be aimed at equipping upcoming generations with adequate knowledge and skills to keep up with the rapidly-evolving technological landscape.

In conclusion, International Women’s Day is a reminder that we still have a long way to go when it comes to gender equity, and that we must all work together to create a more inclusive world. By addressing the challenges faced by women in Pakistan, including lack of access to digital technologies and the ongoing gender gap, we can help to ensure that all women have the support and resources they need to thrive.

Articles by region:

• Sub-Saharan Africa
• MENA Middle East North Africa
• Southeast Asia and Pacific
• Latin America and the Caribbean
• Central Asia, Caucasia, Southeast Europe and Russia
• High-income countries

Elasticsearch Mini

Sustainable development requires global awareness and local action, development and cooperation, entwicklung und zusammenarbeit, promote digital learning in pakistan.

Education is Pakistan’s Achilles heel. More than 230 million people live in Pakistan, making it the fifth most populous country in the world. About one third of them is aged below 15, according to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). It is imperative to ensure that this young and dynamic population has access to quality education if Pakistan wants to achieve its economic and socio-political potential.

However, the country’s public investment in education is dismal, with Pakistan spending only 2.4 % of its total GDP on education in 2021. This figure has remained between 1.8 and 3 % in recent decades, paling in comparison to EU member states that allocate between 4.5 and 5.5 % of their GDP to education.

Thus Pakistan’s poor literacy rates should come as no surprise. They differ significantly between the country’s provinces, between 66.3 % in Punjab and 54.5 % in Baluchistan. Since the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2010, education has become a provincial matter. Each region is responsible for its own policies.

Within the provinces, literacy rates can be expected to be significantly higher in urban centres than in rural areas. Additionally, men enjoy notably higher rates than women. This holds true for all ages across the country.

Digitisation is key

To improve education for all, access to technology and digitisation are essential. The Covid-19 pandemic brought this need into sharp focus, as lockdowns and job losses disrupted digital connectivity. Online teaching underscored the importance of internet access as an integral component of education (see box ).

However, Pakistan has been slow to adopt technological progress, particularly in the education system, largely due to high costs. The country ranks in the bottom quarter of the Inclusive Internet Index, which evaluates nations’ availability, affordability, relevance and readiness of internet services. The gender gap is also a significant challenge, with just 19 % of Pakistani women accessing mobile internet compared to 37 % of men in 2020.

The country’s government has taken measures to address these issues. In 2017, Pakistan’s Ministry of Information launched the Digital Pakistan Policy 2017, which aimed to promote IT usage across all sectors, including education. Its objectives included:

• enhancing public-private partnerships,
• developing accessible software,
• incorporating IT accessibility in all competitive exams and
• subsidising assistive technologies’ costs.

The policy also aimed at providing pupils with better digital learning opportunities, including access to better tools. It could have proven effective for students, especially those enrolled in public schools during Covid-19 lockdowns. However, it was abandoned after a new government took over following the 2018 general elections.

In Punjab, the provincial government had set up the Punjab Information Technology Board (PITB) to provide IT services and infrastructure, with a plan to implement a massive internet connectivity spread. A 2017 education policy aimed to capitalise on this initiative. However, political interference in the PITB’s structure and work following the regime change in 2018 led to earlier formulated policies and actions being set aside.

Additionally, Pakistan’s digital infrastructure has been subject to government restrictions, including the banning of websites like Youtube and Wikipedia on the grounds of “offensive” or “blasphemous” content.

Private sector steps in

As the Pakistani government continued to neglect the education sector, private educational institutes have stepped up to the plate, investing in quality education and leveraging technological advancements and digitisation. These institutes are primarily concentrated in three major urban centres – Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. They predominantly offer secondary education based on British and American systems. However, their high fee structures make them a rather exclusive option.

The private sector has assumed a critical role in Pakistan’s education system. In 2017/2018, privately owned institutes accounted for 38 % of all educational institutes and 44 % of total enrolments. While some of these “elite” institutions provide access to modern technology, disparities persist across the board.

Among the first institutions and organisations in Pakistan to use digital technology for education purposes have been some that provide education and training to persons with disabilities, including the Ida Rieu Welfare Association, the Pakistan Association of the Deaf, the Aziz Jehan Begum Trust & Institute and the Special Talent Exchange Program. Additionally, some higher educational institutes increasingly leverage assistive technologies and digitisation to make education more accessible to persons with disabilities. For example, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) has established its Assistive Technology Lab, a facility designed to assist impaired students and staff.

For Pakistan to prosper as a country, better education for all is paramount. Investing in digitisation and education should be the main tool to achieve this goal, both in the private and public sectors. Notably, closing the gender gap in education and access to technology should be a top priority.

Marva Khan is an assistant professor of law at LUMS (Lahore University of Management Sciences) and co-founder of the Pakistani Feminist Judgments Project. [email protected]

You might also like

Digital learning during the pandemic in pakistan, related articles, battles over selves, a challenge for a young country, indigenous politics in ecuador and bolivia, poverty reduction.

The first UN Sustainable Development Goal is to end poverty in all its forms everywhere.

Gender Equality

In order to achieve gender equality, it is necessary to empower women and girls.

Achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals will require good governance – from the local to the global level.

Sustainability

The UN Sustainable Development Goals aim to transform economies in an environmentally sound manner, leaving no one behind.

• Write for us
• Privacy Policy

Educations.pk

Educations.pk is the online educational portal of pakistan, helping students, teachers, parents and educational institutes with a mission to solve the most critical challenges in education..

Future of digital literacy in Pakistan

The advent of digital technology has fundamentally changed the lifestyle of people around the globe. Not only are people living differently, but their way of working and learning has also changed. The access to digital information and making use of it in the modern lifestyle has opened up innumerable opportunities to improve the quality of life, learning and education. In fact, in the modern day, without the acceptance of digital technology and its related literacy, no nation would be able to survive this digital age.

Digital literacy in Pakistan

The arrival of digital technology and its literacy has brought about the same vicissitudes in Pakistan also. The acceptance of digital literacy and its application to various branches across this developing nation has unlocked new horizons for people and organizations under the Prime Minister’s vision of Digital Pakistan. This vision of digital Pakistan is based on the robust development of digital infrastructure, global connectivity, innovation, digital entrepreneurship and the access to training of digital technology being given to the layman in the Pakistani society. However, presently, the full potential of digital technology has not been realized because only a quarter of adult population has access to the internet.

Smart phone and its use in Pakistan

In spite of people having a rampant obsession to have smart phones in the Pakistani society, people are not using these smart phones to its full potential. Smartphone applications such as social media like Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp, ride hailing service applications like Uber and digital banking applications like Easy Paisa, Alfa and Jazz Cash are not being used fully. Although many people across the country have started using these applications to gain some benefit, most of the market space has still been untapped. In this regard, it is of prudent importance that people are given digital literacy and know-how of using the smart phones in such a way that they are able to reap financial benefits to its full probability.

Covid-19 and Scope of freelancing

In the context of working dynamics, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, the importance of digital literacy cannot be denied. People, not only in Pakistan, but also around the world, are connected to their workplaces through internet, which is why the running of economy did not stop entirely despite of slowing down. Freelancing and meeting clients around the world through internet are now being realized as a financial sector with the efforts organizations like Enablers and Extreme Commerce . The slogan that Pakistan can and will become a Billion Dollar Pakistan is being promoted by these organizations, and all this has been possible because of the initiation of digital literacy, which is expected to rise in the future and bring even more benefits to the financial sector and economy of Pakistan.

Measures needed for digital literacy

There is a universal fact that with literacy and education, even the most difficult of situations can be handled. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to enhance measures for digital literacy across the country so that socio-economic and financial development of the country can take its pace. Organizations like Extreme Commerce, Enablers should be supported by the government so that they can make their contributions in making the dream of billion dollar Pakistan come true. In addition to this, government organizations like Digiskills.pk should also be accepted by the masses so that the digital literacy can take its effect and contribute to productivity and enhancement of the economy.

Content writer, educationist, teacher, researcher, social media manager, and a SEO manager from lahore. She has been working as a freelance academic and non-academic writer for more than 10 years now. She has a passion to learn new things and has a knack for writing and she combines both things to produce write ups she pours her heart out in.

Is Pakistan Ready for Digital Revolution?

• Quiraat Khan
• December 26, 2023
• CSS , CSS Essays , CSS Solved Essays

CSS 2020 Solved Essays | Is Pakistan Ready for Digital Revolution?

Quiraat Khan , a Sir Syed Kazim Ali student, has attempted the CSS 2020 essay “Is Pakistan Ready for Digital Revolution?” on the given pattern, which Sir  Syed Kazim Ali  teaches his students. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns to qualify for the essay paper.

1-Introduction

Pakistan’s precarious economic state and weak human capital often hijack its prospects for development. However, the efforts reflected in the success of digital policies, the construction of technological infrastructure, and investments in skill development are developing a conducive environment for digitalization in the country, making Pakistan ready for the digital revolution.

2-Understanding the pre-requisites for the digital revolution

• ✓Digital infrastructure
• ✓Skill development or digital literacy
• ✓Public-private partnership
• ✓Policymaking 

3-Pakistan’s contemporary industrial state

4-Factors proving that Pakistan is ready for a digital revolution

4.1-Political

• ✓ Developing policies to assist technology transfers
• Case in Point: Adoption of Digital Pakistan Policy in 2018
• ✓ Drafting laws to make a conducive environment for digitalization
• Case in Point: Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016
• ✓ Facilitating IT sector development
• Case in Point: Issuance of tax credit incentives for PSEB (Pakistan Software Export Base) IT startups

4.2-Economic

• ✓ Developing digital infrastructure
• Case in Point: 820 and 6299 km long optic fibre line – CPEC
• ✓ Spreading private digital businesses
• Case in Point: E-commerce platforms, setting the stage for digitization of markets.
• ✓ Improving literacy rate
• Case in Point: 0.99 per cent increase in literacy rate since 2018
• ✓ Increasing adoption of internet services       
• Case in Point: Internet penetration, increased from 2 per cent to 30 per cent in the last four years- invest Pakistan.
• ✓ Investing in digital skill development
• Case in Point: Positive attitude among various populations observed about digital technologies – Digital Now a Guide to Pakistan’s Digital Transformation
• Case in Point: Pakistan’s technical and vocational education and training program 

 5-On what grounds do critics argue that Pakistan is not ready for a digital revolution?

• ✓ Economic doldrums impede prospects of digital development.
• Refute: High IT exports
• Evidence: IT exports have increased by 70 per cent in the last three years. Board of Investment Pakistan
• ✓ Lack of competent human capital to facilitate the digital revolution. 
• Refute: Rising freelance economy
• Evidence: 20,000 IT graduates and engineers are produced each year, with the current number of IT professionals standing at 300,000 in the country

6-Critical Analysis

7-Conclusion

Technological advancements and innovations, sweeping across the world as industrial revolutions, are cherished and adopted by countries worldwide. As many countries have mastered the first three industrial revolutions, they now seek to integrate the fourth wave of the digital revolution into the political, social, and economic systems. Similarly, Pakistan aspires to incorporate digitalization in the country, for which Pakistan is earnestly working to build a conducive environment to facilitate the force of the digital revolution. To elaborate, the country has launched a digital policy in 2018 that provides numerous incentives for businesses, organizations, and individuals’ digital growth. Additionally, CPEC and private sector investments are channeled to construct digital infrastructure. Moreover, an extension of vocational training and widening access to internet usage and digital tools is ensured through multiple tech-based educational programs to empower the large youth of Pakistan. Despite the developments, some analysts argue that Pakistan’s precarious economic state and weak human capital often hijack its prospects for development; however, proponents of this argument fail to comprehend that Pakistan has already entered the fold of the digital economy with its IT exports increasing by 70 per cent in the last three years and the country becoming the fourth most prominent hub of freelancers in the world. Thus, it can be aptly said that the developments and efforts have created a favourable environment for the whole proliferation of the digital revolution. The essay further explains how Pakistan is ready for the digital revolution.

To begin with the discussion, it is essential to understand the digital revolution and how a country can be ready for its adoption. So, the digital revolution refers to the fourth wave of the industrial revolution supported by technological innovations and Information Technology (IT) advancement, mainly in the economic and administration systems. Further, for a country to adopt the digital revolution successfully, it is crucial to fulfil the prior criteria that would assist in creating a feasible environment for the proliferation of digital technologies. According to the article by the World Economic Forum, “The development of digital policies and laws, digital infrastructure, sound economic support, and skills advancements are critical areas for countries to work on to facilitate the digital revolution.” These developments are part and parcel of the digital revolution. With these efforts and developments, the proliferation of digital businesses, tech startups, and the inclusion of technology in the economic and administrative sectors can be expedited. For example, India’s digital rise stands upon the feasibility created for digital innovation. Thus, the creation of a favourable environment is crucial for the digital revolution.

Moving forward towards Pakistan, the country has successfully integrated the previous industrial revolutions by establishing various industrial units since its inception. Over the years, production has accelerated and made the country a competitive player in international trade. To illustrate, Pakistan is a competent provider of textile and sports goods globally. In 2022, the contribution of industrial production to the GDP stood at 19.82 per cent. However, to explore the zenith of the production capacities, the country is now exploring new methods supported by digital technologies. Hence, Pakistan is working on numerous political, economic, and social measures to develop a viable environment and prepare the country for digitalization.

Recognizing the significance of policy development to promote new ventures and ideas, the first one is that Pakistan has drafted policies that would assist in easing and spreading digital tools and technology. For example, the Digital Pakistan Policy was developed in 2018 to facilitate the deployment of digital technologies for socio-economic well-being and encourage IT sector investments. The policy is a significant step in outlining Pakistan’s vision and objectives towards digitalization. Furthermore, such policies largely support private investments, encouraging the private sector to adopt new technological means readily. Therefore, Pakistan’s policymaking efforts toward developing an encouraging digital environment make the country ready for the digital revolution.

Further, with the proliferation of digital activities, the threat of cyber and digital crime becomes more profound. Thus, addressing the measures effectively at the proper time is vital. Being aware of the repercussions, Pakistan has progressively addressed the menace. For example, the country passed the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016, which addresses the regulations for different criminal activities related to digital space and technology. The act would assist in setting the stage for future regulations and laws as digital space develops in the country. Therefore, the cultivation of the law showcases Pakistan’s farsightedness and commitment towards the development of digitalization.

Next, it is crucial to provide incentives to encourage the transfer of technology from foreign sources and facilitate domestic business. Therefore, Pakistan is effectively working towards creating ease for tech-enabled companies and organizations . For example, tax incentives are provided, such as tax credits for Pakistan Software Export Base IT startups. These measures encourage foreign investors to set up businesses in Pakistan, facilitating the exchange of technology from the developed countries. Hence, the number of benefits for ventures reiterates Pakistan’s readiness to adopt digital adopting.

Besides policy development, providing digital infrastructure is essential for creating a futile ground for digitalization. In this regard, Pakistan is working with the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor stakeholders to offer logistical support for digital infrastructure. For example, CPEC has envisioned an 820-kilometre-long fiber optic cable project around Gilgit Baltistan and 6299 long kilometers of underwater cable extending from Gwadar to Djibouti, connecting Pakistan to Africa. So, cable is a crucial infrastructure in digital development and would considerably assist kick starting the digital revolution.

Furthermore, the private sector’s setup of digital businesses helps expedite the spread and adoption of digitally enabled experiences. As Pakistan has a broad service sector, the spread of e-commerce platforms like Alibaba and Daraz are accelerating the inclusion of digital mediums in the service sector. More people are opting for virtual shopping experiences, which increases the interaction of people with digital technology and encourages sellers to adopt digital means of selling. For instance, Japan International Corporation Agency invests in teaching social media usage for online retailing. Therefore, such measures create a more expansive space for adequate digitalization support in the service sector.

Besides the economic and administrative efforts for building a conducive environment for digitalization, it is also crucial to invest in the education of the general public so that they assist in the adoption of digital tools and technologies. Fortunately, rising literacy rates in Pakistan and the presence of a bulge in the youth population allow the country to invest effectively in human capital. Since 2018, the literacy rate has improved by 0.99 per cent, highlighting prospects for digital empowerment and education of the people. For example, The ICT for Girls program is working to provide digital education and technology for women in Pakistan. These are positive steps for making Pakistan ready for the digital revolution.

Additionally, for digitalization, the seamless adoption of internet services is essential. Not only does the internet facilitate the transfer of information worldwide, but it is also crucial for conducting business and industrial activity. Unfortunately, the lack of internet services had impeded development in Pakistan earlier. However, the increase in internet penetration from 2 per cent to 30 per cent in the last four years has removed the impediments. According to the report, “Digital Now: a Guide to Pakistan’s Digital Transformation”, “A positive attitude among the public regarding internet use is observed.” The adoption of the internet has significantly ameliorated Pakistan’s dynamics in the complete implementation of digital transformation.

After ensuring viable access and usage of the internet to the general public, the next step for creating a favourable environment for the digital revolution involves teaching digital skills. These skills are necessary for ensuring that people can facilitate the transition to digital space. Hence, Pakistan invests in training through technical and vocational education programs that teach new skills. Hence, the country is also encouraging sound minds to earn proficiency in the STEM fields that are crucial to support digital transformation .

Despite Pakistan’s earnest efforts to create a favourable environment for the adoption of the digital revolution, some analysts argue that Pakistan is not ready for the digital revolution due to the precarious economic state of the country. However, they overlook the many factors of policy formation and infrastructure development that are assisting the shift financially and have set the motion for the country’s digital transformation.

To elaborate, IT exports have increased by 70 per cent in the last three years, signifying that the efforts made by Pakistan in adopting digital technologies are bearing fruit. Hence, increasing IT exports proves that Pakistan is ready for the digital revolution.

Adding more to it, the argument that Pakistan has weak human capital is also rendered false as more people are opting for tech-centric education to enter the high-potential freelancing and startup markets through which many people are working remotely from Pakistan for agencies in the developed world, thus, encouraging more people to learn digital skills and pursue IT degrees. According to the Board of Investment, “20,000 IT graduates and engineers are produced each year, with the current number of IT professionals standing at 300,000 in the country.” So, these individuals can significantly assist in the creation of digital Pakistan.

Although Pakistan faces many challenges in contemporary times, the force of digitalization has entered the country’s borders. Despite the hurdles, the government is focusing on digitally powered policies and digital administration, as evidenced by adopting electronic voting machines for elections and conducting the first digital senses in 2023. Critically, these measures are positive steps for not only starting a digital revolution but also for mitigating the political and economic impediments that the country faces. Thus, Vision 2025 of Pakistan heavily focuses on digitalization.

In conclusion, Pakistan’s commitment towards creating favourable conditions for the digital revolution reiterates the country’s readiness for digitalization. Realizing the potential of digital technology to address the social and economic challenges and its merits in creating transparency in the political system, Pakistan is working to integrate technological innovations and advancements in the country. For this reason, the country has promulgated digital policies and laws. Further, the country is utilizing the CPEC projects to build digital infrastructure, energy infrastructure and roads necessary for accelerating digitalization. Additionally, the country invests in human development by promoting the adoption of digital technology and widening access to digital skills for people with the assistance of local and foreign non-profit organizations. Thus, Pakistan has progressively created a conducive atmosphere for kick starting the digital revolution as the country has developed digital policies that facilitate the development of digital infrastructure and cash the bulge of educated youth increasingly acquiring digital skills, thereby making Pakistan ready for the digital revolution.

CSS Solved Past Papers’ Essays

Looking for the last ten years of CSS and PMS Solved Essays and want to know how Sir Kazim’s students write and score the highest marks in the essays’ papers? Then, click on the CSS Solved Essays to start reading them. CSS Solved Essays

CSS 2020 Solved Essays

Are you searching for CSS 2020 solved essays by Sir Syed Kazim Ali’s students? Click on any of the topics to start reading the solved essays.

CSS Solved General Science & Ability Past Papers

Want to read the last ten years’ General Science & Ability Solved Past Papers to learn how to attempt them and to score high? Let’s click on the link below to read them all freely. All past papers have been solved by  Miss Iqra Ali  &  Dr Nishat Baloch , Pakistan’s top CSS GSA coach having the highest score of their students. General Science & Ability Solved Past Papers

Articles Might Interest You!

The following are some of the most important articles for CSS and PMS aspirants. Click on any to start reading.

Recent Posts

Top Categories

Cssprepforum, education company.

cssprepforum.com

Welcome to Cssprepforum, Pakistan’s largest learning management system (LMS) with millions of questions along with their logical explanations educating millions of learners, students, aspirants, teachers, professors, and parents preparing for a successful future. 

Founder:   Syed Kazim Ali Founded:  2020 Phone: +92-332-6105-842 +92-300-6322-446 Email:  [email protected] Students Served:  10 Million Daily Learners:  50,000 Offered Courses: Visit Courses  

More Courses

Basic English Grammar and Writing Course

Extensive English Essay & Precis Course for CSS and PMS

CSS English Essay and Precis Crash Course for 2023

Subscribe to our mailing list to receives daily updates direct to your inbox.

• CSS Solved Essays
• CSS Solved GSA
• CSS Solved PA
• CSS Solved Islamiat
• Current Affairs
• All Courses
• Writers Club
• All Authors
• All Members
• All Teachers
• Become an Author
• Who is Sir Syed Kazim Ali?
• Privacy Policy

CssPrepForum is Pakistan’s largest and greatest platform for CSS, PMS, FPSC, PPSC, SPSC, KPPSC, AJKPSC, BPSC, GBPSC, NTS, and other One Paper 100 Marks MCQs exams’ students. It has become Pakistan’s most trusted website among CSS, PMS students for their exams’ preparation because of its high-quality preparation material.

@ 2023 Cssprepforum. All RightsReserved.

• High contrast
• About UNICEF
• Children in South Asia
• Where we work
• Regional Director
• Goodwill ambassador
• Work with us
• Press centre

Search UNICEF

The digital transformation of public education in pakistan, unicef's learning passport programme empowers students.

Karachi, Sindh:  In a country like Pakistan, where a significant gap exists between technology's potential to revolutionise the education system and its current state, UNICEF introduced the Learning Passport (LP) programme. The objective was to address considerable equity challenges, especially for marginalised children, particularly girls, through access to digital learning.

The LP programme, a solution designed by UNICEF with Microsoft to close the learning poverty gap, is a digital platform enabling high-quality, flexible learning. In Sindh, this was piloted as an 'education model' for middle school girls and boys (in grades 6-8), making digital content aligned to the Sindh Government curriculum available through the platform to ensure their education meets specific learning standards. The LP stores each student’s unique learning history allowing targeted support to improve their learning experiences.

At the Government Girls Comprehensive High School (GGHS) in North Nazimabad, Karachi, the LP programme demonstrated its effectiveness. “We have found it to be very effective for our girls,” expresses Dr. Shazia Syed, GGHS Principal, enthusiastically, noting its high impact on students' eagerness to attend LP classes.

The programme enables students to strengthen their academic experience by helping to bridge the digital learning divide. In Pakistan, inequitable access to EdTech (educational technology) for learners is influenced by geographic location, the educational institution they attend, and the grade level they are in. With only 33% of households having internet access, many students encounter challenges using learning solutions, especially girls.

Its unique interoperability feature enables access to educational applications in local languages, ensuring inclusivity and catering to the diverse linguistic needs of students. By using digital tablets, the programme introduces a system of learning that is not bound by traditional classroom constraints. With 90% of its current users being girls, the LP prioritizes narrowing the digital gender divide while enhancing learning outcomes.

The pilot initially focused on three pivotal subjects where most students were seen struggling: Science, Social Studies, and Mathematics, with digital content developed based on the Sindh Education Curriculum and endorsed by the Sindh Education & Learning Department.

Since its inception in September 2022, the LP pilot programme has made significant strides, engaging over 4,000 students across 28 schools in Karachi, Hyderabad, Jamshoro, and Sukkur. With 970 tablets distributed among participating schools and designated classrooms dedicated to Learning Passport sessions, the infrastructure is well-equipped to support the programme's objectives. This becomes particularly important for schools without conventional computer labs due to cost constraints or inadequate internet access, or those with obsolete computer equipment.

In supervised sessions, students access digital content aligned with their subject curriculum using tablets. Scheduled Learning Passport classes cover each subject weekly. Guided by teachers, students navigate through instructional videos, interactive games, and assessments upon completing modules. These built-in tools, like online questionnaires and quizzes, help evaluate student performance, aiding teachers in tracking progress and finding ways to support students’ academic growth.

Muniba Khan, a dedicated math teacher at GGHS, emphasizes the programme's positive impact. "It's easier for me to teach because the girls’ concepts are now clearer. They can watch the video at their own pace and rewatch or ask if something is unclear," she says.

Beyond its structured curriculum, the Learning Passport programme excels in breaking down complex learning objectives into comprehensible components through its diverse range of multimedia resources. The LP’s approach not only encourages peer-to-peer learning but also empowers students to learn at their own pace, promoting a sense of autonomy and self-directed learning.

Students like Kashaf, aged 13, exemplify the programme's success stories. Kashaf speaks of her experience, stating, "Tablets teach us through multimedia presentations. We enjoy the videos and the games, and it helps make concepts clearer for us."

She appreciates the program's flexibility, finding it more engaging than traditional chalkboard lessons. Pausing videos and seeking immediate clarification has enhanced her learning.

The Learning Passport programme extends beyond classroom boundaries, enabling students with internet connectivity to access learning materials at home. This not only fosters independent study but also aids UNICEF in measuring learning outcomes through assessment records.

GGHS teachers are thrilled with the pilot program's integration into the curriculum, witnessing its positive impact on student learning. They are eager for its continuity and propose adding English, aligning with student and parent desires for expanded opportunities and an enriched educational experience.

Lessons learnt from the Learning Passport pilot include the creation of a training programme for lead trainers who can offer continuous support to public school teachers, including a digital certification for deploying the LP and the provision of support channels for teachers using WhatsApp or email.

It is evident that this initiative serves as a beacon of hope in narrowing the digital gender divide. Its success calls for broader adoption and increased funding to expand its reach beyond Sindh, envisioning a future where such innovative educational programmes uplift public schools across Pakistan.

Related topics

More to explore, children at high risk amid countrywide heatwave in bangladesh.

UNICEF calls for urgent action to save Pakistan’s children on the frontlines of climate change

Access to clean water gives girls the freedom to learn

With funds from Japan, UNICEF installs hand pumps in flood-affected villages of Sindh Province

From child labour to education

Rohingya refugee children find education and protection at UNICEF-supported multi-purpose centres

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Hate Speech and Media Information Literacy in the Digital Age: A Case Study of 2018 Elections in Pakistan

2020, Global media journal

The usage and influence of the social media in the 2018 general elections in Pakistan was pervasive compared to the one held in 2013. This study examines that how three mainstream political parties of Pakistan, utilized the Facebook and Twitter for their electioneering in 2018. To what extent the element of hate speech was existing in their Tweets and Facebook posts? The research adopted qualitative method and employed content analysis of the Facebook posts and Tweets of seventeen (17) selected central leaders and parties’ media cells from period of May 25 to July 25, 2018. To examine the level of Media and Information Literacy (MIL) and hate speech in political campaign, elite interviews were also conducted. The findings suggest that political leaders promoted hate speech through Facebook and Twitter for electoral purposes. In this respect, Twitter emerged as a major tool for spewing hate. The study recommends the formation of special code of conduct for political campaign on the s...

Related Papers

Journal of Applied Studies in Language

desri wiana

Pakistan Journal of International Affairs

osama shafiq

Nowadays social media platforms have become a medium that allows people to post anything they wish. Since the time internet grew, a radical change has been discerned in society. With the emergence of social media sites, many challenges also thrived in the society that took the society into interesting and alarming ways altogether. As time is passing as technology is intensifying new forms of hate, abuse, bullying, and discrimination are also increasing in society. It can be said that digital technology is reshaping coercion based on caste, color, gender, race, culture, likes, dislikes. Many societies are concerned with this problem of growing hate speeches on social media but no proper barrier on these sites has been seen to prevent hate discourses. This study examined the attitudes of social media users including Facebook and Twitter over the incident of Noble Prize laureate Malala Yousufzai, a young activist who worked and spoke for the educational rights of girls who were born in...

Political Communication in the Republic of Ireland

Martin G Molony

Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication

Atwar Bajari

This article discusses hate speech on Facebook from two groups of supporters for the presidential candidates in the 2019 Presidential Election in Indonesia. The study used a virtual ethnography approach to analyze cultural groups or communities through their conversations on the Facebook platform. Data collection was conducted by observing and collecting words, phrases, and sentences in the Official Facebook account of two presidential candidates in the 2019 Presidential Election and statements of both presidential and vice-presidential candidates in 2019. In addition, researchers also observed three voluntary group accounts for each candidate. Therefore, the total number of accounts observed was eight. Data was analysed with Nvivo 12+ to obtain statistics on the strength of the chosen speech word and the dominant phrase or word that appears. The result shows that specific phrases or terms to intimidate each supporter of both parties in massive numbers appeared in the form of hate s...

Muhammad Muzaffar

This study analyzes the two social networks: Facebook and Twitter and explores the role of social networks in political campaigns during general elections in Pakistan which were held on 25 th of July, 2018. Through social media, all main parties focused to campaign with the use of social media and traditional campaigns. During the elections campaign, political parties had tried to get more coverage in news and advertisements for changing the mind of the voters. This research adopted a qualitative approach with the help of secondary sources. Notably Facebook and Twitter played an important role in 2018 elections. People used internet and observed campaign on regular basis. Social media showed first-class competitors or party aspects, not just a favorable part. By analyzing the data, it was revealed that mostly Facebook users were inclined towards PML-N; while, majority Twitter users were found more inclined towards PTI.

Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts (LWSA)

Sisila Damanik

Indonesia is one of the largest countries that embraces a democratic system after the United States and India. As a democratic country, of course, Indonesia gives freedom of opinion in public in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 9 of 1998 concerning freedom of expression in public. Politics is one issue that steals the public's attention. Elections (Elections) are a concrete manifestation of the application of democracy in Indonesia. However, it is not uncommon in the arena of political contestation, expressions of hatred are often used by certain parties to bring down political opponents as well as attract public sympathy to win politics (detik.com, 2018). According to Cherian George, professor of media studies from the University of Hong Kong, hate spin is a deliberate attempt by hate rappers to invent or fabricate hate (which actually does not exist). The hate speech has been happening a lot in social media as a fast means of disseminating informatio...

Vol 5 (2) Dec.

Horizon Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Research (JHSSR)

This study investigates how hate speech is used against Pakistan's Shia community in social media domains. Pakistan is a Muslim-majority, multi-sectarian country, and misunderstandings on the basis of sectarian differences often result in conflicts and violence. Hate speech is one of the manifestations of sectarianism in Pakistan. Two major Islamic sects namely Shias and Sunnis live in Pakistan. Data collected through purposive sampling from social media sites, such as Facebook and Twitter are qualitatively analyzed using Austin's speech act theory and national and international legal provisions to report findings. Research findings reveal that Pakistan's Shia minority community faces hate crimes in both online and offline domains; inspired by majoritarian rightist ideology, hate groups target the minority group violating Pakistan's constitutional provisions that guarantee freedom of religion and association. It is concluded that a more comprehensive understanding of hate crime and social conflict must incorporate group interests and social freedom, and further research needs to be undertaken on other communities who suffer from hate speech acts in a range of contexts.

Muhammad Shaban

Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales

Mokhtar Elareshi (PhD)

Robert Murithi

RELATED PAPERS

Jurnal Kelautan: Indonesian Journal of Marine Science and Technology

Nunik Cokrowati

Itinerarios Educativos

Norma María Gallay

Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales

Cesar A. Stella

Aribah Aslam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Dr.Prabhu Paramasivam

Journal of hazardous materials

Marta Nedelkova

Cleber Dias

Jason Barnetson

Microscopy and Microanalysis

Syed usman Asif

PONS - medicinski casopis

Nela Marinović

José Madeira Netto

Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures

Ajay Kapoor

Journal of the American College of Surgeons

Luis Campos

Yury Stepanyants

Italian Journal of Pediatrics

CORRADO REGALBUTO

Gabriella Mádi

Theriogenology

Liria Okuda

JOELMA APARECIDA BRESSANIN

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products

Vanesa Baño

Journal of Contemporary Management

Gwendoline Nani

Medicina Clínica

yaxsier de armas

International Journal of Surgery

azadeh fallahi

Blood Advances

Srimathi Srinivasan

Annals of Geophysics

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

Monday 20 February 2017

Illiteracy in pakistan - causes, impacts and solutions - english essay.

CAUSES OF ILLITERACY

Impacts of illiteracy, solution of illiteracy, i. awareness about problem: , ii:attitude change: , iii. literacy programs., iv. free educational items: , v. increase the importance of education: , vi. change the mindset:, you may also like:.

About Maher Afrasiab

Hello, I am Maher Afrasiab a founder of Ratta.pk and some other websites. I have created ratta.pk to promote the eductaion in Pakistan. And to help the students in their studies. Find me on Facebook: @Maher Afrasiab

10 comments:

• English Learning Notes
• History Notes
• English Essays
• General knowledge
• Guess Papers